Psychodynamic Perspective
Theory
Proponent
Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud
Individual
Alfred Adler
Analytical
Carl Jung
Man are
motivated by
unconscious
forces
Man are
motivated by
striving for
superiority
Psychology of
opposites
Anxiety,
aggression,psycho
sexual stages,
Provinces of the
mind, Structures
of personality,
Defense
Mechanism
Fixation on a
particular stage
Sibling rivalry,
Family
constellation,
superiority/inferio
rity complex,
gemeinschaftgetfu
l
Levels of Psyche,
Dynamics of
personality,
Complexes,
archetypes
Underdeveloped
social interest
Sets goals too
high
Live in their own
private world
Inflexible style of
life
failure to achieve
self realizations
Goals
Making the
unconscious
conscious
Develop social
interest
Achieving self
realizations
Application
Dream Analysis,
Transference and
Countertransferen
ce, slip of the
tongue, etc
Genogram, Early
recollections
Word Association
Test
Dream Analysis
Psychotherapy
Active Imagination
View of
Human Nature
Basic Tenets
Nature of
Maladjustment
Object Relation
Melanie Klein
Margareth Mahler,
John Bowlby
Heinz Kohut
Shaped by
relationaship with the
mother
Phantasies,Objects,
Position, Psychic
Defense mechanism,
internalizations,
normal autism, self
psychology, separation
anxiety, attachment
styles
Undeveloped
interpersonal
relationship with the
mother
Develop a consistent
patterns of
interpersonal
relationships
Klein thought all
children should be
psychoanalyzed
Substitute Play therapy
with dream work.
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Social
Karen Horney
Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm
Post Freudian
Erik Erikson
Cultural influences as
the primary bases for
both neurotic and
normal personality
development
Basic hostility, basic
anxiety, neurotic needs,
neurotic trends,
intrapsychic conflicts
Humans have been “torn away”
from their prehistoric union
with nature
Ego is the center of personality
It is responsible for a unified
sense of self
Human needs, burden of
freedom,mechanism of escape,
productive and non productive
orientation, syndrome of decay,
syndrome of growth
Ego, Epigenetic Principle,
Psychosocial stages
Blocked Self-realization
and developing the
idealized self (tyranny
of the should)
failures to work, think, and
especially to love productively.
Unable to do develop syndrome
of growth
Too little strength on each stage
will produce core
psychopathology for later stage.
Focus on the
development of
self-realization through
self-analysis
Utilized some technique
of Freud, successful
when patients can
assume responsibility
for their psychological
development.
to work toward satisfaction of
the basic human needs
Develop a unified sense of self
Concerned with interpersonal
aspects of therapeutic
encounter.
Anthropological Studies
Psychohistory
Humanistic Perspective
Theory
Proponent
View of
Human Nature
Holistic Dynamic
Abraham Maslow
People are motivated by needs that can be arranged in
a hierarchy
Basic Tenets
B Values, Instinctoid Needs, Hierarchy of Needs
Nature of
Maladjustment
Goals
Application
Frustration of needs, inability to advanced in the
hierarchy
Embraced B-Values
Clients must be freed from their dependence on others
so that their natural impulse to grow can become
active.
Person-Centered
Carl Rogers
Rogers believed that humans have the capacity to change
and grow—provided that certain necessary and sufficient
conditions are present.
Self actualizing tendency, self concept, ideal self, the
person of tomorrow
Incongruence between the real self and ideal self.
Existential
Rollo May
May viewed people as complex beings, capable of both tremendous
good and immense evil.
Congruence between self concept and ideal self
Counseling (congruence, empathy and unconditional
positive regard)
We are responsible for who we are and what we will become
Psychotherapy ( setting people free and allow them to make choices
and assume responsibility for their choices
Dasein (umwelt,mitwelt and eigenwelt), guilt, intentionality,
Destinty and Freedom
lack of connectedness and an inability to fulfill one's destiny.
Dispositional Theories
Theory
Proponent
View of
Human Nature
Basic Tenets
Nature of
Maladjustment
Goals
Application
Psychology of Individual
Gordon Allport
Allport saw people as thinking, proactive, purposeful
beings who are generally aware of what they are
doing and why.
Structures of personality (Personali dispostionscardinal, central and secondary traits)
Motivational and stylistic dispostion and proprium)
Functional autonomy
Unable to achieve functional autonomy.
Develop functional autonomy
Morphogenic Science
Study of ideographic information or that which is
related to individual case.
Trait and Factor
Costa and McCrae
personality is largely the product of genetics and not the
environment.
Biologically Based Factor
Hans Eysenck
Personality can be transmitted through heredity.
Big 5, units of the big 5 (basic tendencies, character
adaptations, self concept), peripheral components
(biological bases, objective biography and external
influences, basic postulates (indivuality, origin,
development and structure)
Inherited unproductive traits.
Hierarchy of behavior organization (types, traits,habitual behaviors,
specific behaviors)
PEN
Group people according to the dimensions of the big 5
Postulates for Basic Tendencies
Postulate for Characteristic Adaptations.
Finding the biological bases of personality
Association with personality and diseases
Though is does not prove that psychological factors causes the
disease. They just interact.
Inherited unproductive traits
Learning Theories
Theory
Proponent
Behavior Analysis/ Operant
Conditioning
BF. Skinner
Social Cognitive
Cognitive Social Learning
Psychology of Personal Constructs
Albert Bandura
Rotter and Mischel
George Kelly
Both Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel
believe that cognitive factors, more than
immediate reinforcements, determine how
people will react to environmental forces.
Both theorists suggest that our
expectations of future events are major
determinants of performance.
Basic Prediction Formula (behavior
potential, expectancy, reinforcement value)
psychological situation
General Prediction formula
Consistency Paradox,Person Situation
Interaction, Cognitive-Affective
Personality System, Behavioral Signature
of personality
unrealistically high goals in combination
with low ability to achieve them.
Kelly saw people as anticipating the future and living
their lives in accordance with those anticipations.
His concept of elaborative choice suggests that people
increase their range of future choices by the present
choices they freely make.
(1) change the importance of the client's
goals and
(2) eliminate their unrealistically low
expectancies for success.
Locus of Control and Interpersonal Scale
Helping clients construe alternative and healthy
constructs.
Personality is shaped by reinforcement.
Humans are proactive, we have the
capacity to choose a behavior.
Types of Reinforcement
( +, - reinforcementand punishment)
Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed Ration, Fixed interval, variable
ratio, variable interval
Human Agency, Observational Learning,
Self-efficacy
Nature of
Maladjustment
Bad attitude being reinforce.
Imitating a wrong model.
Goals
Reinforce positive behavior
Humans are not slaves of reinforcement,
man as agent of actions
Education and learning
Education and learning
View of
Human Nature
Basic Tenets
Application
Philosophical Postion, Constructs, basic postulate and
corrollary
Unhealthy and unproductive construct formation
Psychotherapy