EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
LIFE PROCESSES
LIFE PROCESSES
BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESSES
BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESSES
= the study of living things (organisms)
All living things are made of CELLS.
= the study of living things (organisms)
All living things are made of CELLS.
Living things can carry out
(most of) the following processes:
Living things can carry out
(most of) the following processes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Movement (changing place)
Reproduction (producing offspring)
Sensitivity (responding to environment)
Control (maintaining internal environment)
Growth (increasing in size)
Respiration (releasing energy)
Excretion (getting rid of waste)
Nutrition (taking in food)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
AIM
HYPOTHESIS
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
Movement (changing place)
Reproduction (producing offspring)
Sensitivity (responding to environment)
Control (maintaining internal environment)
Growth (increasing in size)
Respiration (releasing energy)
Excretion (getting rid of waste)
Nutrition (taking in food)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
PLAN
EXPERIMENT
COLLECT
DATA
ANALYSE
DATA
COMMUNICATION
AIM
HYPOTHESIS
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
LIFE PROCESSES
PLAN
EXPERIMENT
COLLECT
DATA
ANALYSE
DATA
LIFE PROCESSES
BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESSES
BIOLOGY
LIFE PROCESSES
= the study of living things (organisms)
All living things are made of CELLS.
= the study of living things (organisms)
All living things are made of CELLS.
Living things can carry out
(most of) the following processes:
Living things can carry out
(most of) the following processes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Movement (changing place)
Reproduction (producing offspring)
Sensitivity (responding to environment)
Control (maintaining internal environment)
Growth (increasing in size)
Respiration (releasing energy)
Excretion (getting rid of waste)
Nutrition (taking in food)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
AIM
HYPOTHESIS
COMMUNICATION
Movement (changing place)
Reproduction (producing offspring)
Sensitivity (responding to environment)
Control (maintaining internal environment)
Growth (increasing in size)
Respiration (releasing energy)
Excretion (getting rid of waste)
Nutrition (taking in food)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
PLAN
EXPERIMENT
COLLECT
DATA
ANALYSE
DATA
COMMUNICATION
AIM
HYPOTHESIS
PLAN
EXPERIMENT
COLLECT
DATA
ANALYSE
DATA
COMMUNICATION
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
nucleus
(genetic information)
CELL STRUCTURE
ANIMAL CELL
chloroplast
(photosynthesis)
PLANT CELL
nucleus
(genetic information)
cytoplasm
(chemical reactions)
cytoplasm
(chemical reactions)
mitochondria
(respiration)
mitochondria
(respiration)
ribosome
(protein production)
ribosome
(protein production)
cell membrane
(entry + exit control)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
CELL STRUCTURE
permanent vacuole
(contains cell sap to
keep cell turgid)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
CELL STRUCTURE
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
nucleus
(genetic information)
cell membrane
(entry + exit control)
cell wall
(support of cell)
chloroplast
(photosynthesis)
ANIMAL CELL
nucleus
(genetic information)
mitochondria
(respiration)
mitochondria
(respiration)
ribosome
(protein production)
ribosome
(protein production)
cell wall
(support of cell)
cell wall
(support of cell)
PLANT CELL
cytoplasm
(chemical reactions)
permanent vacuole
(contains cell sap to
keep cell turgid)
permanent vacuole
(contains cell sap to
keep cell turgid)
CELL STRUCTURE
cytoplasm
(chemical reactions)
cell membrane
(entry + exit control)
chloroplast
(photosynthesis)
cell membrane
(entry + exit control)
chloroplast
(photosynthesis)
permanent vacuole
(contains cell sap to
keep cell turgid)
cell wall
(support of cell)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
rate of reaction
temperature (C)
optimum temperature
temperature (C)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
products
substrate
active site
enzyme
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
optimum temperature
pH
• optimum pH =
highest rate of reaction
• below and above
optimum pH, enzyme
denatures (substrate
can’t bind): rate of
reaction drops
• as temp increase, rate
of reaction increases
(more kinetic energy)
• optimum temp =
highest rate of reaction
• above optimum temp
enzyme denatures
(substrate can’t bind):
rate of reaction drops
EFFECT OF PH
optimum pH
pH
enzyme
EFFECT OF PH
• as temp increase, rate
of reaction increases
(more kinetic energy)
• optimum temp =
highest rate of reaction
• above optimum temp
enzyme denatures
(substrate can’t bind):
rate of reaction drops
optimum temperature
temperature (C)
pH
• optimum pH =
highest rate of reaction
• below and above
optimum pH, enzyme
denatures (substrate
can’t bind): rate of
reaction drops
products
substrate
active site
enzyme
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
• optimum pH =
highest rate of reaction
• below and above
optimum pH, enzyme
denatures (substrate
can’t bind): rate of
reaction drops
optimum pH
ENZYMES
ENZYMES
= proteins that speed up
chemical reaction by
lowering the activation
energy
products
substrate
active site
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
ENZYMES
ENZYMES
= proteins that speed up
chemical reaction by
lowering the activation
energy
optimum pH
= proteins that speed up
chemical reaction by
lowering the activation
energy
rate of reaction
• as temp increase, rate
of reaction increases
(more kinetic energy)
• optimum temp =
highest rate of reaction
• above optimum temp
enzyme denatures
(substrate can’t bind):
rate of reaction drops
rate of reaction
rate of reaction
temperature (C)
EFFECT OF PH
ENZYMES
rate of reaction
enzyme
ENZYMES
• as temp increase, rate
of reaction increases
(more kinetic energy)
• optimum temp =
highest rate of reaction
• above optimum temp
enzyme denatures
(substrate can’t bind):
rate of reaction drops
EFFECT OF PH
optimum pH
rate of reaction
active site
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
optimum temperature
products
substrate
rate of reaction
ENZYMES
= proteins that speed up
chemical reaction by
lowering the activation
energy
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
ENZYMES
rate of reaction
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
pH
• optimum pH =
highest rate of reaction
• below and above
optimum pH, enzyme
denatures (substrate
can’t bind): rate of
reaction drops
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION = process by which cells release energy from glucose using oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION = process by which cells release energy from glucose using oxygen
+
glucose
C6H12O6
+
oxygen
6 O2
carbon dioxide
6 CO2
H
H
water
6 H2O
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANIMALS
YEAST
lactic acid
2 C3H6O3
ETHANOL
glucose
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
+
+
ATP
glucose
C6H12O6
energy
+ O2
LACTIC ACID
glucose
C6H12O6
+
CO2
+
ANIMALS
AT
P
+
glucose
energy
glucose
C6H12O6
oxygen
6 O2
carbon dioxide
6 CO2
water
6 H2O
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANIMALS
YEAST
lactic acid
2 C3H6O3
ETHANOL
glucose
+
ethanol
glucose
C6H12O6
energy
CO2
+
carbon dioxide
AT
P
energy
= oxygen debt
CO2
+
H2O
energy
+
AT
P
+
carbon dioxide
+
oxygen
6 O2
ANIMALS
carbon dioxide
6 CO2
energy
H
H
YEAST
+
lactic acid
2 C3H6O3
ETHANOL
glucose
+
water
6 H2O
ATP
energy
+ O2
LACTIC ACID
glucose
C6H12O6
+
energy
RESPIRATION
H2O
energy
+
ATP
AT
P
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
= oxygen debt
AT
P
+
ethanol
+
ATP
+ O2
LACTIC ACID
glucose
C6H12O6
+
+
AEROBIC RESPIRATION = process by which cells release energy from glucose using oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION = process by which cells release energy from glucose using oxygen
H
H
water
6 H2O
lactic acid
2 C3H6O3
ETHANOL
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
H
H
+ O2
LACTIC ACID
YEAST
RESPIRATION
+
carbon dioxide
6 CO2
H2O
glucose
C6H12O6
carbon dioxide
ethanol
+
oxygen
6 O2
energy
+
+
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
= oxygen debt
AT
P
RESPIRATION
ethanol
= oxygen debt
CO2
AT
P
energy
+
+
carbon dioxide
AT
P
energy
+
H2O
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
DIFFUSION = the movement of molecules from
high to low concentration
solute water
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
time
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradient
EFFICIENCY:
• large SA
large SA/V ratio
• short diffusion
distance
• large concentration
gradient
• high temperature
OSMOSIS = the movement of water from high to
low concentration across a selectively-permeable
membrane
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
time
• • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradients
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
high to low concentration
solute water
time
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradient
EFFICIENCY:
• large SA
large SA/V ratio
• short diffusion
distance
• large concentration
gradient
• high temperature
OSMOSIS = the movement of water from high to
low concentration across a selectively-permeable
membrane
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES
H2O
O2
CO2
glucose, ions
amino acids
channel
protein
time
• • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradients
DIFFUSION & TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION = the movement of molecules from
high to low concentration
solute water
carrier
protein
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
time
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradient
AT
P
osmosis diffusion facilitated
diffusion
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
H2O
low concentration across a selectively-permeable
membrane
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
O2
CO2
DIFFUSION = the movement of molecules from
solute water
carrier
protein
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
time
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradient
osmosis diffusion facilitated
diffusion
PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
• from high to low
concentration
• no energy cost
AT
P
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
• from low to high
concentration
• energy cost
• • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
EFFICIENCY:
• large SA
large SA/V ratio
• short diffusion
distance
• large concentration
gradient
• high temperature
OSMOSIS = the movement of water from high to
low concentration across a selectively-permeable
membrane
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES
H2O
O2
CO2
glucose, ions
amino acids
channel
protein
carrier
protein
AT
P
osmosis diffusion facilitated
diffusion
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
• from low to high
concentration
• energy cost
• from high to low
concentration
• no energy cost
DIFFUSION & TRANSPORT
high to low concentration
glucose, ions
amino acids
channel
protein
time
concentration
gradients
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES
EFFICIENCY:
• large SA
large SA/V ratio
• short diffusion
distance
• large concentration
gradient
• high temperature
OSMOSIS = the movement of water from high to
• from low to high
concentration
• energy cost
• from high to low
concentration
• no energy cost
DIFFUSION & TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION = the movement of molecules from
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
DIFFUSION & TRANSPORT
time
• • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
concentration
gradients
TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES
H2O
O2
CO2
glucose, ions
amino acids
channel
protein
carrier
protein
osmosis diffusion facilitated
diffusion
PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
• from high to low
concentration
• no energy cost
AT
P
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
• from low to high
concentration
• energy cost
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
SPECIALISED CELLS
SPECIALISED CELLS = cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
SPECIALISED CELLS = cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
ANIMAL CELLS
neurone
(nerve impulse
transmission)
PLANT CELLS
red blood cell
(transport of
oxygen)
ciliated epithelial cell
(clearing of airways)
sperm cell
(fertilisation
of egg)
white blood cell
(pathogen destruction)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
skeletal muscle cell (contraction)
guard cells
(control of
stomata
for gas
exchange)
ciliated epithelial cell
(clearing of airways)
sperm cell
(fertilisation
of egg)
skeletal muscle cell (contraction)
guard cells
(control of
stomata
for gas
exchange)
root hair cell
(uptake of water
+ minerals)
SPECIALISED CELLS
guard cells
(control of
stomata
for gas
exchange)
root hair cell
(uptake of water
+ minerals)
ANIMAL CELLS
neurone
(nerve impulse
transmission)
palisade cell
(photosynthesis)
white blood cell
(pathogen destruction)
skeletal muscle cell (contraction)
white blood cell
(pathogen destruction)
SPECIALISED CELLS = cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
platelets
(blood clotting)
egg cell
(fertilisation)
palisade cell
(photosynthesis)
platelets
(blood clotting)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
PLANT CELLS
red blood cell
(transport of
oxygen)
sperm cell
(fertilisation
of egg)
egg cell
(fertilisation)
SPECIALISED CELLS = cells that are adapted to perform a specific function
neurone
(nerve impulse
transmission)
PLANT CELLS
red blood cell
(transport of
oxygen)
ciliated epithelial cell
(clearing of airways)
root hair cell
(uptake of water
+ minerals)
SPECIALISED CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
neurone
(nerve impulse
transmission)
palisade cell
(photosynthesis)
platelets
(blood clotting)
egg cell
(fertilisation)
SPECIALISED CELLS
ciliated epithelial cell
(clearing of airways)
sperm cell
(fertilisation
of egg)
PLANT CELLS
red blood cell
(transport of
oxygen)
palisade cell
(photosynthesis)
white blood cell
(pathogen destruction)
guard cells
(control of
stomata
for gas
exchange)
platelets
(blood clotting)
egg cell
(fertilisation)
skeletal muscle cell (contraction)
root hair cell
(uptake of water
+ minerals)
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
molecule
organelle
cell
= a structure
in a cell with
a particular
function
glucose
mitochondria
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
tissue
= collection of
similar cells
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
muscle
cell
muscle
organ
= collection of
different tissues
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
heart
organ
organism
system
= collection of
organs
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
circulatory
system
human
organelle
cell
= a structure
in a cell with
a particular
function
glucose
mitochondria
organelle
cell
= a structure
in a cell with
a particular
function
glucose
mitochondria
tissue
= collection of
similar cells
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
muscle
cell
muscle
organ
= collection of
different tissues
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
heart
organ
organism
system
= collection of
organs
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
circulatory
system
human
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
tissue
= collection of
similar cells
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
muscle
cell
molecule
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
molecule
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS
muscle
organ
= collection of
different tissues
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
heart
organ
organism
system
= collection of
organs
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
circulatory
system
human
molecule
organelle
cell
= a structure
in a cell with
a particular
function
glucose
mitochondria
tissue
= collection of
similar cells
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
muscle
cell
muscle
organ
= collection of
different tissues
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
heart
organ
organism
system
= collection of
organs
that together
carry out a
specific
function in
an organism
circulatory
system
human
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS
zygote
STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS
blastocyst
= cells that can replicated
itself and differentiate into
other cell types
zygote
blastocyst
= cells that can replicated
itself and differentiate into
other cell types
embryonic umbilical
stem
cord
cells
stem cells
multipotent
(can give rise to
most cell types)
adult
stem
cells
embryonic umbilical
stem
cord
cells
stem cells
pluripotent
(can give rise to
some cell types)
multipotent
(can give rise to
most cell types)
STEM CELL THERAPY
STEM CELL THERAPY
= use of stem cells to treat or
prevent a disease
= use of stem cells to treat or
prevent a disease
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
EDEXCEL IGCSE BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1 LIFE PROCESSES
STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS
zygote
pluripotent
(can give rise to
some cell types)
STEM CELLS
STEM CELLS
blastocyst
= cells that can replicated
itself and differentiate into
other cell types
adult
stem
cells
zygote
blastocyst
= cells that can replicated
itself and differentiate into
other cell types
embryonic umbilical
stem
cord
cells
stem cells
multipotent
(can give rise to
most cell types)
adult
stem
cells
embryonic umbilical
stem
cord
cells
stem cells
pluripotent
(can give rise to
some cell types)
multipotent
(can give rise to
most cell types)
STEM CELL THERAPY
STEM CELL THERAPY
= use of stem cells to treat or
prevent a disease
= use of stem cells to treat or
prevent a disease
adult
stem
cells
pluripotent
(can give rise to
some cell types)