A Look at Theories: Part 2 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. These Materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions: 1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from TEA. 2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only, without obtaining written permission of TEA. 3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way. 4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged. Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty. For information contact: Office of Copyrights, Trademarks, License Agreements, and Royalties, Texas Education Agency, 1701 N. Congress Ave., Austin, TX 78701-1494; phone 512-463-7004; email: copyrights@tea.state.tx.us. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 2 Think of Theories as Windows Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 3 Erikson Erikson believed that “each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality.” Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 4 Psychosocial Theory – Erikson Childhood is very important in personality development Accepted many of Freud's theories, including the id, ego and superego Unlike Freud, felt that personality continued to develop beyond five years of age Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 5 Erikson Children are not simply biological organisms that endure Children develop in the context of society’s expectations, prohibitions and prejudices Personality is shaped over the life span; experiences later in life can heal problems in early childhood Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 6 Erikson Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years) Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years) Initiative versus Guilt (4 – 5 years) Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 11 years) Identity versus Role Confusion (12 – 18 years) Intimacy versus Isolation (18 – 35 years) Generativity versus Stagnation (35 – 65 years) Integrity versus Despair (over 65 years) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 7 Erikson Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years) Children either learn that the world is a safe and nurturing place or they learn to be mistrustful and frightened Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years) Children begin to have some control over their own bodies and to some extent, their lives, which allows for great independence and self-confidence Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 8 Erikson Initiative versus Guilt (4 – 5 years) Children expand their world; learn to control their new environments; acquire feelings of competence and independence; develop leadership skills Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 11 years) Children begin to have more social interactions; develop a sense of pride in accomplishments Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 9 Erikson Identity versus Role Confusion (12 – 18 years) Main task of the adolescent is to achieve a state of identity; to know who he/she is and wants to be Intimacy versus Isolation (18 – 35 years) Exploring relationships, moving to commitment and long-term relationships; failure brings isolation Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 10 Erikson Generativity versus Stagnation (35 – 65 years) Being in the world; thoughts of future generations. What have we done to help those we love and the world at large? Integrity versus Despair (over 65 years) Reflecting back on life; few regrets or bitterness? Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 11 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development - Part I (click on link) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 12 Maslow Selfactualization • Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts Esteem Love/Belonging Safety Physiological • Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others • Friendship and family • Security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health and property • Breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis and excretion Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 13 Maslow Basic physiological needs Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, rest and sleep Safety Feelings of safety, ease and freedom from anxiety Love and belonging Friendships, family and intimate relationships Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 14 Maslow Esteem Self-worth, confidence, achievement and respect of others Self-actualization Achieving who we can be; creativity, aesthetic needs and fulfilling potential Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 15 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Maslow's Online Game (click on link) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 16 Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality Level I – Pre-conventional (4 – 10 years) Stage 1: Punishment and obedience. Children obey to avoid being caught and punished Stage 2: Naive instrumental behaviorism. Children obey rules but only for pure selfinterest. “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.” Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 17 Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality Level II: Conventional (10 – 13 years) Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations. Children seek approval of others and adopt the “good boy-good girl” mentality. They base moral judgments on whether or not someone meant to do well. Stage 4: Law-and-order mentality. Children are concerned with authority and maintaining the social order. Correct behavior is “doing one’s duty.” Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 18 Kohlberg’s Level of Morality Level III: Post-conventional (13 years and older) Stage 5: Social contract. Laws are obeyed because they have been accepted by society as a whole Stage 6: Universal ethical principles. Individuals follow their own conscience about what is right. Behavior is the same no matter who is present. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 19 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (click on link) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 20 Bio-Ecological Systems Theory Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 21 Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Theory Ecological Systems Theory (click on link) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 22 Life Course Theory Glen Elder - born 1934 Studied not only children Searched for patterns of development Observed the impact of society Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 23 Death and Dying Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Five stages of grief Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 24 Owning Our Grief Transformative Power of Grief (click on link) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 25 Conclusion Theories help us understand human behavior Theories give us questions to ask about human nature Theories offer aspects with different views Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 26 Questions? Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 27 References and Resources Images: Microsoft Clip Art: Used with permission from Microsoft. Periodicals Elder, G. (1998). The Lifecourse as Developmental Theory. Child Development, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1132065. Mitchell, B.A. (2003)“Life Course Theory,” in J.J. Ponzetti, Jr. (ed). International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family, 2nd ed., pp. 1051-1055, New York: Macmillan. Swick, J. and Williams, R. (2006). An Analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Perspective for Early Childhood Educators: Implications for Working with Families Experiencing Stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 33, No. 5, April. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y Textbooks: Berk, L. (2008). Infants and children: prenatal through middle childhood. (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Crain, W. (1985). Theories of development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Dacey, J., Travers, J., Fiore, L. (2009). Human development across the lifespan. (7th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 28 References and Resources Websites: Boeree, C.G. Erik Erikson. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html BrainyQuote Share our extensive collection of famous quotes by authors, celebrities, newsmakers and more. Enjoy our Quotes of the Day on the web, Facebook and blogs. http://www.brainyquote.com Davis, D. and Clifton, A. Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation On death and dying. http://www.ekrfoundation.org/ Erikson Institute Erik Erikson. http://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/ Free Online Puzzle Maker Free puzzle maker—make crossword and word search puzzles instantly online! http://www.puzzle-maker.com Maslow’s Online Game Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. http://www.purposegames.com/game/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-quiz Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 29 References and Resources YouTube™: Ecological Systems Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory. http://youtu.be/fXqcYXTgpB4?list=PLCA4ED379AEC83CB3 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development- Part 1 This videos reviews the first four stages of Erikson’s developmental construct. http://youtu.be/8_IY-pFK3qI Kohlberg’s Theory Theory of Moral Development. http://youtu.be/svDYaQUVWfI OjaiWomen – Alana Sheeren – Owning Our Grief Alana Sheeren believes in love, beauty and the transformative power of grief. After the stillbirth of her son she began writing about her personal journey into grief and whole-self healing. http://youtu.be/gqX3Ygy8NOo Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 30