ENERGY RECYCLE IN DEEP-SEA BENTHIC COMMUNITES Presented by : Md. Mazaharul Islam ID: 16207119 Department of Oceanography, University of Chittagong • The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water . • The benthic zone begins at the shore and extends to the bottom of the sea. • Organisms living in this zone are called benthos. • Benthos is the community of organisms that live on the sea bed and included microorganisms. They live in a close relationship with the bottom of the sea. • Benthic zone is usually characterized by low temperature, high pressure and minimal sunlight. Benthic zone To be continued… Benthic environments are characterized by following steps : Light • No light, no photosynthesis • Low availability of food Temperature • Low (0-2°C), relatively constant temperature • Organisms survive in such extreme cold temperatures Pressure • High pressure (400-500 times atmospheric) • Organisms survive in extreme pressure. To be continued... This harsh environmental conditions aren’t optimal for the sustenance of a vast amount of flora and fauna, but sediment layers in the benthic zone help in the recycling of nutrients, which in turn makes it possible for the sustenance of rich aquatic life in the upper water column. The benthic zone might not be brimming with vivid aquatic creatures, but many crustaceans, snails, sponges, sea stars, symbiotic bacteria, tube worm, mussels etc. are found here. Benthic organisms To be continued... The benthic zone can occur in varying environments, chemical and physical characteristics vary greatly and are often dependent on context. Nutrient availability in the deep sea is also scarce, so organisms need to adapt themselves accordingly to survive here. Reproduction Physiology Ecology • Late reproductive maturity. • Slow development • Low metabolic rate and activity level • Long lived species • Slow colonization rates • Low population densities, but high species diversity To be continued... Due to the scarcity of light the source of energy for benthos is often in dead organic matter from the organisms higher up in the water column that settle on the benthic belt after death. This dead organic matter provides nutrition to benthos for food chain and nutrient recycling. Most of the microorganisms use chemosynthesis to create their own food. To be continued... Chemosynthesis is the oxidization of very high-energy inorganic compounds ( Hydrogen gas, ammonia, nitrates, and sulfides). Those chemosynthesis organisms are eaten by predators which are themselves by other predators and so on and so forth. In this way energy is recycled in the deep-sea benthic zone. Symbiotic bacteria