#
A neurotransmitter that allows sodium ions to leak into a postsynaptic neuron
causes
0
no changes in the resting potential
0
damage to the myelin sheath
1
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
0
an alteration of the membrane threshold
0
an alteration of the critical level of depolarization
#
In the resting state of the neurone membrane, which of the following situations
exists for voltage-gated sodium ion channels?
0
The activation and inactivation gates alternate being closed and open.
1
The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed
0
The activation and inactivation gates are both closed
0
The activation gate is open and the inactivation gate is closed
0
all answers are correct
#
Velocity of conducting the nerve impulse in fibers of type A alpha:
1
70 – 120 m/s
0
50 – 60 m/s
0
30 – 40 m/s
0
3 m/s
0
3-18 m/s
#
What did happen with ions channels during refractory period after action potential?
0
K⁺ ions channels become activated
0
Na⁺ ions channels become activated
1
Na⁺ ions channels become inactivated
0
K⁺ ions channels become inactivated
0
Ca⁺ ions channels become activated
#
Membrane’s lipids don’t take part in:
0
membrane move
0
membrane integrity
0
gases diffusion
1
ion’s pump work
0
all answers are right
#
Due to blockade of ion canals of cell membranes its potential at rest decreased
from – 90 mV to – 70 mV. What canals were blocked?
1
Potassium ions
0
Sodium ions
0
Calcium ions
0
Magnesia ions
0
Chlorine ions
#
What does ions’ permeability increase in repolarization phase? … for ……ions
1
K⁺
0
Na⁺
0
Са²⁺
0
Na⁺ and K⁺
0
Na⁺ and Са²⁺
#
Sub-threshold irritator:
0
Causes the development of action potential
1
Causes the development of local response
0
Doesn’t depolarize the membrane up to critical level
0
Hyperpolarizes the membrane
0
Causes the development of local response and an action potential
#
Microelectrode is inserted into motoneurone body of spinal column. The irritation
of anterior roots of spinal cord results in action potential generation in this
motoneurone. How can this phenomenon be explained?
0
Irradiation of irritation in CNS
0
Convergence of irritation in CNS
1
Bilateral conducting of irritation in axon
0
The phenomenon of dominant
0
Summation of irritation in CNS
#
Local response is due to the increase of membrane penetration in olfactory
receptor:
0
For Cl^-
0
For K⁺
1
For Na⁺
0
For Cl^- and Na⁺
0
For Ca²⁺ and Cl^-
#
The excitable cell has got a Membrane potential about - 65 Mv. What did happen
after potassium channels opened?
0
can be after potential depolarization about + 90Mv
1
can be hyperpolarization until – 80Mv
0
can be depolarization about + 65Mv
0
a membrane potential not change
0
an action potential starts
#
Which of the following statements are not true about the sodium potassium pump?
0
After releasing ions into the extracellular fluid, the carrier protein exhibits a new
conformation.
0
With this new conformation, the carrier protein can now bind to different ions in
the extracellular fluid.
1
The ions in the extracellular fluid bind to the carrier protein, and the potassium
attached to the carrier protein is released.
0
The carrier protein then changes shape again
0
non of the above
#
The permeability of potassium ions was increase at the postsynaptic neuronal
membrane.
What’s this condition name?
0
depolarization
0
synaptic delay
1
hyperpolarization
0
local response
0
critical level of depolarization
#
Which of the following types of stimuli produces only a local potential, but not an
action potential at the neurone membrane?
0
maximal
0
supramaximal
0
threshold
1
subthreshhold
0
electrical maximal
#
Which does mechanism influence on a repolarization phase of an action potential
of the nerve fiber?
0
Na⁺ ions passive in flux
0
Na⁺ ions active out flux
1
K⁺ ions active out flux
0
Ca⁺ ions passive in flux
0
С1^- ions passive in flux
#
Local response is due to the increase of membrane penetration:
0
For Cl^-
0
For K⁺
1
For Na⁺
0
For Cl^- and Na⁺
0
For Ca²⁺ and Cl^-
#
The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to conformational
changes in the protein.
1
true
0
false
0
to conformational changes in the lipids
0
to conformational changes in the carbohydrates
0
C and D
#
What can stop the depolarization development?
0
depolarization
0
repolarization
1
hyperpolarization
0
local potential
0
Membrane potential
#
Which can a factor influence on quantity of a membrane potential?
0
gradient concentration of Na⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Fe⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Ca⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Cl^- ions
1
gradient concentration of K⁺ ions
#
Which of the following characteristics is shared by simple and facilitated diffusion
of glucose?
1
Occurs down an electrochemical gradient
0
Is saturable
0
Requires metabolic energy
0
Is inhibited by the presence of galactose
0
Requires a Na⁺ -gradient
#
It was established experimentally while studying the processes of cardiomyocytes
excitation that in phase of their fast depolarization the ions of Na⁺ +
can additionally move through:
1
Са²⁺ -canals.
0
К⁺ -canals.
0
Сl^- - canals
0
Мg²⁺ -canals.
0
Li^- canals
#
A drug completely blocks Na⁺ channels in nerves. Which of the
following effects on the action potential would be expected to produce?
1
Block the occurrence of action potentials
0
Increase the rate of rise of the upstroke of the action potential
0
Shorten the absolute refractory period
0
Abolish the hyperpolarizing after potential
0
Increase the Na⁺ equilibrium potential
#
Which does mechanism influence on a depolarization phase of an action potential?
1
Na⁺ ions passive in flux
0
Na⁺ ions active out flux
0
K⁺ ions active out flux
0
Ca⁺ ions passive in flux
0
С1^- ions passive in flux
#
Which can a factor stop a depolarization phase of an action potential development?
0
K⁺ ions channels closed
1
decrease the Na⁺ ions in flux
0
Na⁺ ions activation channels opened
0
Ca⁺ ions channels closed
0
Na⁺ ions inactivation channels opened
#
The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump
1
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
0
sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell
0
sodium and potassium ions into the cell
0
sodium and potassium ions out of the cell
0
sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane.
#
Which of the following phenomena is NOT an example of, or due to, active
transport?
0
maintenance of the Na⁺ concentration gradient across the plasma
membrane
0
maintenance of the high concentration of Ca⁺⁺ in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
0
reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate that is in the lumen of the proximal tubule
of the kidney
1
release of Ca⁺⁺ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
0
moving Ca⁺⁺ from the cytoplasm of cardiac and smooth muscle cells
to the extracellular fluid
#
What kind of transport substances through cell’s membrane does a
Са²⁺ pump do?
0
this is diffusion
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
1
this is primary active transport
0
this is passive osmosis
#
What kind of a large molecule transport through membrane does cell use?
0
this is diffusion
0
this is secondary active transport
1
this is pinocytosis
0
this is primary active transport
0
this is passive transport
#
Which can a factor influence on quantity of an action potential?
1
gradient concentration of Na⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Fe⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Ca⁺ ions
0
gradient concentration of Cl^- ions
0
gradient concentration of K⁺ ions
#
Which does mechanism influence on a repolarization phase of an action potential?
0
Na⁺ ions passive in flux
0
Na⁺ ions active out flux
1
K⁺ ions active out flux
0
Ca⁺ ions passive in flux
0
С1^- ions passive in flux
#
Which can a factor stop a repolarization phase of an action potential development?
1
K⁺ ions channels closed
0
decrease the Na⁺ ions in flux
0
Na⁺ ions activation channels opened
0
Ca⁺ ions channels closed
0
Na⁺ ions inactivation channels opened
#
K⁺ ions concentration in side of the cell were increase (on 30 %).
What kind of change does membrane potential have to begin?
0
membrane potential can decrease until 0
1
membrane potential can increase
0
membrane potential can’t change
0
membrane potential can decrease
0
membrane potential can decrease until +10Mv
#
During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves.
0
1Na⁺ and 2 K⁺
0
2 Na⁺ and 2 K⁺
0
2 Na⁺ and 3 K⁺
1
3 Na⁺ and 2 K⁺
0
3 Na⁺ and 3 K⁺
#
The sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein.
1
true
0
false
0
is a trans-membrane lipids
0
is a trans-membrane carbohydrates
0
C and D
#
Which of the following statements are not true about the sodium potassium pump?
0
The ions from the intracellular fluid plus an ATP molecule bind to the carrier
protein on the inside of the cell membrane
1
ATP is broken down into ADP and potassium to supply the energy
0
The carrier protein changes shape as it transports ions from the intracellular fluid to
the extracellular fluid.
0
The ions from inside the cell are transported across the cell membrane
0
The ions are then released into the extracellular fluid
#
The excitation is transmitted through the nerves and muskles by…
1
Local currents arising between the excited and resting portions of tissue
0
Local currents arising between the two excited portions of tissue
0
Local currents arising between the two resting portions of tissue
0
None of the above
0
All of the above
#
Correspondingly the descending phase, during which the membrane polarization
reverts to the resting level, is known as ….
0
the depolarization phase
1
the repolarization phase
0
the after potentials
0
the action potential
0
the threshol
#
Since the initial polarization of the membrane disappears in the ascending phase iit
is called …
1
the depolarization phase
0
the repolarization phase
0
the after potentials
0
the action potential
0
the threshold
#
The process leading to a fall in the sodium permeability of the membrane is
called….
0
the depolarization phase
1
the inactivation
0
the after potentials
0
the action potential
0
the threshold
#
The lowest strength of stimulation required to give rise to an action potential in
excitable tissues is called the…
0
the depolarization phase
0
the inactivation
0
the after potentials
0
the action potential
1
the threshold of stimulation
#
The excitable cell has got a Membrane potential about - 65 Mv.What did happen
after potassium channels opened?
0
can be after potential depolarization about + 90Mv
1
can be hyperpolarization until – 80Mv
0
can be depolarization about + 65Mv
0
a membrane potential not change
0
an action potential starts
#
What kind of transport substances through cell’s membrane does a
K⁺ Na⁺ pump do?
0
this is diffusion
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
1
this is primary active transport
0
this is passive osmosis
#
What kind of water transport through membrane does cell use?
0
this is phagocytosis
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
0
this is primary active transport
1
this is passive transport
#
Which an individual cardiac muscle fiber can have the resting membrane potential?
0
is about 25 to 30 mV
0
is about 35 to 45 mV
0
is about 55 to 60 mV
0
is about 65 to 75 mV
1
is about 85 to 95 mV
#
When the depolarisation of the cell membrane can start? If ….:
1
the level of ions Nа⁺ increases outside.
0
the level of ions Са⁺⁺ increases inside
0
the level of ions Сl^- decreases inside
0
the level of ions К⁺ increases outside
0
the level of ions СI^- increases inside
#
Which does mechanism influence on a repolarization phase of an action potential
of the nerve fiber ?
0
Na⁺ ions passive in flux
0
Na⁺ ions active out flux
1
K⁺ ions active out flux
0
Ca⁺ ions passive in flux
0
С1^- ions passive in flux
#
What kind of transport substances through cell’s membrane does a
K⁺ Na⁺ pump do?
0
this is diffusion
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
1
this is primary active transport
0
this is osmos is
#
The excitable nerve cell has got a Membrane potential about - 65 mV. What did
happen after potassium channels opened?
0
can be after potential depolarization about +50Mv
1
can be hyperpolarization until - 100Mv
0
can be depolarization about + 65Mv
0
a membrane potential not change
0
an action potential starts
#
The After- hyperpolarization of neuron can dependent of increase membranous
permeability for…
0
of ions Сl^-
0
of ions Nа⁺
0
of ions Fe⁺
0
of ions Mn⁺
1
of ions К⁺
#
When can depolarization of skeletal muscle membrane start? If ….:
1
the permeability of ions Nа⁺ increases
0
the permeability of ions Nа⁺ decreases
0
the level of ions Сl-^- decreases inside
0
the permeability of ions К⁺ increases
0
the permeability of ions К⁺ decreases
#
Choose a right answer. The inhibitory postsynaptic potential is
0
Action potential
0
Membrane potential
1
Local answer
0
After potential hyperpolarization
0
After potential depolarization
#
How many molecules of ATP did Ca⁺ pump use for a cycle?
0
a molecule
1
2 molecules
0
3 molecules
0
4 molecules
0
5 molecules
#
How many ions did Ca⁺ pump use for a cycle?
1
an ion
0
2 ions
0
3 ions
0
4 ions
0
5 ions
#
What kind of water transport through membrane does cell use?
0
this is phagocytosis
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
0
this is primary active transport
1
this is passive transport
#
What kind of transport substances through cell’s membrane does a
K⁺ – Na⁺ pump do?
0
this is diffusion
0
this is secondary active transport
0
this is pinocytosis
1
this is primary active transport
0
this is passive osmosis
#
There are many Acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction. Is it good for a
muscle contraction? Choose the most correct answer.
0
yes, a muscle contraction increases
0
yes, a muscle contraction decreases
0
no, a muscle contraction doesn’t increase
0
no, a muscle contraction doesn’t change
1
yes, because the velocity of active potentials transmission across neuromuscular
junction was increase
#
When an incomplete tetanus can development?
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during it contraction
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during a refractory period
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during an absolute refractory period
1
the repeated stimulations send for start of muscle relax
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Acetylcholine has which effect on the post-synaptic neuron?
0
Ligand gated calcium channels open and calcium diffuses in
1
Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in
0
Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane
0
Voltage gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in
0
Voltage gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in
#
In the muscle fiber, what is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
0
It closes the neuromuscular junction to stop a muscle contraction.
0
It acts as a receptor for acetylcholine.
1
It deactivates acetylcholine.
0
It stimulates the synaptic knob into functioning
0
A and B
#
What functions does convergence has for CNS?
1
The control over cooperative interactions of many Neurones
0
The control over presynaptic inhibition of many Neurones
0
The control over postsynaptic inhibition of many Neurones
0
The control over presynaptic inhibition of one Neurone
0
The control over postsynaptic inhibition of one Neurone
#
Nerve areas not covered with myelin are:
0
Receptors
0
Synapses
1
Node of Ranvier
0
Pachini corpuscles
0
Ruffini corpuscles
#
Velocity of conducting the nerve impulse in fibers of type A&alpha:
1
70 – 120 m/s
0
50 – 60 m/s
0
30 – 40 m/s
0
3 m/s
0
3-18 m/s
#
Velocity of conducting the nerve impulse in fibers of type A&beta:
0
70 – 120 m/s
0
50 – 60 m/s
1
C30 – 70 m/s
0
3 m/s
0
3-18 m/s
#
How many motor neurons are there in a Motor Unit?
0
Five
1
one
0
two
0
three
0
four
#
How long can the Synaptic Delay of electrical synapses of muscle be?
0
0,1 ms
0
0,2 ms
0
0,5 ms
0
0,7 ms
1
can’t be
#
What do you think about origin of End Plate potential?
0
this is an active potential
0
this is an absolute refractory period
0
this is a membrane potential
1
this is Local answer
0
this is a relative refractory period
#
If the post-synaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential
will be produced.
1
True
0
false
0
no, local response
0
no, after potential depolarization
0
no, after potential hyperpolarization
#
One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has extensibility. Which of the
following best describes this characteristic?
0
Muscles contract when stimulated.
0
Muscles have local electrical charges that move along the muscle fiber.
0
Muscles only pull; they cannot push.
1
Muscles can stretch when needed.
0
all answers are incorrect
#
What elements of neuron does presynaptic inhibition appear at?
0
Axonal hillock
0
Place of dendrite transition in the cell body
0
Cell body
0
Remote parts of dendrites
1
End branch of axon
#
When the Excitatory postsynaptic potential can develop?
0
the permeability of the natrium ions increases at the presynaptic membrane
1
the permeability of the natrium ions increases at the postsynaptic membrane
0
the level of the chlorine ions decreases at the presynaptic membrane
0
the permeability of the potassium ions increases at the presynaptic membrane
0
E the permeability of the potassium ions decreases at the postsynaptic membrane
#
How long can the Synaptic Delay of electrical synapses be?
0
0,1 ms
0
0,2 ms
0
0,5 ms
0
0,7 ms
1
can’t be
#
What kind of neurotransmitter does chemical synapse use for presynaptic
inhibition in spinal cord?
0
Dopamine
0
Acetylcholine
0
Serotonin
1
Glycine
0
Histamine
#
The permeability of potassium ions was increase at the postsynaptic neuronal
membrane.
What’s this condition name?
0
depolarization
0
synaptic delay
1
Hyperpolarization
0
local response
0
critical level of depolarization
#
Each of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system except
0
norepinephrine
0
glutamate
1
GABA
0
serotonin
0
Histamine
#
Which of the following is a property of C nerve fibers?
1
Have the slowest conduction velocity of any nerve fiber type
0
Have the largest diameter of any nerve fiber type
0
Are afferent nerves from muscle spindles
0
Are afferent nerves from Golgi tendon organs
0
Are preganglionic autonomic fibers
#
Nerve areas not covered with myelin are:
0
Receptors
0
Synapses
1
Node of Ranvier
0
Pachini corpuscles
0
Ruffini corpuscles
#
Velocity of conducting the nerve impulse in fibers of type A&alpha:
1
70 – 120 m/s
0
50 – 60 m/s
0
30 – 40 m/s
0
3 m/s
0
3-18 m/s
#
Velocity of conducting the nerve impulse in fibers of type A&beta:
0
70 – 120 m/s
0
50 – 60 m/s
1
C30 – 70 m/s
0
3 m/s
0
3-18 m/s
#
A single stimulus that elicits several responses involves which type of neuronal
circuit?
0
onverging
1
diverging
0
parallel after-discharge
0
reverberating
0
occlusion
#
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is
0
always excitatory in the human body
0
also a hormone
0
actively transported back into synaptic end bulbs
0
A and B
1
None of the above
#
What elements of neuron does presynaptic inhibition appear at?
0
Axonal hillock
0
Place of dendrite transition in the cell body
0
Cell body
0
Remote parts of dendrites
1
End branch of axon
#
A person with myasthenia gravis notes increased muscle strength when he is
treated with an Acetylcholine (ACh) inhibitor. The basis for his improvement is
increased
0
amount of ACh released from motor nerves
1
levels of ACh at the muscle end plates
0
number of ACh receptors on the muscle end plates
0
amount of norepinephrine released from motor nerves
0
synthesis of norepinephrine in motor nerves
#
In the muscle fiber, what is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
0
It closes the neuromuscular junction to stop a muscle contraction.
0
It acts as a receptor for acetylcholine.
1
It deactivates acetylcholine.
0
It stimulates the synaptic knob into functioning
0
A and B
#
How long can the Synaptic Delay of electrical synapses of muscle be?
0
0,1 ms
0
0,2 ms
0
0,5 ms
0
0,7 ms
1
can’t be
#
What do you think about origin of End Plate potential?
0
this is an active potential
0
this is an absolute refractory period
0
this is a membrane potential
1
this is Local answer
0
this is a relative refractory period
#
Acetylcholine has which effect on the post-synaptic neuron?
0
Ligand gated calcium channels open and calcium diffuses in
1
Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in
0
Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane
0
Voltage gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in
0
Voltage gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in
#
If the post-synaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential
will be produced.
1
True
0
false
0
no, local response
0
no, after potential depolarization
0
no, after potential hyperpolarization
#
Order the following events that occur at the synapse from first to last. 1 - calcium
triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron 2 neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to a receptor on the
postsynaptic cell 3 - the postsynaptic cell responds 4 - neurotransmitter is removed
from the synapse to terminate the response 5 - voltage gated calcium channels open
on the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell 6 - an action potential reaches the axon
terminal of the presynaptic cell
0
3,5,2,6,4,1
1
6,5,1,2,3,4
0
3,1,5,2,6,4
0
6,3,1,6,4,2
0
6,5,3,4,6,2
#
With respect to their innervation, individual skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are
innervated by ________.
1
a single motor neuron
0
multiple motor neurons
0
a single motor neuron and autonomic neuron
0
multiple motor neurons and autonomic neurons
0
a single motor neuron and multiple autonomic neurons
#
The steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction are listed below,
out of order. Choose the correct order. 1 - Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the
motor end plate. 2 - Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis from the motor
neuron. 3 - Voltage-gated calcium channels on the motor neuron's plasma
membrane open. 4 - An action potential is produced on the muscle fiber's
sarcolemma. 5 - An action potential arrives at the motor neurons axon terminal.
0
3,1,2,4,5
0
5,3,2,4,1
1
5,3,2,1,4
0
3,4,1,2,5
0
4,3,2,5,1
#
In muscle tissue, neurotransmitter receptors are located:
0
in synaptic vesicles
0
in the synaptic cleft
0
on the motor neuron axon terminals
1
on the motor end plate
#
Acetylcholinesterase:
0
produces acetylcholine
0
is the acetylcholine receptor in muscle tissue
0
binds to the acetylcholine receptor in muscle tissue
1
degrades acetylcholine
#
What kind of neurotransmitter does chemical synapse use for presynaptic
inhibition in spinal cord?
0
Dopamine.
0
Acetylcholine
0
Serotonin
1
Glycine
0
Histamine
#
Muscle contraction in determined by:
1
An actin and myosin protofibril interaction
0
An actomyosin and troponin interaction
0
Interaction of cell membrane with actomyosin
0
An actin protofibril interaction
0
A myosin protofibril interaction
#
A person with myasthenia gravis notes increased muscle strength when he is
treated with an Acetylcholine (ACh) inhibitor. The basis for his improvement is
increased
0
amount of ACh released from motor nerves
1
levels of ACh at the muscle end plates
0
number of ACh receptors on the muscle end plates
0
amount of norepinephrine released from motor nerves
0
synthesis of norepinephrine in motor nerves
#
Repeated stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber causes tetanic contraction because
the intracellular concentration of which of the following solutes increases and
remains at high levels?
0
Na⁺
0
K⁺
0
Troponin
0
ATP
1
Ca²⁺
#
Which of the following exercises slows the loss of muscle fibers in older people?
0
jogging
0
aerobic dancing
0
weight training
1
swimming
0
all answers are incorrect
#
When an incomplete tetanus can development?
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during it contraction
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during a refractory period
0
the repeated stimulations send to muscle during an absolute refractory period
1
the repeated stimulations send for start of muscle relax
0
all answers are incorrect
#
It was established experimentally while studying the processes of cardiomyocytes
excitation that in phase of their fast depolarization the ions of Na⁺ +
can additionally move through:
1
Са²⁺ -canals.
0
К⁺ -canals.
0
Сl^- - canals
0
Мg²⁺ -canals.
0
Li^- canals
#
Which an individual cardiac muscle fiber can have the resting membrane potential?
0
is about 25 to 30 mV
0
is about 35 to 45 mV
0
is about 55 to 60 mV
0
is about 65 to 75 mV
1
is about 85 to 95 mV
#
There are many Acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction. Is it good for a
muscle contraction? Choose the most correct answer.
0
yes, a muscle contraction increases
0
yes, a muscle contraction decreases
0
no, a muscle contraction doesn’t increase
0
no, a muscle contraction doesn’t change
1
yes, because the velocity of active potentials transmission across neuromuscular
junction was increase
#
How many motor neurons are there in a Motor Unit?
0
Five
1
one
0
two
0
three
0
four
#
One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has extensibility. Which of the
following best describes this characteristic?
0
Muscles contract when stimulated.
0
Muscles have local electrical charges that move along the muscle fiber.
0
Muscles only pull; they cannot push.
1
Muscles can stretch when needed.
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Voluntary skeletal muscles in the leg are innervated by:
0
postganglionic neurons
1
somatic motor neurons
0
preganglionic neurons
0
CNS fibers
0
all these
#
Slow-twitch muscle fibers have only one of the following features:
1
slow onset of contraction
0
easily fatigued
0
many enzymes for glycolysis
0
a slow refractory period
0
low mitochondrial content
#
These bands of the sarcomere do not shorten during contraction
1
A bands
0
H, I and M bands
0
Z discs and A bands
0
I bands
0
a and d
#
The role of transverse tubules in skeletal muscle fibers is to
0
connect the sarcomeres to each other
0
binds the myofibrils
1
quickly spread the action potential
0
connect the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
0
bind to the DHP receptors
#
Smooth muscle is an example of a(n) ______ in the human body.
0
Chemical
0
Cell
1
Tissue
0
Organ
0
Organ System
#
A ________ is the fundamental repeating unit of the myofibril that gives skeletal
muscle its striated appearance.
0
Sarcolemma
1
Sarcomere
0
sarcoplasmic reticulum
0
Sarcoplasm
0
myofilaments
#
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
1
store calcium.
0
synthesize actin and myosin
0
conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell.
0
provide elasticity to the muscle.
0
hold the thick filaments to the Z line.
#
During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin
filaments ________.
0
Shorten
1
slide past one another
0
do not interact
0
condense
0
stretch one another
#
Which of the following proteins blocks crossbridge formation in a relaxed muscle?
0
myosin
1
tropomyosin
0
troponin
0
actin
0
titin
#
In order for crossbridge cycling to continue to occur, the cross bridge between
actin and myosin must be broken by the ________.
0
binding of tropomyosin to myosin
0
binding of ATP to actin
0
binding of the troponin complex to actin
0
conformational change that occurs as the myosin head changes from the high to
low energy state
1
binding of ATP to myosin
#
Which of the following steps in excitation-contraction occurs first?
0
Exposed actin sites bind with myosin cross bridges.
0
Sodium channels open on the sarcolemma in response to acetylcholine binding.
0
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
0
Troponin binds calcium
1
The motor neuron releases acetylcholine
#
Which of the following would allow a contracting muscle to relax?
1
An action potential traveling down the transverse tubules.
0
Calcium being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm.
1
Calcium being pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum from the sarcoplasm.
0
A motor neuron releasing acetylcholine.
0
Sodium channels opening on the motor end plate.
#
The first and fastest way skeletal muscles regenerate ATP is________.
1
creatine phosphate
0
aerobic glycolysis
0
anaerobic glycolysis
0
oxidative phosphorylation
0
krebs cycle
#
Intense exercise like sprinting uses primarily _____ from _____ to supply the
energy needed for contraction.
0
fatty acids: blood
0
fatty acids: muscle
1
glycogen: muscle
0
glycogen: liver
0
glucose: blood
#
When you kick a soccer ball, your quadriceps undergoes _____ muscle contraction
which creates force _____ movement.
0
isometric: with
0
isotonic: without
0
isometric: without
0
isotonic: with
0
isomuscular: without
#
Tetanus in skeletal muscle involves:
0
high frequency action potentials on motor neurons
0
continuous release of calcium into the sarcoplasm
0
a higher level of tension being developed than occurs in a twitch
0
no relaxation occurring in between action potentials
1
all of the above occur during tetanus
#
Which of the following is a way that the strength of contraction is increased in
skeletal muscles?
1
recruiting more motor units
0
decreasing the number of muscle fibers stimulated
0
decreasing the frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
0
decreasing the fiber length to 50% of the resting length prior to contraction
0
all of these would increase the strength of contraction in skeletal muscles
#
Cardiac muscle is most like __________ and contains many mitochondria, lots of
myoglobin and is highly resistant to fatigue.
0
fast twitch glycolytic fiber.
0
fast twitch oxidative fiber.
1
slow twitch oxidative fiber.
#
Muscle fatigue is caused by:
0
lactic acid accumulation
0
depletion of energy reserves
0
changes in ion concentration
0
depletion of acetylcholine
1
all of the above
#
When can depolarization of skeletal muscle membrane start? If ….:
1
the permeability of ions Nа⁺ increases
0
the permeability of ions Nа⁺ decreases
0
the level of ions Сl-^- decreases inside
0
the permeability of ions К⁺ increases
0
the permeability of ions К⁺ decreases
#
How long can the Synaptic Delay of electrical synapses of muscle be?
0
0,1 ms
0
0,2 ms
0
0,5 ms
0
0,7 ms
1
can’t be
#
How many ions did Ca⁺ pump use for a cycle?
1
an ion
0
2 ions
0
3 ions
0
4 ions
0
5 ions
#
What do you think about origin of End Plate potential?
0
this is an active potential
0
this is an absolute refractory period
0
this is a membrane potential
1
this is Local answer
0
this is a relative refractory period
#
Acetylcholine has which effect on the post-synaptic neuron?
0
Ligand gated calcium channels open and calcium diffuses in
1
Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in
0
Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane
0
Voltage gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses in
0
Voltage gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in
#
If the post-synaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential
will be produced.
1
True
0
false
0
no, local response
0
no, after potential depolarization
0
no, after potential hyperpolarization
#
In the muscle fiber, what is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
0
It closes the neuromuscular junction to stop a muscle contraction.
0
It acts as a receptor for acetylcholine.
1
It deactivates acetylcholine.
0
It stimulates the synaptic knob into functioning
0
A and B
#
Choose a right answer. The Excitatory postsynaptic potential is
0
Action potential
0
Membrane potential
1
Local answer
0
Afterpotential hyperpolarisation
0
Afterpotential depolarisation
#
How many molecules of ATP did Ca²⁺ pump use for a cycle?
0
a molecule
1
2 molecules
0
3 molecules
0
4 molecules
0
5 molecules
#
The After- depolarisation can dependent of increase membranous permeability
for…
0
of ions Сl^-
1
of ions Nа⁺
0
of ions Fe⁺
0
of ions Mn⁺
0
of ions К⁺
#
When can a complete tetanus development?
1
the repeated stimulations sent to muscle during its contraction
0
the repeated stimulations sent to muscle during a refractory period
0
the repeated stimulations sent the start of muscles relax
0
all answers are correct
0
all answers are incorrect
#
What time the Cholinesterase are more active at?
0
During a refractory period
0
During an absolute refractory period
1
During a repolarization period
0
During a depolarization period
0
During an incomplete tetanus
#
What is the voltage of the resting potential of the sarcolemma
0
70 mv
1
-70 mv
0
-45 mv
0
-15mv
0
-10 mv
#
Which of the following is true of an isometric muscle contraction?
0
The length of the muscle increases during the contraction
0
responsible for rapid movements of the extremities
0
divided into concentric and eccentric
1
The amount of tension increases during the contraction
0
B and D
#
Smooth body movements result from
0
large numbers of motor units in complete tetanus throughout the contraction
0
small numbers of motor units firing in a "single twitch" fashion simultaneously
0
isometric contractions only
1
both incomplete and complete titanic contractions of motor units contracting out of
phase with each other
0
C and A
#
Which of the following types of muscle fatigue represents depletion of ATP?
0
psychological
0
synaptic
1
muscular
0
physiological
0
A and B
#
Which of the following energy storages source is most commonly used during the
first 10 seconds of exercise?
0
ATP
1
creatine phosphate
0
lactic acid
0
none of the above
0
all answers are correct
#
Which protein prevents contraction by covering binding sites on actin and myosin?
0
Troponin.
0
Calmodulin
0
Thymosin
0
Thymolin
1
Tropomyosin
#
A knee-jerk reflex is an example of the
0
crossed extensor reflex
0
withdrawal reflex
0
Golgi tendon reflex
1
stretch reflex
0
all of the above
#
The withdrawal reflex
0
includes the Golgi tendon organs
0
includes the synapse of sensory neurons directly with alpha motor neurons
1
helps to protect the body from painful stimuli
0
is a response to increased tension at a tendon
0
all of the above
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the C5 -C6 of Spinal cord?
0
the inability to learned sequences of movements such as eating with a knife
0
the difficulty in speech
1
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
the difficulty in walking
0
all answers are correct
#
After destruction of CNS structures the animal lost the rough reflexes. What
structure has been destroyed?
1
Lamina quadrigemina
0
Red nuclei
0
Lateral vestibular nuclei
0
Black substance
0
Medial reticular nuclei
#
Which of the following is NOT true about the knee jerk reflex?
0
It is a spinal reflex
0
It is a somatic reflex
0
It helps to maintain an upright posture
0
B and C
1
It involves conduction of nerve impulses from sensory neuron to interneuron to
motor neuron.
#
Inhibitory interneurons are involved in which of the following spinal reflexes?
1
Golgi tendon reflex
0
knee jerk reflex
0
stretch reflex
0
withdrawal reflex
0
all answers are incorrect
#
In spinal cord injury
0
there may be loss of sensation and motor functions
0
classification is done according to the vertebral level at which the injury occurred,
the extent of the cord damage, and the mechanism of the injury.
0
there is primary and secondary damage
0
treatment may include the use of steroids to decrease total damage
1
all of the above
#
What part of the brain can serve as a center for integration of motor function?
0
spinal cord
0
medulla
0
globus pallidus
1
thalamus
0
temporal part of the cortex
#
How does the cutting of posterior roots of spinal cord effect the muscular tonus of
extremities?
0
Muscular tonus increases
0
Muscular tonus doesn’t change
1
Muscular tonus decreases
0
Bender tonus increases
0
Unbender tonus increases
#
All of the following are true of indirect pathways EXCEPT
0
originate in upper motor neurons of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
0
have upper motor neurons that synapse with some intermediate nucleus rather than
directly with lower motor neurons.
1
pass through the pyramids
0
includes rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
0
all of the above
#
Which of these events occur when a person steps on a tack with their right foot?
0
The right foot is pulled away from the tack because of the Golgi tendon reflex
0
The left leg is extended to support the body because of the stretch reflex
1
The flexor muscles of the thigh contract, and the extensor muscles relax because of
reciprocal innervation
0
The extensor muscles of both thighs contract because of the crossed extensor reflex
0
all of these
#
Which of the following reflexes inhibits skeletal muscle contraction?
0
crossed extensor reflex
1
Golgi tendon reflex
0
stretch reflex
0
withdrawal reflex
0
all answers are incorrect
#
The Spinal Center of Achilles tendon reflex in
0
C5- C6
0
C6-C8
0
L2 to L4
0
L4 to S1
1
L5 to S2
#
After severely breaking his left humerus in an accident, a man lost sensation on the
posterior aspect of the limb and was unable to extend his forearm, wrist, or fingers.
What nerve was damaged?
0
axillary
0
musculocutaneous
1
radial
0
ulnar
0
Sciatic
#
Where does center of righting reflexes locate?
1
Midbrain
0
occipital lobe
0
Spinal cord
0
Medulla
0
Sacral part of the spinal cord
#
Automatic contractions of smooth muscles are due to:
1
The development of excitement in the muscle itself
0
The development of excitement in intramural nervous structures
0
Supply of nervous impulses from CNS
0
Humoral influences
0
The development of inhibitory in intramural nervous structures
#
Which of the following would be considered a withdrawal and crossed extensor
reflex?
0
The knee jerk reflex in response to a reflex hammer hitting your patellar tendon.
0
Pulling your hand away from a hot stove.
1
Stepping on a piece of broken glass with bare feet and not falling over when you
pull your foot away from the glass.
0
Learning to walk.
0
Riding a bike.
#
The general neuronal pathway responding to GTO activation is known as:
1
autogenic inhibition
0
stretch reflex
0
GTO reflex
0
Ib facilitation
0
None of the above
#
The sensory axon that innervates the Golgi Tendon Organ is the:
0
Ib interneuron
0
Alpha- motor neuron
0
Gamma-motor neuron
1
Ib afferent
0
None of the above
#
The most common disease associated with a dysfunctional GTO is:
0
Multiple sclerosis
0
Cancer
0
Arthritis
0
Huntington’s disease
1
None of the above
#
The initial discharge can be referred to as:
0
Tonic firing
0
Afferent firing
0
Static response
1
Dynamic response
0
None of the above
#
To what normal activity does the GTO contribute?
0
Throwing a ball
1
Walking
0
Reading a webpage
0
Sleeping
0
Chatting with friends
#
The channels that are opened to depolarize the Ib axon are:
1
Mechanically-gated
0
Voltage-gated
0
Ligand-gated
0
Transmitter-gated
0
None of the above
#
There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
0
12
0
21
1
31
0
43
0
6
#
The nerves that supply the upper limbs enter or exit from this area of the spinal
cord.
0
cervical plexuses
0
cervical enlargement
1
lumbar enlargement
0
sacral plexuses
#
The nerves that supply the lower limbs enter or exit from this area of the spinal
cord.
0
brachial plexuses
0
cervical enlargement
0
cervical plexuses
1
lumbar enlargement
#
Which of the following statements about the spinal cord is NOT correct?
0
It has two enlargements.
1
It extends to the level of lumbar vertebra three in an adult.
0
It gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
0
It has a central canal that is continuous with the fourth ventricle of the brain.
#
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
1
sensory and motor neurons
0
sensory, association and motor neurons
0
sensory, motor and interneurons
0
sensory and association neurons
#
John injured the quadriceps muscles in his legs due to increased tension and tearing
while horsing around on the football field. What reflex failed to protect the
muscles?
1
Golgi tendon reflex
0
flexor reflex
0
knee jerk reflex
0
stretch reflex
30#
Excitatory interneurons are involved in which of the following spinal reflexes?
0
Golgi tendon reflex
0
knee jerk reflex
0
stretch reflex
1
withdrawal reflex
#
You are walking bare foot and step on a tack with your right foot. All of the
following will occur EXCEPT
0
flexor muscles in your right thigh and leg contract to remove your foot
0
reciprocal innervation inhibits extensor muscles in the same limb
1
collaterals of sensory neurons stimulate alpha motor neurons that cause extension
in the opposite limb
0
collaterals of interneurons stimulate a crossed extensor reflex
#
The reflex arc contains a
0
sensory reception
0
sensory neuron
0
motor neuron
1
All of the above.
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the Cervical 5 to Cervical 6 part
of the Spinal cord?
0
the inability to learned sequences of movements such as eating with a knife
0
the difficulty in speech
1
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
the difficulty in walking
0
all answers are correct
#
The spinal cord is contiguous super orally with the
0
cerebellum.
1
medulla oblongata
0
Midbrain
0
Pons
0
cortex
#
The lateral horns of the gray matter in the thoracic region of the spinal cord contain
the cell bodies of
0
somatic motor neurons
0
parasympathetic motor neurons
1
sympathetic motor neurons
0
sensory neurons
0
all answers are correct
#
Compression of what nerve arising from the brachial plexus results in numbness,
tingling, and pain in the fingers, a condition called carpal tunnel syndrome?
0
axillary nerve
0
radial nerve
1
median nerve
0
musculocutaneous nerve
0
sciatic nerve
#
The ventral branches or rami of spinal nerves do NOT join to form nerve plexuses
in which of the following spinal cord areas?
0
cervical
0
Lumbar
0
Sacral
1
Thoracic
0
coccygeal
#
Given these components of a reflex:
1.association neuron
2.skeletal muscle
3.afferent neuron
4.efferent neuron
5.sensory receptor
Choose the sequence below that best represents the order followed in a reflex, from
stimulus to response.
0
5, 4, 3, 2, 1
0
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
0
5, 4, 3, 1, 2
1
5, 3, 1, 4, 2
0
5, 4, 1, 3, 2
#
Stretch reflexes
0
cause muscles to contract in response to a stretching force being applied to them
0
involves a sensory receptor (muscle spindle).
0
involve sensory neurons that directly synapse with motor neurons in the spinal
cord
0
help maintain posture
1
all of the above
#
The Golgi tendon reflex
0
involves the synapse of sensory neurons from the Golgi tendon organs with
stimulating interneurons at the spinal cord
1
prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
0
involves the stimulation of alpha neurons leading back to the muscles that are
stretching tendons
0
results in increased tension at tendons
0
all of the above
#
Reflexes
0
are never homeostatic
1
are automatic responses to a stimulus
0
cannot be suppressed by higher brain functions
0
are always simple pathways containing three neurons
0
all of these
#
A man was in an accident and severed his spinal cord between C6 and C7. Which
of the following would NOT occur?
0
loss of sensation in the trunk below the shoulders, the lowers limbs and portions of
the arms
1
damage to the phrenic nerves, which would therefore affect breathing
0
loss of movement in the lower limbs
0
damage to the intercostal nerves, which would affect breathing because the
intercostal muscles would be paralyzed
0
All are incorrect
#
After severely injuring her hip in an accident, a woman was unable to extend her
right leg. What nerve was damaged?
1
Femoral
0
Obturator
0
Tibial
0
Pudental
0
sciatic
#
The ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves intermingle with each other to form a
0
ganglion
0
fascicle
1
Plexus
0
Tract
0
way
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the lumbal 2 to Lumbal 4 part
of the Spinal cord?
0
the inability to learned sequences of movements such as eating with a knife
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
1
the difficulty in walking
0
all answers are correct
#
Damage to the dorsal root of a spinal nerve results in
0
loss of motor control
0
loss of parasympathetic function
1
loss of sensory input
0
loss of motor control and loss of parasympathetic function
0
all of these
#
A man suffers a shoulder injury, and as a result has very little strength when he
tries to flex his forearm. The nerve most likely damaged is the
0
axillary nerve
0
median nerve
1
musculocutaneous nerve
0
radial nerve
0
ulnar nerve
#
All of the following are true of indirect pathways EXCEPT
0
originate in upper motor neurons of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
0
have upper motor neurons that synapse with some intermediate nucleus rather than
directly with lower motor neurons.
1
pass through the pyramids
0
includes rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
0
all of the above
#
What part of the brain can serve as a center for integration of motor function?
0
spinal cord
0
medulla
0
globus pallidus
1
thalamus
0
temporal part of the cortex
#
What kind of neurotransmitter does chemical synapse use for inhibition at the
striatal region of the basal ganglia?
0
Epinephrine
0
Norepinephrine
0
Serotonin
0
Glycine
1
Dopamine
#
The ________has the highest density of neurons in order to control learned motor
tasks.
0
cortex
1
cerebellum
0
brainstem
0
thalmus
0
lymbic system
#
The _______ are pockets of grey matter in the white matter of the cerebrum that
contains interneurons that select and maintains purposeful motor activity while
suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement.
0
somatosensory cortex
1
basal nuclei
0
thalmus
0
limbic system
0
primary motor cortex
#
The _______ allows for voluntary control over skeletal muscle.
1
primary motor cortex
0
primary visual cortex
0
primary somatosensory cortex
0
olfactory cortex
0
primary auditory cortex
#
Which region of the cerebellum receives proprioceptive input from the spinal
cord?
1
vermis
0
left hemisphere
0
flocculonodular lobe
0
right hemisphere
#
Which of the following functions cannot be attributed to the cerebellum?
0
comparing motor commands and sensory feedback
0
associating sensory stimuli with learned behavior
0
coordinating complex movements
1
processing visual information
#
The spinocerebellum contains the...
1
Vermis and intermediate zone of the anterior and posterior lobes.
0
Vermal and floccular parts of the flocculonodular lobe.
0
Lateral portions of the cerebellum.
0
Posterior lobe and interposed nuclei.
0
Anterior lobe and dentate nuclei.
#
The lateral vestibular nuclei are functionally analogous to the...
0
Red nucleus
0
Purkinje cells
0
Basal ganglia
0
Thalamus
1
Deep cerebellar nuclei
#
Which of the basal ganglia nuclei receive direct cortical input?
0
Claustrum and amygdala.
0
Centromedian nucleus and subthalamic nucleus.
0
Substantia nigra pars compacta and globus pallidus external.
0
Globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata.
1
Caudate and putamen.
#
All of the following statements about the basal ganglia are correct EXCEPT:
1
The net effect of excitation of the direct pathway is to inhibit cortex.
0
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra signal unexpected reward or
unexpected absence of reward.
0
The basal ganglia have both motor and cognitive functions.
0
The subthalamic nucleus is the origin of the only purely excitatory pathway within
the basal ganglia intrinsic circuitry.
0
Parkinson's disease results from damage to the basal ganglia.
#
Betz cells are most abundant in layer...
0
IV of somatosensory cortex.
0
V of somatosensory cortex.
0
IV of motor cortex.
1
V of motor cortex.
0
III of motor cortex.
#
A corticospinal neuron in primary motor cortex can do all of the following
EXCEPT:
0
Project to multiple motor neuron pools in the spinal cord.
0
Participate in the initiation of movement.
1
Code for the amount of force of individual muscles.
0
Code for the direction of movement.
0
Code for the extent of movement.
#
Following a strenuous workout with his neighborhood team, a right-handed, 52year-old former professional basketball player awoke the next morning with
paralysis of the right lower extremity. A neurological exam revealed an
exaggerated stretch reflex. There was no disturbance of position sense, pain
sensation or tactile discrimination. Where is the problem localized?
0
Anterior (ventral) horn, right side.
0
Cerebellum, right side.
0
Posterior (dorsal) columns of spinal cord, right side.
0
Left motor cortex, lateral (inferior) portion of motor map.
1
Left motor cortex, medial (superior) portion of motor map.
#
All of the following are examples of dyskinesia EXCEPT:
0
Athetosis
0
Chorea
0
Tremors
1
Rigidity
0
Ballismus
#
Inhibition of alpha-motoneuron of the extensor muscles was noticed after
stimulation of alpha-motoneuron of the flexor muscles during the experiment on
the spinal column. What type of inhibition can this process cause?
1
Reciprocal
0
Presynaptic
0
Depolarizational
0
Recurrent
0
Lateral
#
The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in
the animal. What changes will take place in the innervation region?
1
Loss of movements
0
Loss of touch sensitivity
0
Loss of temperature sensitivity
0
Loss of proprioceptive sensitivity
0
Hypersensitivity
#
Due to cranial trauma the patient developed the symptoms: intention tremor,
dysmetry, adiadochokinesis, dysarthria. What structure of the brain is injured?
1
Cerebellum
0
Striatum
0
Motor cortex
0
Pale sphere
0
Black substance
#
During an experiment the dorsal roots of the spinal cord of an animal have been
cut. What changes will be observed in the innervation zone?
1
Sensitivity loss
0
Loss of motor functions
0
Decrease in muscle tone
0
Increase in muscle tone
0
Sensitivity loss and loss of motor functions
#
As a result of destruction of certain brainstem structures an animal has lost its
orientative reflexes in response to strong photic stimuli. What structures were
destroyed?
1
Superior collicullus
0
Posterior tubercles of quadrigeminal plate
0
Red nuclei
0
Vestibular nuclei
0
Black substance
#
As a result of damage to certain structures of brainstem an animal lost orientation
reflexes. What structures were damaged?
1
Tectum mesencephali
0
Medial nuclei of reticular formation
0
Red nuclei
0
Vestibular nuclei
0
Black substance
#
During an experiment the myotatic reflex has been studied in frogs. After
extension in a skeletal muscle its reflectory contraction was absent. The reason for
it might be a dysfunction of the following receptors:
1
Muscle spindles
0
Nociceptors
0
Articular
0
Golgi tendon organs
0
Tactile
#
It is ascertained in an experiment that during the excitation of the mo¬toneurons of
flexor muscles the motone¬urons of extensor muscles are inhibited. What kind of
inhibition underlies this phenomenon?
1
Reciprocal.
0
Inhibition after excitation.
0
Pessimal.
0
Feedback (Ranshow).
0
Lateral
#
Du ring the pathologoanatomic re-search of the spinal cord of a 70-year- old man
the destruction and diminish¬ing of the quantity of anterior horns nuclei cells in
cervical and thoracic spines were found. What functions were dam¬aged during
the man's life?
0
Moving functions of the lower extremities.
1
Moving functions of the upper extremities.
0
Sensitiveness and moving functions of the upper extremities.
0
Sensitiveness of the lower extremities.
0
Sensitiveness of the upper extremities.
#
A woman of 64 has disorders of fine movements of fingers, evident mus¬cular
rigidity, tremor. A neurologist dia¬gnosed Parkinson's disease. The defect of what
structure of cerebrum resulted in this disease?
0
Reticular formation.
0
Thalamus.
0
Red nuclei.
0
Cerebellum.
1
Substantia nigra.
#
Red nuclei of a mesencephalic ani¬mal were destroyed in an experiment.
Which reflexes disappear in this condi¬tion?
0
Static postural vestibular.
0
Static postural neck.
1
Straightening and statokinetic.
0
Myotatic tonic.
0
Myotatic phasic.
#
After a domestic trauma a patient of 18 began to complain of permanent giddiness,
nystagmus of eyes, scanning speech, uncertain gait. Dysfunction of what structures
of cerebrum does it tes¬tify to?
0
Vestibular nuclei.
0
Motor cortex.
0
Basal nuclei.
0
Substantia nigra.
1
Cerebellum.
#
After a traffic accident a patient of 36 got paralysis of muscles of extremities on
the right, the loss of pain and temperatu re sensitivity on the left,partial reduction
of tactile sensation on both sides. These changes are most charac¬teristic of the
defect of some part of brain. What part is it?
0
Motor cortex on the left.
1
Right half of spinal cord.
0
Left half of spinal cord.
0
Anterior division of the anterolateral pathway of spinal cord.
0
Dorsal columns of spinal cord.
#
Pushing a barbell a sportsman pulls the head back for the maximal increase of the
tone of the upper extremities extensor muscles. Where are the local centres of the
reflexes arising here situated?
0
In the spinal cord.
0
In the motor cortex.
0
In basal nuclei.
0
In red nuclei.
1
Nucleus vestibularis lateralis.
#
An experiment is conducted on a spinal frog. The time of defense flexor reflex
decreased from 10 sec. to 6 sec. after increasing the area of the skin surface, which
is acted on with acid solution. What mechanism underlies the diminish¬ing of the
time of defense flexor reflex?
0
Irradiation of excitation on diver¬gent nervous chains.
1
Spatial summation of excitation.
0
Temporal summation of excitation.
0
Principle of dominant.
0
Recirculation of excitation.
#
In an experiment on a cat one irritates a cerebrum motor structure, as a result there
is an increase of the tone of extensor muscles on the side of stimu¬lation. What
structures of cerebrum are irritated?
0
Nucleus reticularis medialis.
0
Nucleus caudatus.
0
Nucleus ruber.
1
Nucleus vestibularis lateralis.
0
Nucleus intermedius laterali
#
Where do the feet represent in the brain?
0
Midbrain
1
top of the Cortex precentral gyrus
0
below of the Cortex precentral gyrus
0
Cerebellum
0
Basal Ganglia
#
What part of the Body can represent bilaterally at the Cortex Brain?
0
a foot
0
an arm
1
a face
0
a leg
0
a hand
#
Which of the following is NOT one of the three large nerve tracts connecting the
cerebellum to the rest of the central nervous system?
0
superior cerebellar peduncles
0
middle cerebellar peduncles
0
inferior cerebellar peduncles
1
anterior cerebellar peduncles
0
superior cerebellar peduncles and middle cerebellar peduncles
#
What symptoms a person can have after lesions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex?
1
the inability to learned sequences of movements such as eating with a knife
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
the difficulty in walking
0
the awkwardness in complex activities performing
#
What are the enlargements on the medulla oblongata that are involved in conscious
skeletal muscle control?
0
cardiac center
0
Olives
1
Pyramids
0
Decussate
0
cardiac center and Olives
#
Which of the following brain regions does NOT belong with the others?
0
medulla oblongata
0
Midbrain
0
Pons
1
Thalamus
0
medulla oblongata and cortex
#
Choose the symptoms of Chorea
1
the movements are excessive and abnormal
0
the continuous slow writhing movements
0
the movements are excessive and abnormal and the continuous slow writhing
movements
0
the involuntary flailing intense and violent movements
0
the difficulty in initiating movement and decreased spontaneous movement
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the Supplementary Motor Area?
0
he hasn’t any symptoms
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in walking
1
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
all answers are correct
#
Which lobes of the cerebrum serve as the main center for receiving and processing
of sensory information EXCEPT for smell, hearing and vision?
0
Frontal
0
Occipital
1
Parietal
0
Temporal
0
frontal and occipital
#
Which of the following serves as a motor center that is involved in maintaining
muscle tone and coordinating movements?
0
inferior olivary nucleus
0
red nucleus
0
suprachaismatic nucleus
0
inferior olivary nucleus and red nucleus
1
substantia nigra
#
Because of injuries received in an automobile accident, a young man remains
hospitalized in a coma. It is likely the injuries affected his
0
Amygdale
0
Hippocampus
0
limbic system
1
reticular formation
0
Amygdale and limbic system
#
Which of the following is or are located within the white matter of the cerebrum?
1
basal nuclei
0
red nucleus
0
substantia nigra
0
suprachiasmatic nucleus
0
red nucleus and substantia nigra
#
The anesthetic a dentist injects before drilling to clean and repair a cavity is done
to block sensory impulses from a branch of what cranial nerve?
0
Abducens
0
Facial
1
Trigeminal
0
Trochlear
0
All are incorrect
#
Which cranial nerve controls the muscles involved in chewing?
0
Facial
0
Glossopharyngea
1
Trigeminal
0
Vagus
0
All are incorrect
#
Select the nerves that are somatic motor/proprioceptive only
0
1,2,3,4,5
1
1,2,4,5
0
1,3,4,5
0
2,3,4
0
3,4,5
#
Where does the face represent in the brain?
0
Midbrain
0
top of the Cortex precentral gyrus
1
below of the Cortex precentral gyrus
0
Cerebellum
0
Basal Ganglia
#
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT contain only sensory fibers?
0
Olfactory
0
Optic
1
Trigeminal
0
Vestibulocochlear
0
All are incorrect
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the Premotor Cortex?
0
he hasn’t any symptoms
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in walking
0
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
1
awkwardness with setting posture in the start of planned movement
#
What type of nuclei in the cerebrum are involved in control of motor functions?
0
ependymal cells
0
caudate nucleus
1
basal nucleus
0
lentiform nucleus
0
All are incorrect
#
Choose the symptoms of Akinesia
0
the movements are excessive and abnormal
0
the involuntary dancing movements
0
the continuous slow writhing movements
0
the involuntary flailing intense and violent movements
1
the difficulty in initiating movement and decreased spontaneous movement
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex?
0
difficulty in breathing
1
awkwardness with hand –eye coordination
0
difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
difficulty in walking
0
awkwardness in performing complex activities
#
Which lobes receive and interpret sensory input for smell and / or hearing?
1
frontal and temporal
0
frontal and occipital
0
parietal and occipital
0
temporal and occipital
0
frontal, occipital and temporal
#
What cranial nerve causes movements of the tongue involved in speaking,
manipulating food and swallowing?
0
facial
0
Trigeminal
1
Hypoglossal
0
Vagus
0
All are incorrect
#
The two main kinds of stretch receptors or proprioceptors that transmit information
to the spinal cord and brain about muscle tension and length are
0
Meissner's corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles
0
Meissner's corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs
1
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
0
pacinian corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs
0
pacinian corpuscles
#
What the part of the Body can represent unilaterally in the Cortex Brain?
0
a foot
0
an arm
0
a face
0
an leg
1
a hand, a foot, a leg, an arm
#
The neuron of the spinothalamic system that ascends within the spinal cord and
carries sensory information from a dorsal horn to the thalamus is designated a
0
primary neuron
0
tertiary neuron
0
quaternary neuron
0
All are incorrect
1
secondary neuron
#
The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the
0
angular gyrus
0
cingulated gyrus
0
precentral gyrus
1
postcentral gyrus
0
All are incorrect
#
An injury to the lateral portion of the postcentral gyrus in the right hemisphere
would result in some loss of sensation in the
0
left lower limb
0
right lower limb
1
left facial area
0
right facial area
0
All are incorrect
#
The medial lemniscus
1
is a tract of nerve fibers that conveys sensory signals to the thalamus
0
receives information from the brain and spinal cord and relays it to the cerebellum
0
provides an avenue of communication between the two cerebral hemispheres
0
links the primary motor area to the primary sensory area
0
All are incorrect
#
Which of the following tracts carry motor impulses to trunk and upper and lower
limb muscles to maintain posture?
0
corticospinal tracts
1
reticulospinal tracts
0
spinocerebellular tracts
0
spinothalamic tracts
0
All are incorrect
#
Match each numbered phenomenon below to the autonomic receptors that mediate
it. Low concentrations of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla cause
vasodilatation…
0
Adrenergic a receptors (betta1and betta 2 receptors)
0
Adrenergic (betta1receptors)
1
Adrenergic (betta 2 receptors)
0
Cholinergic muscarinic receptors
0
Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
#
The experiment established that the strength of heart contractions is observed on
the irritation of the strengthening Pavlov’s nerve. What mediator’s action in the
result connected with?
1
Noradrenaline
0
Acetylcholine
0
Serotonin
0
Dofamine
0
GABA
#
Reflex arch of vegetative reflex can lock through:
0
Centers of spinal cord
0
Centers of brainstem
1
Vegetative ganglions
0
Limbic system
0
Cortex of cerebral hemisphere
#
The person’s blood pressure increased. What kind of receptor cell did excite?
0
M- cholinoreceptors
0
beta- adrenoreceptors
0
Serotonin receptors
0
H₂ histamine receptors
1
alpha- adrenoreceptors
#
Salivation can decrease after:
1
Activation of sympathetic-adrenal system
0
Activation of parasympathetic nucleus of nerve facials
0
Decreasing of blood supply of salivary glands
0
Activation of parasympathetic nucleus of nerve gloss pharyngeal
0
Inhibition of sympathetic-adrenal system
#
The part of the brain that has hunger, satiety, and sleep centers; affects activities of
the ANS; and plays a role in emotional responses such as rage, pain, and pleasure
is the
0
medulla.
0
pons
1
hypothalamus
0
midbrain
0
epithalamus
#
The autonomic nervous system
1
controls digestion and body temperature
0
is voluntary
0
controls automatic functions like the knee jerk response
0
is not essential for survival
0
all of the above
#
40-year-old man had elevated arterial pressure after emotional excitement. Name a
possible cause of this effect.
1
Increase of the tonus of the sympathetic nervous system
0
Atherosclerosis of the arterioles
0
Decrease of frequency of cardiac contractions
0
Hyperpolarization of the cardiomyocytes.
0
Increase of the tonus of the parasympathetic nervous system
#
For the better examination of patient’s fundus of eyeball a doctor dropped the
solution of atropine in the conjunctiva of eye. After that the pupil dilated. What
kind of membrane cytoreceptors did block?
1
М-cholinoreceptors
0
Н-cholinoreceptors
0
Alpha-adrenoreceptors
0
Beta-adrenoreceptors
0
Н2-receptors
#
Automatic contractions of smooth muscles are due to:
1
The development of excitement in the muscle itself
0
The development of excitement in intramural nervous structures
0
Supply of nervous impulses from CNS
0
Humoral influences
0
The development of inhibitory in intramural nervous structures
#
The parasympathetic nervous system doesn’t innervate:
0
Organs of digestive tract
0
Heart
0
Bronchus
1
Skeletal muscles
0
Vessels
#
What kind of receptors do the Cholinergic Impulses influence on the Pulmonary?
0
betta 1
1
betta 2
0
alpha1
0
alpha2
0
betta 1, betta 2
#
At the man after retention of the respiration for 40 seconds the frequency of heart
contractions and system arterial pressure increased. Which regulatory mechanisms
realization provides the change of parameters?
1
Unconditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Unconditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Reflexes
#
The lateral horns of the gray matter in the thoracic region of the spinal cord contain
the cell bodies of
0
somatic motor neurons
0
parasympathetic motor neurons
1
sympathetic motor neurons
0
sensory neurons
0
all answers are correct
#
Which of these characteristics is not related to the Parasympathetic division of the
ANS?
0
Urination
0
Defecation
0
Salivation
0
Lacrimation
1
Posturation
#
Acetylcholine dose not released by:
0
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
1
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
0
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
0
postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
0
postganglionic sympathetic neurons s sweat gland’s
#
The ________ is the only region of the brain not protected by the blood brain
barrier in order for it to monitor and help control homeostasis.
1
hypothalamus
0
thalamus
0
basal nuclei
0
limbic system
0
putament
#
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release _______ and
the postganglionic neurons have _______ receptors.
0
acetylcholine : muscarinic cholinergic
1
acetylcholine : nicotinic cholinergic
0
acetylcholine : beta adrenergic
0
norepinephrine : beta adrenergic
0
noepinephrine : alpha adrenergic
#
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________;
sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________.
0
epinephrine : norepinephrine
1
acetylcholine : norepinephrine
0
norepinephrine : acetylcholine
0
acetylcholine : acetylcholine
norepinephrine : norepinephrine
#
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors:
0
are always stimulatory.
0
bind to acetylcholine.
0
are found on postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons.
0
are found on skeletal muscles.
1
all of the above
#
A person suffering from nerve gas exposure is given atropine to counteract the
effects. Why?:
0
atropine will bind to nerve gas and help inactivate
0
atropine will block the sites where nerve gas acts
1
atropine blocks acetylcholine receptor which blocks the excess acetycholine
lingering in the synaptic cleft
0
atropine will inactivate acetylcholine esterase and allow more acetylcholine to
cross the synaptic cleft
#
Structurally, the nervous system consists of which two subdivisions?
0
somatic and visceral
0
somatic and autonomic
1
central and peripheral
0
sensory and motor
0
sensory and autonomic
#
For eye-ground better examination the doctor dropped solution of the atropine in
the conjunctiva of the patient’s. It resulted the dilating of the pupil through
blockade of such membrane cytoreceptors:
1
М-cholinoreceptors
0
Н-cholinoreceptors
0
Alpha-adrenoreceptors
0
Beta-adrenoreceptors
0
Н2-receptors
#
During 40 seconds a man held breathing. After that the frequency of heart
contractions and system arterial pressure increased. Which mechanisms can
provide these changes?
1
Unconditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Unconditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Reflexes
#
During examination students suffer the dryness in the mouth. Which mechanisms
can provide these changes?
0
Conditioned parasympathetic.
0
Unconditioned parasympathetic.
1
Conditioned sympathetic
0
Unconditioned sympathetic.
0
Unconditioned peripheri
#
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS are called
0
Centers
1
Ganglia
0
Nuclei
0
Nerves
0
all answers are incorrect
#
What kind of receptors does the Noradrenergic Impulses influence on the radial
muscle of iris?
0
&beta1
0
&beta2
1
&alpha1
0
&alpha2
0
&beta1, &beta2
#
All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except
0
smooth muscle fibers
0
cardiac muscle fibers
1
skeletal muscle fibers
0
salivary glands
0
sweat glands
#
Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
0
preganglionic axons leave the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments
0
preganglionic axons synapse in ganglia near the spinal cord
0
also called the "fight-or-flight" division
0
A and B
1
nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division
#
Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic
division is also called the ____________ division
0
Prevertebral
0
Paravertebral
0
Craniosacral
0
Cervical
1
thoracolumbal
#
The ____________ division innervates visceral organs and tissues throughout the
body, while the ____________ division innervates only visceral structures served
by cranial nerves or lying in the abdominopelvic cavity.
0
parasympathetic, sympathetic
1
sympathetic, parasympathetic
0
visceral sensory, visceral moto
0
preganglionic, postganglionic
0
preganglionic , parasympathetic
#
The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ____________ outside the
CNS.
1
autonomic ganglia
0
posterior root ganglia
0
autonomic plexuses
0
visceral motor nuclei
0
All are correct
#
What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?
0
terminal and intramural
0
prevertebral and collateral
0
paravertebral and terminal
1
sympathetic trunk and prevertebral
0
All are correct
#
Every spinal nerve receives a ____________ ramus that carries postganglionic
axons from a ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.
1
Gray
0
White
0
Posterior
0
Anterior
0
white and posterior
#
Which functional division of the nervous system includes the SNS and ANS?
0
sensory
1
Motor
0
Central
0
Peripheral
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Preganglionic axons enter the nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of
0
autonomic nerves
0
posterior roots
1
white rami
0
gray rami
0
gray rami and posterior root
#
The integration and command center for autonomic functions is the
0
cerebral cortex
1
Hypothalamus
0
Brainstem
0
spinal cord
0
medulla
#
In organs innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions, the actions
of the two typically have what kind of effects?
0
Complementary
0
Inhibitory
1
Antagonistic
0
Cooperative
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Which structure secretes hormones that potentiate (prolong) the effects of
sympathetic stimulation?
0
adrenal cortex
0
anterior pituitary
0
posterior pituitary
0
Pancreas
1
adrenal medulla
#
In the PNS, components of the afferent division include
0
Interneurons
0
motor neurons
1
sensory neurons
0
posterior neurons
0
all of the above
#
What kind of receptors does the Noradrenergic Impulses influence on the ciliary
muscle of eye?
0
beta1
1
beta2
0
alpha1
0
alpha2
0
beta1, beta2
#
Axons that release norepinephrine onto their effectors are called
0
Excitatory
0
Inhibitory
0
Cholinergic
1
Adrenergic
0
inhibitory, cholinergic
#
Which neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic axons?
1
Norepinephrine
0
Epinephrine
0
Acetylcholine
0
Dopamine
0
GABA
#
The arterial pressure of 40-year-old man increased after mental stress. Name a
possible cause of this effect. Which mechanisms can provide these changes?
1
Increase the tone of sympathetic nervous system
0
Dilating of the arterioles
0
Decrease the frequency of cardiac contractions
0
Hyperpolarization of the cardiomyocytes.
0
Increase the tone of parasympathetic nervous system
#
In autonomic plexuses, sympathetic ____________ axons mingle (but do not
synapse or interact) with parasympathetic ____________ axons.
0
preganglionic; postganglionic
0
postganglionic; postganglionic
0
preganglionic; Preganglionic
0
A and B are correct
1
postganglionic; preganglionic
#
Sympathetic pathways include all of the following except the
0
spinal nerve pathway
1
anterior pituitary pathway
0
adrenal medulla pathway
0
postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
0
all answers are incorrect
#
What kind of receptors do the Cholinergic Impulses influence on the Pulmonary?
0
beta1
1
beta2
0
alpha1
0
alpha2
0
beta1, beta2
#
Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate which of the
following?
0
glands and smooth muscle tissue in organs of the head and neck
0
the heart, lungs, and other thoracic viscera
1
most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
0
all of the above are incorrect
0
all of the above are correct
#
Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons?
0
Norepinephrine
0
Epinephrine
1
Acetylcholine
0
Dopamine
0
GABA
#
Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk
ganglion form
0
autonomic plexuses
0
gray rami communicantes
0
intercostal nerves
1
splanchnic nerves
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Tom is patient of New York’s endocrinology hospital. He has problem with
Adrenal gland. He has the Hyperaldosteronism - disease. What‘s a cause of this
pathology?
0
excess of Gonadotropin – releasing hormone
0
excess of Glucocorticoids
1
excess of Mineralocorticoids
0
excess of Catecholamines
0
excess of Vasopressin
#
Which hormone is secreted by modified cardiac muscle cells in response to
excessive stretch in the heart wall?
0
angiotensinogen
0
angiotensin I
0
Vasopressin
1
atriopeptin
0
Adrenaline
#
The mechanism of hormonal action by activating the gene has got:
0
Catecholamines
1
Aldosterone
0
Growth hormone
0
Prolactin
0
Insulin
#
Antinoceptive action of an opiate hormone system realized by:
0
endorphins
0
encephalin
1
vasopressin
0
adrenaline
0
Serotonin
#
What has a significant influence on protein metabolism?
0
Somatotropic hormone
0
Vasopressin
1
Thyroxin, Glucocorticoids, Somatotropic hormone
0
Glucocorticoids
0
Parathormone
#
The patients have pathology symptoms. They are polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
in spite of polyphagia (increased appetite), hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketosis, and
acidosis. How does this disease call?
0
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Hyperthyroidism
1
Diabetes
0
Adrenogenital Syndrome
#
What kind of treatment a doctor can use for a patient with Osteoporosis?
0
Antidiuretic hormone
0
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
0
Calcium
0
Growth hormone
1
Vitamin D, Calcium
#
What hormones stimulate the protein metabolism in organism?
1
Somatotropine
0
Insulin
0
Glucagon
0
Adrenalin
0
Glucagon, Adrenalin
#
The patients have pathology symptoms. They are hirsute, baldness, small breasts,
male escutcheon, heavy arms and legs, enlarged clitoris. How does the disease
call?
0
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Cushing’s Syndrome
0
Diabetes
1
Adrenogenital Syndrome
#
A woman has hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased urinary phosphate
excretion. Injection of Parathormone causes an increase in urinary cyclic AMP.
The most likely diagnosis is…
0
primary hyperparathyroidism
0
vitamin D intoxication
0
vitamin D deficiency
1
hypoparathyroidism following thyroid surgery
0
pseudohypoparathyroidism
#
All of the following are produced in the zone fasciculate and/or zone reticularis of
the adrenal cortex except
1
aldosterone
0
corticosterone
0
cortisol
0
dehydroepiandrosterone
0
progesterone
#
Susan is patient of New York’s endocrinology hospital. She has problem with
Adrenal gland. She has the Addison’s disease. What‘s a cause of this pathology?
0
А the destruction of Adrenal Medulla
1
the destruction of Adrenal Cortex
0
the destruction of Pineal gland
0
the destruction of Pancreas
0
the destruction of Thyroid gland
#
What kind of neurotransmitter does chemical synapse use for inhibition at the
striatal region of the basal ganglia?
0
Epinephrine
0
Norepinephrine
0
Serotonin
0
Glycine
1
Dopamine
#
The patients have patology symptoms. They are exophthalmos, goiter, palpitation
of the heart. What’s disease name?
1
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Parkinson disease
0
Cretinism
0
Hypothyreoidism
#
What hormones can a doctor use for the better lactation of a newly-made mother?
0
Antidiuretic hormone
0
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
1
Oxytocin
0
Growth hormone
0
Thyroxine
#
What are the two gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary?
0
TSH and ACTH
1
FSH and LH
0
GH and PRL
0
MSH and OT
0
OT and GN
#
Increased ACTH secretion would be expected in patients
1
with chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease)
0
with primary adrenocortical hyperplasia
0
receiving glucocorticoids for immunosuppression following a renal transplant
0
with elevated levels of angiotensine II
0
no correct answer
#
Which adjective describes cells that can respond to a given hormone, as well as the
organs that contain them?
0
Receptor
0
Sensitized
0
Responsive
1
Target
0
sensitized and target
#
Each cell's sensitivity to a hormone is determined by the presence or absence of the
necessary on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm.
0
Trigger
0
Cytokine
0
Attractant
0
attractant and trigger
1
Receptor
#
What symptoms can Myxedema have?
0
T3, T4 increased in blood plasma
1
Memory is poor, mentation is slow; Plasma cholesterol increased
0
There is exophtalmos
0
Plasma cholesterol is elevated
0
Plasma Thyreotropic hormone is reduced
#
Which one of the following does not characterize the endocrine system?
1
short-term responses that terminate with removal of stimuli
0
relatively slow reaction times (seconds to minutes to hours)
0
typically widespread, general effects throughout the body
0
slow return to pre-stimulation levels of activity
0
fast return to pre-stimulation levels of activity
#
Hormonal effects that persist for days or weeks make the endocrine system
particularly effective in
0
responding to localized needs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
1
producing widespread, gradual effects such as growth and development
0
conveying information to the CNS and to muscle and gland cells
0
making immediate adjustments in response to ambient conditions
0
All are incorrect
#
Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion?
1
Decreased blood volume
0
Administration of an inhibitor of angiotensine-converting enzyme
0
Hyperosmolarity
0
Hypokalemia
0
Hyperkalemia
#
Although different in many ways, the endocrine and nervous systems often work
together to bring about
0
neurotransmitter release
1
Homeostasis
0
rapid reactions
0
metabolic changes
0
all of the above
#
Based on chemical structure, hormones are classified as
0
biogenic amines, carbide hormones, and protein hormones
0
peptide derivatives, carboxylic acid derivatives, and proteins
0
carboxylic acid derivatives, biogenic amines, and proteins
0
carboxylic acid derivatives, biogenic amines
1
peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and biogenic amines
#
All of the following would be expected in a patient with Graves' disease except
1
increased sensitivity to cold temperatures
0
weightless
0
increased O2 consumption
0
increased cardiac output
0
increased ventilation rate
#
The Spinal Center of Achilles tendon reflex in
0
C5- C6
0
C6-C8
0
L2 to L4
0
L4 to S1
1
L5 to S2
#
Which endocrine gland is attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus?
1
pineal gland
0
anterior pituitary
0
posterior pituitary
0
intermediate pituitary
0
parathyroid gland
#
The pineal body (gland):
0
is in the hypothalamus
0
releases epinephrine
1
releases melatonin
0
controls appetite
#
Production and release of hormones is the main function of the __________
system.
0
Circulatory
0
Digestive
1
Endocrine
0
Integumentary
0
skeletal
#
The patients have patology symptoms.They are exophthalmos, goiter, palpitation
of the heart. What’s disease name?
1
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Parkinson disease
0
Cretinism
0
Hypothyreoidism
#
Susan is patient of New Yorks’ endocrinology hospital. She is ten, but her height is
about 180 sm. What patology does she have?
0
patology of Pituitary gland
0
patology of Thyroid gland
0
patology of Pituitary gland and Pancreas
0
patology of Pituitary gland and Thyroid gland
1
patology of Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
#
Which of the following is not an anterior pituitary hormone?
0
growth hormone
1
Melatonin
0
Prolactin
0
adrenocorticotropic hormone
0
thyreotropic hormone
#
Regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus directly influence the ____________
gland's secretory activity.
0
Pineal
0
Thyroid
0
posterior pituitary
1
anterior pituitary
0
All are incorrect
#
What kind of chemical structure does Growth hormone have?
0
Leptine
0
Amino acid
0
Steroid
0
Amine
1
Peptide
#
The hypothalamus transports two hormones to the for storage and subsequent
release.
0
anterior pituitary
0
paraventricular nucleus
0
supraoptic nucleus
1
posterior pituitary
0
All are incorrect
#
Which hormone stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands by means of a
positive feedback loop?
0
Secretin
0
Estrogen
0
Prolactin
1
Oxytocin
0
All are incorrect
#
All of the following are true of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) except
0
released when body is dehydrated
0
increases water retention from kidney tubules
1
causes dilation of peripheral blood vessels
0
results in increased blood pressure
0
All are incorrect
#
What symptoms can Graves’ disease have?
1
T3, T4 increased in blood plasma; exophtalmos; Plasma Thyreotropic hormone is
reduced
0
Memory is poor
0
There is exophtalmos
0
Plasma cholesterol is elevated
0
Plasma Thyreotropic hormone is reduced
#
The patients have patology symptoms.They are dwarfed and mentally retarded and
have potbellies and enlarged, protruding tongues. What’s disease name?
0
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Hyperthyreoidism
1
Cretinism
0
Goiter
#
Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland's parafollicular cells, stimulates
osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity?
0
Thymosin
0
Thyroxine
0
Thyroglobulin
0
All are incorrect
1
Calcitonin
#
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are the two forms of which hormone?
0
parathyroid hormone
0
Thymosin
0
Calcitonin
1
thyroid hormone
0
Insulin
#
What kind of chemical structure does Thyroxine have?
0
leptine
0
Amino acid
0
Steroid
1
Amine
0
Peptide
#
Tom is patient of New Yorks’ endocrinology hospital. He is 28, but his height is
about 90 sm. He has Dwarfism desease. What ‘s a cause of this pathology?
1
deficiency of Gonadotropin – releasing hormone
0
deficiency of Thyreotropic hormone
0
deficiency of T3, T4 hormone
0
deficiency of Oxytocin
0
deficiency of Vasopressin
#
The word root hormao, as used in "hormone," most nearly means
0
blood borne
0
a message
1
to rouse
0
to nourish
0
All are incorrect
#
The patients use cortisol medicine more than 3 years. What can pathology
condition develop in him?
0
Graves’ disease
0
Myxedema
0
Parkinson disease
0
Cretinism
1
Cushing syndrome
#
What hormone can a doctor use for a patient’s treatment with hormonal obesity?
0
Antidiuretic hormone
0
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
0
Oxytocin
0
Growth hormone
1
Thyroid hormones
#
What is hormone responsible for ovulation in females?
0
Prolactin
1
Luteinizing Hormone
0
Oxytocin
0
ACTH
0
Insulin
#
This hormone is necessary for the structural integrity and secretory activity of
adrenal cortex…
0
Growth hormone
0
Oxytocin
0
TTH
1
ACTH
0
Prolactin
#
Damage to the dorsal root of a spinal nerve results in
0
loss of motor control
0
loss of parasympathetic function
1
loss of sensory input
1
A and B
0
all of these
#
After severely breaking his left humerus in an accident, a man lost sensation on the
posterior aspect of the limb and was unable to extend his forearm, wrist, or fingers.
What nerve was damaged?
0
axillary
0
musculocutaneous
1
radial
0
ulnar
0
Sciatic
#
What is this Semantic encoding?
0
is the processing of sound and meaning of words
0
is the processing of sound, particularly the sound of words
0
is the processing of images
0
is the processing of how something feels, normally through touch
1
is the processing of meaning, particularly the meaning of words
#
Identify the location of the taste area of the cortex.
0
precentral gyrus
1
postcentral gyrus
0
thalamus
0
temporal lobe
0
Cerebellum
#
Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise
detected by all the other classes?
0
baroreceptors
1
nociceptors
0
thermoreceptors
0
mechanoreceptors and baroreceptors
0
mechanoreceptors
#
If you feel pain in your stomach, through which cranial nerve are the action
potentials traveling to your brain?
0
V
0
VII
0
IX
1
X
0
XI
#
The ____ lobe of the cerebrum is the major center for the reception and evaluation
of sensory information, except for smell, hearing, and vision.
0
frontal
0
insular
0
occipital
1
parietal
0
temporal
#
The largest area of the somatic sensory cortex contains sensory neurons associated
with the
0
arm
1
face
0
hand
0
leg
0
thigh
#
Where is the right answer? The center of Pain sensation is in the ………
0
anterior nerve root ganglia
0
posterior nerve root ganglia
0
Cerebellum
0
Midbrain
1
post central gyrus of parietal cortex
#
Which of the following is a receptor that detects pressure?
1
Muscle spindle
0
Meissner's corpuscle
0
Golgi tendon organ
0
Pacinian corpuscle
0
all of the above
#
The doctor diagnosed a referred pain at the left part of arm and shoulder. What
visceral organ can be in hurt?
0
Diaphragm
0
Kidney
1
Heart
0
Testis
0
Gallbladder
#
Which of the following is true about visceral pain?
1
It is stimulated by cutting
0
It is stimulated in organs
0
It is easily pinpointed
0
It is stimulated by hot or cold
0
all of the above
#
The hypersensitivity to pain is......
0
Analgesia
0
Paralgesia
1
Hyperalgesia
0
Hypoalgesia
0
Parastesia
#
All sensory receptors act as converting various types of stimuli into
0
tonic receptors; continuous feedback
0
nociceptors; perceived pain
0
receptive fields; perceptions
1
transducers; nerve impulses
0
all of the above
#
Which set includes only general senses?
1
temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure
0
pain, pressure, balance, taste, and smel
0
vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste
0
equilibrium, vibration, hearing, touch, and vision
0
all answers are incorrect
#
The cold receptors respond from ......^{0 C} to ..^{0 C}
0
from 5. ^{0 C} to 8...^{0 C}
0
from 10...^{0 C} to 20..^{0 C}
0
from 10....^{0 C} to 28...^{0 C}
0
from 30...^{0 C} to over 45..^{0 C}
1
From 10...^{0 C} to 38...^{0 C}
#
The Pain receptors are:
1
Free nervous endings
0
Pachini bodies
0
Merkel disks
0
Rufini bodies
0
Pachini bodies and Merkel Disks
#
Naked nerve endings are the terminal ends of dendrites of sensory neurons and are
responsible for which of the following sensations?
1
Pain
0
Pressure
0
Limb position
0
None of the above
0
all of the above
#
Which of the following types of neurons has a single process extending from
the cell body which later divides a short distance away into central and peripheral
processes?
1
Unipolar
0
Bipolar
0
Multypolar
0
all answers are correct
0
Unipolar and Bipolar
#
Which an individual cardiac muscle fiber can have the resting membrane potential?
0
is about 25 to 30 mV
0
is about 35 to 45 mV
0
is about 55 to 60 mV
0
is about 65 to 75 mV
1
is about 85 to 95 mV
#
Free nerve endings respond to which of these stimuli?
0
itch
0
movement
0
pain
0
temperature
1
all of these
#
Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries pain and temperature information
to the cerebral cortex?
1
lateral spinothalamic
0
anterior spinothalamic
0
posterior spinocerebellar
0
spinoolivary
0
spinotectal
#
Ability to recognize a known object by touch with closed eyes is called…
0
anesthesia
0
ataxia
0
amelognosia
0
hyperesthetic anesthesia
1
astereognosis
#
What symptoms a person can have after lesions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex?
1
the inability to learned sequences of movements such as eating with a knife
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
the difficulty in walking
0
the awkwardness in complex activities performing
#
Where do the feet represent in the brain?
0
Midbrain
1
top of the Cortex precentral gyrus
0
below of the Cortex precentral gyrus
0
Cerebellum
0
Basal Ganglia
#
What kind of receptors can detect carbon dioxide concentration?
0
Mechanoreceptors
0
Thermoreceprtors
0
Nociceptors
0
Electromagnetic receptors
1
Chemoreceptors
#
What kind of receptors can detect oxygen osmolality of the body fluids?
0
Mechanoreceptors
0
Thermoreceprtors
0
Nociceptors
0
Electromagnetic receptors
1
Chemoreceptors
#
What kind of receptors can detect light on the retina of the eye?
0
Mechanoreceptors
0
Thermoreceprtors
0
Nociceptors
1
Electromagnetic receptors
0
Chemoreceptors
#
What kind of receptors can detect compression or stretching of the receptor?
1
Mechanoreceptors
0
Thermoreceprtors
0
Nociceptors
0
Electromagnetic receptors
0
Chemoreceptors
#
What kind of receptors can detect changes in temperature?
0
Mechanoreceptors
1
Thermoreceprtors
0
Nociceptors
0
Electromagnetic receptors
0
Chemoreceptors
#
What kind of receptors does Ear’s utricle and sacculus have?
0
Nerve endings
0
Cones
0
Rods
0
Krause’s end organ
1
Hair cells
#
What kind of receptors can detect damage occurring in the tissues?
0
Mechanoreceptors
0
Thermoreceprtors
1
Nociceptors
0
Electromagnetic receptors
0
Chemoreceptors
#
When doesn’t Receptor potential start to develop in an Action potential?
0
when sodium ions enter the interior of the nerve fiber
0
when potassium ions enter the interior of the nerve fiber
0
when chlorine ions enter the interior of the nerve fiber
0
when calcium ions enter the interior of the nerve fiber
1
when potassium ions enter the exterior of the nerve fiber
#
Where is a right answer? Receptor potential is…….
1
nonpropagated and monophasic
0
Action potential and monophasic
0
Monophasic
0
Polyphasic
0
local hyperpolarization
#
When a receptor is continuously stimulated with the same strength of stimulus,
after some time the receptor stops sending impulses through the afferent nerve.
This property is called ……………….
0
Divergence
0
Convergence
1
Adaptation
0
Occlusion
0
Inhibition
#
What interoceptors are there in this test?
0
Merkel’s discs
0
Goldgi tendon organ
1
Proprioceptors, Goldgi tendon organ
0
Krause’s end organ
0
Taste buds
#
Adaptation in the nervous system
1
occurs when sensory receptors stop generating impulses even though the stimulus
continues.
0
occurs in all receptors
0
occurs in muscle stretch receptors
0
rarely occurs in pressure receptors
0
occurs in muscle stretch receptors and in pressure receptors
#
When a receptor is continuously stimulated with the same strength of stimulus,
after some time the receptor stops sending impulses through the afferent nerve.
This property is called ……………….
0
Divergence
0
Convergence
1
Desensitization
0
Summation
0
all answers are correct
#
Which of the following is a receptor that detects pressure?
0
Muscle spindle
0
Meissner's corpuscle
0
Meissner's corpuscle and Golgi tendon organ
0
Golgi tendon organ
1
Pacinian corpuscle
#
The dorsal half of the spinal cord contains synapses between:
0
efferent neurons and interneuron.
1
afferent neurons and interneurons.
0
motor neurons and interneurons.
0
sympathetic preganglionic neurons and interneurons.
0
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and interneurons.
#
Which of the following statements concerning receptors is correct?
0
The larger the receptor potential, the greater the magnitude of action potentials
initiated in the afferent neuron.
0
Tonic receptors often exhibit an off response.
1
Tonic receptors are important in situations where maintained information about a
stimulus is valuable.
0
Receptor adaptation results from nerve fatigue.
0
Receptors are part of efferent neurons.
#
The ________ contains the reticular formation that contains synapses between
many afferent sensory neurons and interneurons.
0
cortex
0
cerebellum
1
brainstem
0
thalmus
0
limbic system
#
The ________ is a region of the diencephalon that filters and refines sensory
information, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external stimuli.
0
hypothalamus
1
thalmus
0
basal nuclei
0
limbic system
0
putamen
#
Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries pain and temperature information
to the cerebral cortex?
1
lateral spinothalamic
0
anterior spinothalamic
0
posterior spinocerebellar
0
spinoolivary
0
spinotectal
#
All sensory receptors act as converting various types of stimuli into
0
tonic receptors; continuous feedback
0
nociceptors; perceived pain
0
receptive fields; perceptions
1
transducers; nerve impulses
0
all of the above
#
Free nerve endings respond to which of these stimuli?
0
itch
0
movement
0
pain
0
temperature
1
all of these
#
If you feel pain in your stomach, through which cranial nerve are the action
potentials traveling to your brain?
0
V
0
VII
0
IX
1
X
0
XI
#
The ____ lobe of the cerebrum is the major center for the reception and evaluation
of sensory information, except for smell, hearing, and vision.
0
frontal
0
insular
0
occipital
1
parietal
0
temporal
#
Where is a right answer? The first order neurones of Pain sensation from skin are
the cells in the ………
0
anterior nerve root ganglia
1
posterior nerve root ganglia
0
cerebellum
0
midbrain
0
post central gyrus of parietal cortex
#
Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise
detected by all the other classes?
0
baroreceptors
1
nociceptors
0
thermoreceptors
0
mechanoreceptors and baroreceptors
0
mechanoreceptors
#
How will the membranous potential of a rod change under the influence of light
stimulus?
1
Increase
Decrease
0
No change
0
Decrease but after that increase
0
all answers aren’t right
#
Where is a right answer? The first order neurones of Pain sensation from skin are
the cells in the ………
0
anterior nerve root ganglia
1
posterior nerve root ganglia
0
cerebellum
0
midbrain
0
post central gyrus of parietal cortex
#
What lenses will doctor prescribe for a patient with hypermetropia?
0
Biconcave
1
Convexo-convex
0
Cylindric
0
Biconcave and Cylindric
0
It is not possible to correct vision
#
Given these layers of neurons in the sensory retina:
1. bipolar layer
2. ganglionic layer
3. photoreceptor layer
List these layers in the correct order they are encountered as light passes from the
vitreous humor through the sensory retina.
0
1,2,3
0
1,3,2
1
2,1,3
0
2,3,1
0
3,1,2
#
The condition that occurs if the eyeball is too long, or if the cornea or lens is
optically too strong is called
0
astigmatism
0
hyperopia
1
myopia
0
presbyopia
0
strabismus
#
Which of these extrinsic eye muscles is controlled by the trochlear nerve?
0
inferior rectus
0
medial rectus
1
superior oblique
0
superior rectus
0
A and B
#
Clouding of the lens occurs in which of these eye disorders?
1
cataract
0
glaucoma
0
strabismus
0
trachoma
0
Presbyopia
#
Which of the following statements about nerve fibers of the optic nerves is true?
1
The nasal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm
0
The temporal fibers from both retinas crossover at the optic chiasm
0
The nasal fibers from the left and the temporal fibers from the right retina
crossover at the optic chiasm.
0
The nasal fibers from the right and the temporal fibers from the left retina
crossover at the optic chiasm.
0
The optic nerve is V cranial nerve
#
When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, __________ is converted to
__________ and dissociates from opsin which triggers reactions leading to the
closure of __________ channels in the outer segments of rod cells.
0
cis-retinal; trans-retinal; K⁺
1
cis-retinal;trans-retinal; Na⁺
0
trans-retinal; cis-retinal; K⁺
0
trans-retinal; cis-retinal; Na⁺
0
trans-retinal; cis-retinal; Mg⁺
#
The superior colliculi are involved with __________ , whereas the inferior colliculi
are involved with __________ .
0
control of skeletal muscle, blood pressure
0
blood pressure, heart rate
0
hearing, muscle tone
0
breathing, heart rate
1
visual reflexes, hearing and auditory reflexes
#
Which of the following is true about the lens of the eye?
0
It lies in front of the iris
0
It changes shape thanks to the voluntary muscle in the ciliary body
1
It is a flexible structure held in place by the suspensory ligaments
0
It becomes clouded, resulting in a condition known as glaucoma
0
All of the above is incorrect
#
The fibrous tunic of the eye includes
0
the choroid
0
the cornea
0
the iris
0
the sclera
1
both b and d
#
Refraction
0
occurs when light encounters an object that is not transparent.
0
occurs when light travels through a dense medium, such as water
1
occurs when light travels from one transparent medium to another
0
is responsible for the color of objects we see
0
A and C
#
If the ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments ______ and the lens
______.
0
pull; flattens
0
relax; flattens
1
relax; thickens
0
relax; relax
0
pull; thickens
#
Hyperpolarized cells on the light are:
1
Depressed
0
Agitated
0
Intacted
0
Agitated after that intacted
0
All of the above are incorrect
#
The human eye contains three distinct layers; the outermost layer consists of the
0
choroid, ciliary body, and iris
0
retina
1
sclera and cornea
0
Pupil
0
All of the above are incorrect
#
Which of the following contains the photoreceptors?
0
Sclera and iris
1
Retina
0
Choroid layer
0
Iris
0
Choroid layer and iris
#
The mediator of horizontal cells takes the function of lateral inhibition for …
1
Bipolar cells
0
Horizontal cells
0
Amacrine cells
0
Ganglionic cells
0
Shwann cells
#
Which of the following is true about rods and cones?
0
Cones are responsible for color vision
0
Rods and cones are concentrated in the optic disc, a structure that is responsible for
the sharpest vision
0
Rods are responsible for night vision
0
Cones are responsible for color vision
and Rods are responsible for night vision
1
All of the above are correct
#
Color vision is determined by:
0
Retinal rods
1
Retinal cones
0
Retinal ganglionic cells
0
Retinal amacrine cells
0
Schwann cell
#
For better examination the fundus of the bulbus oculi the doctor dropped in the
conjunctiva of the patient’s eye the solution of the atropine. It resulted the dilating
of the pupil through blockade of such membrane cytoreceptors:
1
М-cholinoreceptors
0
Н-cholinoreceptors
0
Alpha-adrenoreceptors
0
Beta-adrenoreceptors
0
A-adenosine receptors
#
Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?
0
cerebellar cortex
0
primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum
0
lateral geniculate nuclei
0
cerebellar cortex and primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum
1
visual cortex of the occipital lobe
#
The bright light can increase the toothache. What properties of the Nerve centre
can play the important role in this mechanism?
0
negative dominant
1
irradiation
0
convergence
0
positive dominant
0
generalization
#
When compared with the cones of the retina, the rods
1
are more sensitive to low-intensity light
0
adapt before the cones in the dark
0
are in highest concentration on the fovea
0
are primarily involved in color vision
0
all answers are right
#
#
After destruction of CNS structures the animal lost the rough reflexes. What
structure has been destroyed?
1
Lamina quadrigemina
0
Red nuclei
0
Lateral vestibular nuclei
0
Black substance
0
Medial reticular nuclei
#
Which of the following physiological responses would be associated with the
sympathetic nervous system?
0
enhanced digestion
0
constriction of bronchioles
0
decreased heart rate
1
dilation of the pupils
0
inhibition of cardiovascular function
#
The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and
their contraction causes pupillary ________.
0
sympathetic : constriction
1
sympathetic : dilation
0
parasympathetic : constriction
0
parasympathetic : dilation
0
somatic : constriction
#
When the ciliary muscles of the eye are relaxed, the zonular fibers are ______ and
the lens is relatively ________, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are
________.
0
slack: round: near
0
tight: flat:
0
slack: round: far
1
tight: flat: far
0
slack: flat: far
#
Cones
0
are more sensitive to light than rod
0
have low acuity.
0
provide vision in shades of gray.
0
are more important in night vision.
1
provide color vision.
#
Rods:
0
are concentrated at the optic disc.
1
are very sensitive to light.
0
show little to no convergence onto ganglion cells.
0
are used for vision in bright light.
0
are used for color vision.
#
The first cell to fire an action potential in the retina is the_______.
0
Rods
0
Cones
0
bipolar cells
0
ganglion cells
#
When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ________
must first ________ before low light levels can be detected.
0
rods: bleach
0
rods: dissociate
0
cones: dissociate
1
rods: associate
0
cones: associate
#
Your favorite special sense is:
0
Taste
0
Smell
1
Vision
0
Hearing
#
Can a deuteranopic patient receive the driver’s license?
0
Yes
1
No
0
Yes, after treatment
0
Yes, for one year
0
Yes, for 6 months
#
Which of the following is true regarding myopia?
0
It is also called farsightedness
1
It results from defects in the eye that cause light to focus in front of the retina
0
Is caused by aging
0
It is also called farsightedness and Is caused by aging
0
It is corrected by glasses or contact lenses that cause the incoming light to bend
inward
#
In which cells does the typical action on the retina appear?
0
Bipolar cell
0
Amacrine cell
1
Ganglionic cell
0
Horizontal cell
0
Shwann cell
#
Color blindness
0
is most common in women
0
most commonly involves loss of one's ability to perceive red and blue
0
is only rarely an hereditary disorder
1
results from a reduced number or absence of certain cones
0
All of the above
#
Point out the right order of irritation spreading on the retinal neuron:
1
Rods – bipolar neurons – ganglionic cells
0
Rods – ganglionic cells – bipolar neurons
0
Ganglionic cells – bipolar neurons – rods
0
Bipolar neurons – ganglionic cells – rods
0
There isn’t a right answer
#
Which of the following is not one of the three layers, or tunics, of the eye?
0
Fibrous
0
Vascular
1
Conjunctiva
0
Fibrous and Conjunctiva
0
Neural
#
Rodopsin is:
1
Visual pigment of rod
0
Visual pigment of cones
0
Visual pigment of rod and cones
0
Visual pigment of Schwann cells
0
There isn’t a right answer
#
Within the thalamus, visual information is processed specifically in the
0
optic chiasm
1
lateral geniculate nuclei
0
superior colliculi
0
tectal system
0
There isn’t a right answer
#
What provides the eye accommodation?
0
Retina
1
Lens
0
Iridic membrane
0
Lacrimal gland
0
Rods and cones
#
Two layers of smooth muscle in the _____ allow it to control the diameter of the
0
ciliary body; lens
0
ciliary body; lens; iris and pupil
0
both of the above
0
ciliary body and iris
1
iris; pupil
#
What kind of lens can diverge the light rays?
0
Convex
1
Concave
0
Cylindrical convex
0
Spherical
0
All of the above
#
What kind of lens can converge the light rays?
0
Convex
0
Cylindrical Concave
1
Cylindrical convex
0
Spherical
0
All of the above
#
The ciliary muscle is controlled almost entirely by……. transmitted to the eye
through the….. cranial nerve from the…. nerve nucleus in the…. .
1
Parasympathetic nerve signals; third; third; brain stem
0
Sympathetic nerve signals; third; third; brain stem
0
Parasympathetic nerve signals; first; third; brain stem
0
Parasympathetic nerve signals; six; third; brain stem
0
Parasympathetic nerve signals; nine; third; medulla
#
What is the cause for presbyopia?
0
A person grows older
0
Lens grows larger
0
Lens grows thicker
1
All of the above are correct
0
All are incorrect
#
Aqueous humor is formed in the eye at an average rate of…….to ……. Microliters
each minute.
1
2, 3
0
4,5
0
6.7
0
8,9
0
10,11
#
The patient’s normal intraocular pressure was about ……. mm Hg
0
22 mm Hg
0
25 mm Hg
0
21 mm Hg
1
15 mm Hg
0
29 mm Hg
#
What is the cause for Night Blindness?
0
Vitamin B deficiency
1
Vitamin A deficiency
0
Vitamin C deficiency
0
Vitamin D deficiency
0
Vitamin K deficiency
#
What kind of vitamins take part in formation of rodopsin?
0
Vitamin B
1
Vitamin A
0
Vitamin C
0
Vitamin D
0
Vitamin K
#
The Rod receptor Potential is……
1
Hyperpolarizing
0
Depolarizing
0
Afterpotential depolarizing
0
Summation
0
All are correct
#
By the receptors of the semicircular canals we perceive:
0
change of the positions of head in space
0
change rates of rectilinear movement
0
change rates of vertical movement
1
change of speed of rotation
0
Pressure
#
High pitched sound
1
causes the displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.
0
causes the displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval
window
0
does not cause the displacement of the basilar membrane
0
A and B
0
A and C
#
The name for one of the structures involved in detecting a change in the position of
the head with respect to gravity or static equilibrium is
0
ampulla
0
crista ampullaris
0
helicotrema
1
macula
0
cochlea
#
The middle ear consists of ……
0
semicircular canals, m. tensor timpani, m.stapedius
0
otolith organ, auditory tube
1
auditory ossicles, m. tensor timpani, m.stapedius, auditory tube
0
m.tensor timpani, m.stapedius
0
auditory tube
#
Movements of fluid within the ______ result in the sensations of both hearing and
equilibrium.
0
external ear
0
middle ear
0
squamous part of the temporal bone
0
middle ear and squamous part of the temporal bone
1
inner ear
#
The cortical equilibrium centres are in the…..
0
occipital lobe
0
parietal lobe
0
temporal lobe
0
frontal lobe
1
frontal lobe, post central gyrus
#
Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the
0
Ampulla
0
Macula
1
spiral organ
0
tectorial membrane
0
Ampulla and Macula
#
Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the
1
malleus, incus, and stapes
0
utricle, saccule, and ampulla
0
macula, vestibule, and cochlea
0
scala tympani, scala media, and cochlea
0
incus, and stapes and utricle, saccule, and ampulla
#
In what frequency the diapasons of the vibrations perceived by human ear should
be?
0
From 16 to 30000 hc
0
From 6 to 20000 hc
0
From 200 to 20000 hc
1
From 16 to 20000 hc
0
All are icorrect
#
All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except
0
forms a partition between the external and middle ear
1
is a tough, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue
0
forms a partition between the external and middle ear and is a tough, flat sheet of
fibrous connective tissue
0
vibrates when struck by incoming sound waves
0
transmits sound wave energy into the middle and inner ear
#
Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?
0
gravity, crista ampullaris
0
linear acceleration, spiral organ
1
rotation of the head, cupula
0
gravity, crista ampullaris and rotation of the head, cupula
0
sound waves, scala tympani
#
What kind of receptor does organ of Corti relate to?
0
Primarily sensitive chemoreceptor
1
Secondarily sensitive exteroreceptor, secondarily sensitive mechanoreceptor
0
Primarily sensitive exteroreceptor, secondarily sensitive mechanoreceptor
0
Secondarily sensitive mechanoreceptor
0
Secondarily sensitive chemoreceptor
#
Semicircular channels perceive the angle acceleration:
0
Only in one circulation plane
0
Only in three circulation planes
1
In all circulation planes
0
Only in two circulation plane
0
All of the above are incorrect
#
The organ of equilibrium consists of ……
1
semicircular canals, otolith organ
0
otolith organ
0
auditory ossicles
0
m. tensor timpani, m.stapedius
0
All of the above are incorrect
#
The beginning and the ending of horizontal movements of the person are perceived
with the help of the receptors of:
0
semicircular canals
1
utricle
0
saccule
0
semicircular canals and saccule
0
semicircular canals and utricle
#
Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to
0
scala media
0
vestibular complex
0
perilymph and endolymph
1
utricle and saccule
0
utricle
#
The ________ contains the auditory cortex because auditory information is
processed there.
0
occipital lobe
1
temporal lobe
0
parietal lobe
0
frontal lobe
0
medial lobe
#
The _______ of sound waves determines the pitch of the sound while the _______
of sound waves determines the intensity of the sound.
0
amplitude: frequency
0
direction: frequency
1
frequency: amplitude
0
frequency: direction
#
What type of sensory receptor detects sound waves in the cochlea?
0
Osmoreceptor
1
Mechanoreceptor
0
Thermoreceptor
0
nocicepto
0
Proprioceptor
#
Frequency of sound is coded for by ________.
0
the number of hair cells stimulated in the semicircular canal.
0
the amplitude of the action potentials sent up the cochlear nerve.
1
where on the basilar membrane hair cells are stimulated.
0
the degree of deflection of the stereocilia on the hair cells stimulated.
#
Amplitude or loudness of sound is coded for by ________.
0
the direction that the stereocilia are stimulated on the hair cell.
0
the amplitude of the action potentials sent up the cochlear nerve.
0
where on the basilar membrane hair cells are stimulated.
1
the degree of deflection of the stereocilia on the hair cells stimulated.
#
Whether the hair cell in the semicircular canal is depolarized or hyperpolarized is
dependent upon the ________.
0
speed at which the head rotates
0
direction the stereocilia on the hair cells are bent
0
extent to which the stereocilia are bent
0
the concentration of ions in the endolymph
0
speed at which the stereocilia are bent
#
The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the
1
oval window and round window
0
cochlear canal and semicircular foramen
0
internal and external apertures of the auditory tube
0
all answers are incorrect
#
Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?
0
saccule and ampulla
0
utricle and semicircular canals
0
semicircular canals and ampulla
0
saccule and ampulla and utricle and semicircular canals
1
saccule and utricle
#
The cortical auditory centres are in the…..
0
occipital lobe
0
parietal lobe
1
temporal lobe
0
frontal lobe
0
frontal and parietal lobes
#
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?
0
semicircular canals
1
scala media
0
cochlea
0
vestibule
0
All are incorrect
#
Point out the perception mechanism of high tones:
1
Space coding in cochlea
0
Telephone effect of acoustic nerve
0
Volley mechanism
0
Resonance mechanism
0
All of the above are incorrect
#
Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the
1
vestibular complex
0
inner ear
0
organ of Corti
0
All are correct
0
membranous labyrinth
#
With the help of otolith apparatus we perceive:
0
Change of the head position in space, Vibration
1
Change of the speed of rectilinear movement, Change of the head position in
space, Vibration
0
Vibration
0
Change of circulation speed, Change of the head position in space
0
All answers are true
#
Internal ear as an apparatus of space frequency analysis of sound vibrations
includes:
1
Cochlea, Organ of Corti
0
Organ of Corti
0
Semicircular channels
0
Cochlea vestibule
0
All answers are true
#
Auditory information from the ear is conducted by which cranial nerves?
0
I, II
0
V
0
VI
0
VII
1
VIII
#
The high frequency the resonance of the basilar membrane occurs near the …. ,
where the sound waves enter the … through the … .
1
Base, cochlea, oval window
0
Oval window ,base, cochlea
0
Cochlea, base, oval window
0
Cochlea, base, oval window
0
Base, cochlea, round window
#
The … frequency the resonance of the basilar membrane occurs near the Base,
where the sound waves enter the cochlea through the oval window .
1
Higher
0
Low
0
Higher and low
0
Higher and middle
0
All are incorrect
#
Where does lie the organ of Corti?
0
On the surface of scala vestibule
0
On the surface of scala tympani
0
On the surface of scala media
1
On the surface of basilar membrane
0
On the surface of tectorial membrane
#
The high frequency sound wave travels only … distance along the basilar
membrane before it reaches its resonant point and dies
0
Half way
1
a short distance
0
The entire distance
0
a short distance along the tectorial membrane
0
All are incorrect
#
The medium frequency sound wave travels only … distance along the basilar
membrane before it reaches its resonant point and dies
1
Half way
0
a short distance
0
The entire distance
0
a short distance along the tectorial membrane
0
All are incorrect
40#
The very low frequency sound wave travels only … distance along the basilar
membrane before it reaches its resonant point and dies
0
Half way
0
a short distance
1
The entire distance
0
a short distance along the tectorial membrane
0
All are incorrect
#
What are the receptors for organ of Corti?
0
Proprioreceptors
0
Buds
0
Rods
1
Hair cells
0
Tactile cells
#
The first order neurons of the auditory pathway are… .
0
Cells of dorsal cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
Cells of ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
Cells of dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
1
Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion
0
Bipolar cells in the cerebellum
#
The second order neurons of the auditory pathway are… .
0
Cells of dorsal cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
Cells of ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
1
Cells of dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion
0
Bipolar cells in the cerebellum
#
The third order neurons of the auditory pathway are… .
1
Cells from Superior olivary nuclei and lateral lemniscus
0
Cells of ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
Cells of dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
0
cells in the spiral ganglion
0
Bipolar cells in the cerebellum
#
The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs
____.
0
high, quickly
0
high, slowly
0
low, slowly and quickly
0
low, slowly
1
low, quickly
#
Where does Filiform Papillae dispose?
0
over the anterior surface of tongue near the tip
1
over the dorsum of tongue
0
on the posterior part of tongue
0
over the dorsum and on the posterior part of tongue
0
over the anterior surface of tongue and on the auditory tube
#
The types of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue include
0
sweet, sour, and salty
0
taste buds, taste pores, and taste hairs
0
taste pores
0
all of the above
1
filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate
#
The cortical olfactory centres are in the…..
1
prepyriform cortex
0
in central part of central gyrus
0
temporal lobe
0
in lower part of post central gyrus
0
parietal lobe
#
Gustatory information from the tongue is conducted by which cranial nerves?
0
facial and hypoglossal
0
trigeminal and hypoglossal
0
trigeminal and vagus
1
facial and glossopharyngeal
0
all of the above
#
The chemical sense of smell is provided by paired ____________ within the nasal
cavity.
1
olfactory organs
0
sensory hair cells
0
olfactory bulbs
0
sensory hair cells and olfactory bulbs
0
all of the above
#
Anosmia is……………….
0
reduction in olfactory sensation due to constant exposure to a particular odor
0
increased olfactory sensation
1
loss of sensation of smell
0
decrease in the taste sensation
0
increase in the taste sensation
#
What does structure of brain connect up olfaction and human emotions?
0
Cerebellum
0
Thalamus
1
Limbic system
0
Black substance
0
Blue macula
#
To what kind of taste do receptors faster adapt?
1
Sweet, Salty
0
Salty
0
Bitter, Salty
0
Sour
0
All answers are true
#
Which region of the olfactory cortex aids in modifying sensory information in the
olfactory bintermediate olfactory area
0
lateral olfactory area
1
medial olfactory area
0
superior olfactory area
0
lateral and intermediate olfactory area
#
Identify the location of the taste area of the cortex.
0
precentral gyrus
1
postcentral gyrus
0
thalamus
0
temporal lobe
0
Cerebellum
#
Local response is due to the increase of membrane penetration in olfactory
receptor:
0
For Cl^-
0
For K⁺
1
For Na⁺
0
For Cl^- and Na⁺
0
For Ca²⁺ and Cl^-
#
The olfactory receptor …
0
adapts very slowly
1
adapts very rapidly
0
doesn’t adapt
0
adaptation depends upon the sex
0
adaptation depends upon the sex and age
#
Olfactory receptors are located on
1
olfactory hairs
0
cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells
0
olfactory hairs and cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells
0
basal cells of the olfactory epithelium
0
olfactory bulbs
#
Which of the following is not a taste perceived by the chemoreceptors present on
taste buds?
0
Salty
0
Sweet
0
Sour
0
Bitter
1
mushy
#
Which of the following taste is perceived due to an increase in hydrogen ions
entering the taste receptor cell?
0
salty
0
Sweet
1
sour
0
bitter
0
Mushy
#
Olfactory receptors:
1
are specialized endings on afferent neurons.
0
only detect chemicals that are not volatile.
0
detect four types of odorants, sweet, salty, sour and bitter.
0
send inhibitory messages to the olfactory bulb when a specific odorant binds to a
receptor.
0
none of the above
#
The only special sense that does not synapse in the thalamus before going to the
cortex is ______.
0
Vision
0
Hearing
0
Taste
1
smell
0
all of the special senses synapse in the thalamus before going to the cortex.
#
Olfactory receptors are located on
1
olfactory hairs
0
cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells
0
olfactory hairs and cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells
0
basal cells of the olfactory epithelium
0
olfactory bulbs
#
Relative to those on the back, the much smaller ____________ on the tongue allow
a person to localize a tactile stimulus in that location with vastly more precision.
0
sensory neurons
0
tactile receptors
0
sensory neurons and tactile receptors
0
all of the above
1
receptive fields
#
Where does Fungiform Papillae dispose?
1
over the anterior surface of tongue near the tip
0
over the dorsum of tongue
0
on the posterior part of tongue
0
over the dorsum and on the posterior part of tongue
0
over the anterior surface of tongue and on the auditory tube
#
Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors?
0
detect specific molecules
0
may be either interoceptors or exteroceptors
0
occur in the mouth, nose, and some blood vessels
1
are always visceral sensory receptors
0
All are correct
#
Gustatory information conducted by cranial nerves VII and IX first projects to the
____________ in the ____________ before ascending to the hypothalamus,
amygdala, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.
0
nucleus cuneatus, medulla oblongata
1
nucleus solitarius, medulla oblongata
0
substantia nigra, mesencephalon
0
mammillary bodies, diencephalon
0
diencephalon
#
The cortical taste centres are in the…..
0
occipital lobe
0
in central part of central gyrus
0
temporal lobe
1
in lower part of post central gyrus
0
frontal and parietal lobes
#
Hypogeusia is……………….
0
reduction in olfactory sensation due to constant exposure to a particular odor
0
increased olfactory sensation
0
loss of sensation of smell
1
decrease in the taste sensation
0
increase in the taste sensation
#
Of the five basic taste sensations, ______ tastes are caused by metal ions; _____,
by hydrogen ions; and _____, by amino acids.
1
salty; sour; umami
0
sour; sweet; bitter
0
bitter; sour; sweet
0
sweet; umami; salty
0
umami; salty
#
Despite their structural uniformity, _____ facilitate the recognition of at least 10
times as many primary sensations as do gustatory receptors, as well as many
thousands of other chemical stimuli.
0
rods
0
cones
1
olfactory neurons
0
hair cells
0
olfactory neurons and hair cells
#
There are more olfactory receptors in the mucous membrane of:
1
Upper nasal channel
0
Middle nasal channel
0
Lower nasal channel
0
Organ of Corti
0
Semicircular channels
#
The primary olfactory centre is in:
0
Thalamus
1
Bulbus olfactory
0
Medulla oblongata
0
Cerebellum
0
Midbrain
#
The first order neurons of Taste pathway are in the nuclei of…..cranial nerves.
0
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
0
Glossopharingeal nerve
0
Vagal fibers
1
All of the above
0
All are incorrect
#
The patient’s posterior two third of the tongue was insensible. What was kind of
cranial nerve damage?
0
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
1
Glossopharingeal nerve
0
Vagal fibers
0
All of the above
0
All are incorrect
#
The patient’s anterior two third of the tongue was insensible. What was kind of
cranial nerve damage?
1
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
0
Glossopharingeal nerve
0
Vagal fibers
0
All of the above
0
All are incorrect
#
The patient’s lateral sides of the tongue were insensible. What was kind of cranial
nerve damage?
0
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
0
Glossopharingeal nerve
1
Vagal fibers
0
All of the above
0
All are incorrect
#
The second order neurons of Taste are in the nucleus of….. .
0
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
0
Glossopharingeal nerve
0
Vagal fibers
0
All of the above
1
Tractus solitarius
#
The third order neurons of Taste are in the nucleus of….. .
0
Chorda tympani of facial nerve
0
Glossopharingeal nerve
0
Vagal fibers
0
All of the above
1
Posteroventral nucleus of thalamus
#
What is the membrane potential in the olfactory cells?
0
about – 30mV
0
about – 40 mV
1
about – 55 mV
0
about –70 mV
0
about– 80 mV
#
What is the amplitude of action potential in the olfactory cells?
1
about – 30mV
0
about – 40 mV
0
about – 55 mV
0
about –70 mV
0
about– 80 mV
#
The part of brain that originally subserved olfaction later evolved into the basal
brain structures that control emotions and other aspects of human behavioris……
1
Limbic system
0
Thalamus
0
Medulla
0
Cerebellum
0
Midbrain
#
The later olfactory area of the….
0
Prepyriform
0
Pyriform cortex
0
Cortical portion of the amygdaloid nuclei
1
All of the above are correct
0
All are incorrect
#
What symptoms can a person have after lesions of the Supplementary Motor Area?
0
he hasn’t any symptoms
0
the difficulty in speech
0
the difficulty in walking
1
the difficulty in bimanual coordination
0
all answers are correct
#
This type of memory refers to all memories that are consciously available. These
are encoded by the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex, but
consolidated and stored elsewhere in the cortex.
0
Episodic memory
1
Declarative
0
Semantic memory
0
Short-term memory
0
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
#
What kind of CNC can control spatial learning?
0
amygdala
0
striatum
0
mammillary bodies
1
hippocampus
0
amygdala and striatum
#
The olfactory receptor …
0
adapts very slowly
1
adapts very rapidly
0
doesn’t adapt
0
adaptation depends upon the sex
0
adaptation depends upon the sex and age
#
After limbic system’s injury a patient has got …
0
violation of speech
0
violation of sleep
0
decrease of appetite
1
the emotions’ violation
0
violation of smell
#
Where do the waves of the alpha rhythm often mark at the electroencephalogram
of the man?
0
parietal area
0
occipital area
0
frontal area
1
parietal and occipital area
#
Patients with……… damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged
words than nonemotionally charged ones.
1
amygdala
0
striatum
0
mammillary bodies
0
hippocampus
0
amygdala and striatum
#
This is the storage of information in the brain for a longer period. The information
could be recalled after hours, days, months or years. This is also called……..
0
conditioned reflexes
0
sensory mamory
0
unconditioned reflexes
0
primary memory
1
secondary memory
#
It is the failure to recall past remote long-term memories. How does it called ?
1
retrograde amnesia
0
anterograde amnesia
0
dementia
0
cretinism
0
All answers are true
#
The patient had problem with speech.There was the inability in naming the objects
What’s patology name?
0
retrograde amnesia
0
anterograde amnesia
1
nominal aphasia
0
dementia
0
All answers are true
#
The interaction of speech centres situated in the majority of people in the left
hemisphere is necessary in order to form an oral way of expressing the thought.
What is the order of their involving?
0
Brok centre – Vernike centre – parietal area of cortex – motoneurons of precentral
gyrus
0
Vernike centre – Brok centre – parietal area of cortex – motoneurons of precentral
gyrus
0
Parietal area of cortex – Brok centre – Vernike centre – motoneurons of precentral
gyrus
1
Vernike centre – Brok centre – motoneurons of precentral gyrus
0
All answers are true
#
The affliction of Vernike speech centre results in the violation of:
1
Understanding the oral speech
0
Reproduction of the writing
0
Calculation
0
Understanding the writing
0
All answers are true
#
Procedural memory, unlike declarative memory....
0
records facts
0
preserves images
0
includes sounds and smells
0
involves the hippocampus
1
involves sequences or routines
#
It is the memory of facts, words, letters or other information received for a few
seconds to few minutes at a time. This is also called……..
0
conditioned reflexes
0
sensory mamory
0
unconditioned reflexes
1
primary memory
0
secondary memory
#
The cortical auditory centres are in the…..
0
occipital lobe
0
parietal lobe
1
temporal lobe
0
frontal lobe
0
frontal and parietal lobes
#
The person watches television. What kind of memory does he use for images
accept by CNS?
0
verbal memory
0
long memory
0
verbal- logical memory
0
short memory
1
sensory memory
#
Procedural memory, unlike declarative memory....
0
records facts
0
preserves images
0
includes sounds and smells
0
involves the hippocampus
1
involves sequences or routines
#
Which one of the following is NOT one of the three BASIC processes of memory?
1
attention
0
retrieval
0
encoding
0
storage
0
A and B
#
Joe is 45, and has not ridden a bicycle since he was 18. To his amazement, he gets
on a bike and rides with little effort. This is an example of
0
declarative memory.
1
procedural memory.
0
sensory memory
0
sensory memory and declarative memory.
0
short-term memory.
#
The ……. is important for explicit memory.
0
amygdala
0
striatum
0
mammillary bodies
1
hippocampus
0
amygdala and striatum
#
What kind of CNC can control emotional learning?
1
amygdala
0
striatum
0
mammillary bodies
0
hippocampus
0
amygdala and striatum
#
What kind of CNC can control declarative learning?
0
amygdala
0
striatum
0
mammillary bodies
1
hippocampus
0
amygdala and striatum
#
When the neuronal circuit is reinforced by using it often, the memory is
consolidated and encoded into different areas of the brain. This encoding makes
memory …
0
Short-term memory
0
primary memory
0
active memory
1
Long-term memory
0
all answers are incorrect
#
The period of fast sleep was absent in a 35-year women after the blue maculae
damaged. What neurotransmitter do neurones of blue maculae produce?
0
acetylcholine
0
norepinephrine
0
glycine
1
serotonin
0
acetylcholine and serotonin
#
At the man after retention of the respiration for 40 seconds the frequency of heart
contractions and system arterial pressure increased. Which regulatory mechanisms
realization provides the change of parameters?
1
Unconditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Unconditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned sympathetic reflexes
0
Conditioned parasympathetic reflexes
0
Reflexes
#
The sensory memory includes…
0
echoic memory
0
iconic memory
1
echoic memory and. iconic memory
0
auditory memory
0
short term visual memory
#
The delta wave at the electroencephalogram of the man is registrated. What
condition is he in?
1
Deep sleep
0
Unsleeping
0
Active staying awake
0
Passive staying awake
0
Active and passive staying awake
#
The doctor can see the most of adrenaline lever in the blood after a person’s fright.
It can explain a connection between the limbic system and…
0
cortex brain
1
cerebellum
0
hypothalamus
0
pineal gland
0
thalamus
#
After limbic system’s injury a patient has got …
0
violation of speech
0
violation of sleep
0
decrease of appetite
1
the emotions’ violation
0
enuresis
#
How long can a newborn infant physiological sleep a day?
1
18- 20 hours
0
12-14 hours
0
7-9 hours
0
5-7 hours
0
4-5 hours
#
The centres of Sexual behavior are in the…..
0
cerebellum
1
hypothalamus and Limbic system
0
temporal lobe
0
Limbic system
0
parietal lobe
#
What happened with animal after the electrical stimulation of posterior and lateral
nuclei of hypothalamus?
1
there was a pain and there was fear and defense
0
increased olfactory sensation
0
there was fear and defense
0
decrease in the taste sensation
0
there was a joy
#
Where is the Reward center of brain ?
0
posterior nucleus of hypothalamus?
0
lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
1
medial forebrain bundle of hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus of
hypothalamus
0
ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
0
All answers are right.
#
Which does neurotransmitter take part for positive emotions form?
0
epinephrine
1
norepinephrine
0
dopamine
0
serotonin
0
acetylcholine and serotonin
#
A different type of sensitization is that of kindling, where repeated stimulation of
……..or ……….neurons in the limbic system eventually leads to seizures in
laboratory animals.
0
Hippocampal neurons
0
amygdaloid neurons
1
Hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons
0
Medulla neurons
0
Cerebellum neurons
#
This type of sensitization has been suggested as a possible causal mechanism for
chronic pain conditions. These various types indicate that sensitization may
underlie both pathological and adaptive functions in the organism.
1
Central sensitization
0
kindling
0
periferal sensitization
0
Habituation
0
All are correct
#
What does Associative learning include?
0
the operant conditioning
0
the classical conditioning
0
Habituation
0
Sensitization and kindling
1
the operant conditioning and the classical conditioning
#
This phenomenon occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of
an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that
behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can
be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the
target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.
0
Negative punishment
1
Negative reinforcement
0
Positive punishment
0
Positive reinforcement
0
Habituation
#
This phenomenon occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of
a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired
behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
1
Negative punishment
0
Negative reinforcement
0
Positive punishment
0
Positive reinforcement
0
Habituation
#
This phenomenon occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable
stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that
behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution
can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever.
0
Negative punishment
0
Negative reinforcement
0
Positive punishment
1
Positive reinforcement
0
Habituation
#
This phenomenon occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive
stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that
behavior
0
Negative punishment
0
Negative reinforcement
1
Positive punishment
0
Positive reinforcement
0
Habituation
#
What are "two types of mental imagery" pointed out by researchers?
0
"higher" and "lower"
0
"internal" and "external"
0
right hemisphere and left hemisphere
1
"pictures" versus "space"
0
color versus black and white
#
What kind of learning ranges from simple forms of learning do you know?
0
habituation
0
classical conditioning
1
habituation and classical conditioning
0
play
0
All are incorrect
#
What kind of learning ranges from relatively intelligent animals of learning do you
know?
0
habituation
0
classical conditioning
0
habituation and classical conditioning
1
play
0
All are incorrect
#
In what period of the life can you meet not conscious learning?
0
behavioral learning prenatally
1
In small children
0
In younger days
0
In an adult
0
In old age
#
In what period of the life can you meet conscious learning?
0
behavioral learning prenatally
0
In small children
0
In younger days
0
In an adult
1
In younger days, in an adult, in old age
#
In physiology, this kind of learning is an example of non-associative learning in
which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with
repetition of a stimulus.
1
Habituation
0
Sensitization
0
kindling
0
Sensitization and kindling
0
All are incorrect
#
What functions are controled by the Hippocampus along with Hypothalamus?
1
emotional state
0
regulation of autonomic functions
0
regulation of endocrine glands
0
olfaction
0
memory
#
The centres of Motivations are in the…..
0
cerebellum
1
hypothalamus and temporal lobe
0
temporal lobe
0
Limbic system
0
parietal lobe
#
What happened with animal after the electrical stimulation of medial forebrain
bundle and ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus?
0
there was a pain
0
increased olfactory sensation
0
there was fear and defense
0
decrease in the taste sensation
1
there was a joy