Dr. Asish Satpathy

Data
Is descriptive and conceptual and cannot be measured
Can be counted, measured, and expressed using numbers

Business Name Address
Starbucks-3 N Dobson Rd
City State # of Employees Sales Volume
Starbucks-1 E Jefferson St Phoenix Arizona
Starbucks-2 College of Business Tempe Arizona
Chandler Arizona
7
15
10
$345,000
$739,000
$493,000
Starbucks-4 E Warner Rd Gilbert Arizona
Starbucks-5 W Southern Ave Mesa Arizona
Starbucks-6 N Hayden Rd ScottsdaleArizona
Starbucks-7 N Scottsdale Rd ScottsdaleArizona
6
14
24
12
$296,000
$690,000
$1,182,000
$591,000

 In nominal measurement the numerical values just
"name" the attribute uniquely.
 A player with number 24 is not more of anything than a player with number 23, and is certainly not better than number 23.
 Numbers are used to classify (male or female) or categorize (Color) – can be stored as “word”, “text” or
“nominal code”.
Example: Employment Classification
 1 for Educator
 2 for Construction Worker
 3 for Manufacturing Worker

 Can you find mean or average value of nominal data? Yes or No?
Characterized as:
(1)Frequency
(2)Percentage


 Categorical data can be on an ordinal scale. Numbers are used to indicate rank or order
 Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
 Differences between numbers are not comparable

Example: Difference between strongly agree and agree is not necessarily same as the difference between disagree and strongly disagree.
Strongly
Agree
1
Agree
2
Neutral
3
Another example (rank value as shown below)
 1 for President
 2 for Vice President
 3 for Plant Manager
Disagree
4
Strongly
Disagree
5

 Can you find mean or average value of ordinal data?
Characterized as:
(1)Frequency
(2)Percentage

 Also known as “Scale”, “Quantitative” or “Parametric” data
 Distances between consecutive integers are equal
 Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
 Differences between numbers are comparable
 Location of origin, “zero”, is arbitrary
 Data are always numerical
 Example: Temperature at different rooms in a home

 Ratio is very similar to the interval scale, with the difference that it has a true zero point.
 This scale is commonly used for values that are measured in numbers, such as length, height, weight, or monetary values like cost and revenue.
 Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
 Differences between numbers are comparable
 Location of origin, zero, is absolute (natural)
Examples: Height, Weight, and Volume;
Monetary Variables, such as Profit and Loss, Revenues;