CITING A SOURCE
By:
Vita Fitrianti
FKIP of Universitas Mataram
Trainee of researcher in LIPI, 2017
WHY CITING IS IMPORTANT?
• To show the reader that you have done proper research
• A kind of responsibility of work
• A way to give honor/respect to other researcher and
acknowledging their ideas
• To allow the reader to track down the sources you used
• To avoid PLAGIARISM
CITATION STYLE
• APA (American Psychological Association) Style  common
•
•
•
•
•
used
ACS (American Chemical Society) Style
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Style
MLA (Modern Language Association) Style
FKIP Unram Style ?
Etc,
STANDARD ELEMENT
• Author name(s)  or company/organization name
• Title of sources (book, articles, journals)
• Date of publication
• Others (page number, volume and issue number, place of
publication/production)
EXAMPLE OF CITATION STYLE
Author: A. Sasekumar
Title (article, journal): Distribution of Macrofauna
on a Malayan Mangrove Shore, Journal of Animal
Ecology
Date of publication: Feb 1974
Others (pp no., vol & issue): 51-69, 43 & 1
EXAMPLE OF CITATION STYLE
CITATION
STYLES
FORM OF CITATION
APA
Sasekumar, A. (1974). Distribution of macrofauna on a Malayan
mangrove shore. Journal of Animal Ecology, 43 (1), 51-69.
ACS
Sasekumar, A. Distribution of Macrofauna on a Malayan Mangrove
Shore. Journal of Animal Ecology 1974, 43, 51-69.
IEE
A. Sasekumar, “Distribution of Macrofauna on a Malayan
Mangrove Shore,” Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 43, pp. 51-69,
Feb, 1974.
MLA
Sasekumar, A. “Distribution of Macrofauna on a Malayan Mangrove
Shore.” Journal of Animal Ecology 43.1 (1974): 51-69.
FKIP Unram
Style
Sasekumar, A. 1974. Distribution of Macrofauna on a Malayan
Mangrove Shore. Journal of Animal Ecology: 51-69.
Please note the use of italic word, capitalize letter, dot, coma,
quotation and name arrangement in every citation style!
RULE OF CITATION
• You must cite :
Uncommon fact, figures, ideas/theories, information,
or knowledge
2. A person exact word (to show proper credit)
• Put citing statement that refers to source or your
bibliography/references (following the rule of each citation
style)
• You can use any of two types of citation (direct and
indirect citation)
• Avoiding PLAGIARISM (including the act of lying)
1.
RULE OF CITATION
Only cite uncommon fact, figures, ideas/theories,
information, knowledge, or person exact word
Common fact/knowledge
Uncommon fact/knowledge
Banyak karang rusak
akibat pemutihan karang
belakangan ini
Pemutihan karang yang dipicu oleh peristiwa El-Niño sepanjang
tahun 2014-2-17 menyebabkan 70% tutupan karang dunia
mengalami kerusakan (Albright, 2017)
Kebanyakan gastrpoda
mangrove dapat ditemukan
di wilayah mangrove yang
terpapar cahaya
Merujuk pada Sesakumar (1974), Hampir seluruh gastropoda
mangrove ditemukan di wilayah yang mengalami waktu paparan
sinar matahari diatas 90%, kecuali pada jenis Collumbella
duclosiana, Stenothyra polita dan Nassarius spp.
Wilayah tropis adalah
tempat yang indah
“Beauty of sunrise. The first hour of morning in the equatorial
regions, posses charm and a beauty that can never be
forgotten”- Alfred R. Wallace (1867)
For some reason, you can support a common fact (as it your
idea) by using uncommon fact(s)  a scientific way
RULE OF CITATION
Put citing statement that refers to source or your
bibliography/references  APA (example)
In text:
According to Sesakumar (1974), almost all of gastropods found in mangrove
forest occur in any region with over 90% exposure time, except for Collumbella
duclosiana, Stenothyra polita, and Nassarius spp.
In reference:
Sasekumar, A. (1974). Distribution of macrofauna on a Malayan mangrove
shore. Journal of Animal Ecology, 43 (1), 51-69.
RULE OF CITATION
There are two types of citation (direct and indirect
citation) and you can use one of them to express a citation
DIRECT
•
“Beauty of sunrise. The first hour of morning in the equatorial regions, posses charm
and a beauty that can never be forgotten”- Alfred R. Wallace (1867)
•
in On the Climate & Vegetation of the Tropic, Alfred R. Wallace (1867) said:
“Beauty of sunrise. The first hour of morning in the equatorial regions, posses charm
and a beauty that can never be forgotten”
INDIRECT
•
The tropical region is best known for its beauty of the sunrise and charm and its beauty
will never be forgotten since the first of his morning in the equatorial regions (Wallace,
1867).
•
According to Wallace (1867), the tropical region offers charm and beauty that will never
be forgotten by him since the first morning he arrived in the equatorial regions
INDIRECT CITATION
You can cite more than one source (that has same idea or combine
different idea) in a single indirect citation sentence
Examples:
Sources
Indirect citation
• (Pochon et al, 2004) 
menggunakan analisis rDNA
diketahui terdapat 8 klad
zooxanthellae
• (LaJeunesse et al, 2018) 
menggunakan analisis rDNA
diketahui terdapat 8 klad
zooxanthellae
Berkat analisis filogeni menggunakan rDNA, kini diketahui
bahwa terdapat 8 klad zooxanthellae yag menjadi inang
beragam jenis invertebrata (Pochon et al, 2004; LaJeunesse
et al, 2018).
• (Goreau, 1964)  perubahan
salinitas secara
ekstremmemicu pemutihan
karang
• (Muscatine et al, 1991) 
perubahan suhu perairan
ekstrem menyebabkan
pemutihan karang
•
•
Beberapa faktor lingkungan diduga menjadi pemicu
terjadinya peristiwa pemutihan karang, seperti perubahan
salinitas dan/atau suhu perairan secara ekstrem (Goreau,
1964; Muscatine et al, 1991).
Beberapa faktor lingkungan diduga menjadi pemicu
terjadinya peristiwa pemutihan karang, seperti perubahan
salinitas (Goreau, 1964) dan/atau suhu perairan secara
ekstrem (Muscatine et al, 1991).
RULE OF CITATION
• Avoiding PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism: “an act of borrowing any word, data or idea
and (pretend) to acknowledge that it was yours” the
act of stealing and lying
• You must also avoid lying (ex: giving fake data)
• Plagiarism and lying  a very serious offense and
cause different consequences (mostly heavy)
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
• Make sure you have taken the data/idea from valid
source(s)  to avoid lying
• Make sure you put citing statement that refers to the
source of the data/idea
• In indirect context, make sure you convert the data/idea
into your own words/sentences without copying the exact
words/sentences and changing its true meaning
• In indirect context, do not copying/repeat the same
sentences, even if its your own words
creativity is really appreciated
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Example:
Source
(Direct)
“..Other
animal,
including
several
species of
polychaetes
and grapsid
crabs, occur in
areas with over
90% exposure
time..”
- Sesakumar
(1974)
Example (Indirect)
• Polychaetes and grapsid crabs are easily found
in mangrove area with over 90% exposure time
(Sesakumar, 1974)
• Area mangrove yang memiliki rentang waktu
terpapar matahari hingga lebih dari 90%
merupakan tempat bagi beberapa polychaeta
dan kepiting grapsid (Sesakumar, 1974)
• Several species of polychaetes and grapsid
crabs, occur in areas with over 90% exposure
time (Sesakumar, 1974)
• Beberapa spesies polychaeta dan kepiting
grapsid ada di wilayah dengan waktu paparan
sinar matahari melebihi 90% (Sesakumar,
1974)
Comment
UNIQUE
UNIQUE
PLAGIARISM
UNIQUE
CITING AND REFERRING IN MICROSOFT WORD
1. Click References  Insert Citation Add New Sources
To change citation style
New Create Source window will appear
CITING AND REFERRING IN MICROSOFT WORD
2. Fill the Create Source window
Selected citation
source
Selected citation style
Click for more field options
CITING AND REFERRING IN MICROSOFT WORD
3. Now your Citing statement appears
CITING AND REFERRING IN MICROSOFT WORD
4. Now, lets create a reference. Click ReferencesBibliography, you
can select between Bibliography or Works Cited
CITING AND REFERRING IN MICROSOFT WORD
5. Now, your reference is ready
Better citing rather than fall in a sin!
THANK YOU