HTML
General Ideas
It is a markup language for creating webpages
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
Basically useless without CSS
It must end in .html
Doesn’t need a server
Index.html is the root of the server
Exclusive to local until a domain name is bought
General Page Layout:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Layout Elements
→ <header> - Defines a header for a document or a section
→ <nav> - Defines a container for navigation links
→ <section> - Defines a section in a document
→ <article> - Defines an independent self-contained article
→ <aside> - Defines content aside from the content (like a
sidebar)
→ <footer> - Defines a footer for a document or a section
→ <details> - Defines additional details
→ <summary> - Defines a heading for the <details> element
Headings
<meta
<meta
<meta
<meta
<meta
charset="UTF-8">
name="description" content="Free Web tutorials">
name="keywords" content="HTML,CSS,XML,JavaScript">
name="author" content="John Doe">
http-equiv="refresh" content="30">
Viewports:
→ The viewport allows for the web page scale to vary based upon
the size of the screen. For example, a display for a mobile
device as opposed to a computer.
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initialscale=1.0">
→ <base></base> - specifies the URL and base target for all
relative URLs in a page.
<base href="https://www.w3schools.com/images/" target="_blank">
Elements
→ All elements can have attributes
→ Provide information about an element
→ Placed within the start tag
→ Key/value pairs (id = “someId”)
Comments:
<!-- This is a comment -->
Images
→ <img></img> - defines an image
→ src – specifies the source for the image
→ alt – alternative text (in case the image doesn’t display)
→ width – defines image width
→ height – defines image height
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5Icon" style="width:128px;hei
ght:128px;">
→ float - decides where to put the image
→ <map></map> - allows for a certain area of an image to carry a
link
<img src="workplace.jpg" alt="Workplace" usemap="#workmap">
<map name="workmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="34,44,270,350" alt="Computer"h
ref="computer.htm">
Change the picture for different window lengths:
<picture>
<source media="(min-width:
650px)" srcset="img_pink_flowers.jpg">
<source media="(min-width:
465px)" srcset="img_white_flower.jpg">
<img src="img_orange_flowers.jpg" alt="Flowers" style="wi
dth:auto;">
</picture>
Image As A Link:
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML
tutorial"style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0;">
</a>
Lists
→ Unordered(<ul></ul>) or Ordered(<ol></ol>). Followed by <li>
tags.
→ type – defines the type of list marker
→ start – specifies what number the list should start counting
at
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<!-- Nested List -->
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Description Lists:
→ <dl></dl> - defines a description list
→ <dt></dt> - defines the term
→ <dd></dd> - describes each term
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Horizontal List:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333333;
}
li {
float: left;
}
li a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}
li a:hover {
background-color: #111111;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li><a
<li><a
<li><a
<li><a
</ul>
href="#home">Home</a></li>
href="#news">News</a></li>
href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
href="#about">About</a></li>
</body>
</html>
Horizontal Rule
→ <hr> - defines a thematic break in an HTML page. Used to
separate content.
Preformatted Text
→ Definition: <pre></pre> allows for preserved format as it is
typed in HTML
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>
Tables
→ <table> - defines the table
→ <tr> - defines each row
→ <th> - defines the header (bold and centered by default)
→ <td> - defines table data/cell
→ <caption> - adds a caption
→ <colgroup> - Specifies a group of one or more columns in a
table for formatting
→ <col> - Specifies column properties for each column within a
<colgroup> element
→ <thead> - Groups the header content in a table
→ <tbody> - Groups the body content in a table
→ <tfoot> - Groups the footer content in a table
→ colspan – make a cell span more than one column
→ rowspan – make a cell span more than one row
<table style="width:100%">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>55577854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>55577854</td>
<td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>
Text Formatting
→ <b> - Bold text
→ <strong> - Important text
→ <i> - Italic text
→ <em> - Emphasized text
→ <mark> - Marked text
→ <small> - Small text
→ <del> - Deleted text
→ <ins> - Inserted text
→ <sub> - Subscript text
→ <sup> - Superscript text
→ <q> - Quoted text
→ <blockquote> - Sectioned quote from a source
→ <abbr> - Abbreviated text
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was
founded in 1948.</p>
→ <address> - defines contact information
→ <cite> - Inline citation for a work
→ <bdo> - defines bi-directional override
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to
left</bdo>
Responsive Test Size:
→ This style allows for text to resize the text as the window
changes by using a “viewport width” unit, or “vw”
<h1 style="font-size:10vw">Hello World</h1>
Attributes
→ alt - specifies an alternative text to be used when an image
cannot be displayed.
→ lang - declares the language for the document. Declared within
the html tag (<html lang="en-US">).
→ title - added to elements so the value of the title attribute
will be displayed as a tooltip when moused over.
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/" title="Go to
W3Schools HTML section">Visit our HTML Tutorial</a>
→ id - Specifies a unique id for an element.
target: specifies where to open the linked document
→ _blank - Opens the linked document in a new window or tab
→ _self - Opens the linked document in the same window/tab
as it was clicked (this is default)
→ _parent - Opens the linked document in the parent frame
→ _top - Opens the linked document in the full body of the
window
→ framename - Opens the linked document in a named frame
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visi
t W3Schools!</a>
Bookmarks
→ Create id:
<h2 id="C4">Chapter 4</h2>
→ Add link(same page):
<a href="#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>
→ Add link(different page):
<a href="#C4">Jump to Chapter 4</a>
Inline and Block Level Elements
Inline Elements:
→ Do not start on a new line
→ Take only the necessary width
Block Elements:
→ Start on a new line
→ Take full width available
Iframe
→ <iframe></iframe> - Used to display a website within a website
→ attributes - src, height, width
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="height:200px;width:300px;"></if
rame>
→ By default, an iframe has a border around it. To remove it,
use the attribute style=”border:none;”
→ An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.
→ The target attribute of the link must refer to the name
attribute of the iframe:
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="https://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3School
s.com</a></p>
Computer Code Elements
→ <code></code> - defines a fragment of computer code (use <pre>
to maintain whitespace and line-breaks
→ <kbd></kbd> - represents user key input
→ <samp></samp> - represents output from a program or computing
system
<code>
x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;
</code>
→ <var></var> - defines a variable
Entities
→ Some characters are reserved in HTML.
→ If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your
text, the browser might mix them with tags.
→ Character entities are used to display reserved characters in
HTML
&entity_name;
OR
&#entity_number;
Non-breaking Space:
→ A non-breaking space is a space that will not break into a new
line.
→ Two words separated by a non-breaking space will stick
together (not break into a new line). This is handy when
breaking the words might be disruptive.
Examples:
§ 10
10 km/h
10 PM
XHTML
→ The same as HTML, but stricter and more compatible with other
browsers or devices.
HTML Forms
→ <form></form> - used to collect user input
Inputs:
→ <input type=”text”> - defines a one-line text input field
<form>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
→ <input type=”radio”> - defines a radio button
<form>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" checked>Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female"> Female<br>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other"> Other
</form>
→ <input type=”submit”> - defines a submit button (for
submitting the form)
<form action="/action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey"><br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
→ action - attribute that defines the action to be preformed
when the form is submitted.
→ method - attribute that specifies the HTTP method (GET or
POST)to be used when submitting the form data.
<form action="/action_page.php" method="get">
→ GET – use to make form data visible in the page address field
→ POST – use if form data contains sensitive or personal
information
→ name - each input field must have a name attribute to be
submitted
<form action="/action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" value="Mickey"><br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
→ <fieldset> - used to group related data in a form
→ <legend> - defines a caption for the <fieldset> element
<form action="/action_page.php">
<fieldset>
<legend>Personal information:</legend>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey"><br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</fieldset>
</form>
→ <select> - element defines a drop-down list
→ <option> - element defines an option that can be selected
→ size - attribute to specify the number of visible values
→ multiple - attribute to allow the user to select more than one
value
<select name="cars" size="4" multiple>
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
→ <textarea> - defines a multiple line text box
o rows – defines the number of visible line
o cols – defines the width of the text box
→ <button> - defines a clickable button
<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click
Me!</button>
→ <datalist> - specifies a list of pre-defined options for an
input
The list attribute of the input element must refer to the id
attribute of the datalist element.
→ <output> - represents the result of a calculation
INPUT TYPES:
→ <input type="button"> - defines a simple button
→ <input type="checkbox"> - defines a checkbox for checking one
or more options
→ <input type="color"> - used for input fields that should
contain a color (a color picker will likely pop up)
→ <input type="date"> - used for input fields that contain a
date (a date picker will likely pop up). Use the attributes
“min” and “max” to restrict the dates
<form>
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31"><br>
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02"><br>
</form>
→ <input type="datetime-local"> - specifies a date and time
input field
→ <input type="email"> - used for input fields that should
contain an email adress
→ <input type="file"> - defines a file-select field and a
“Browse” button for file uploads
→ <input type="hidden">
→ <input type="image">
→ <input type="month"> - allows the user to select a month and
year
→ <input type="number"> - defines a numeric input field.
Restrictions can be added
<form>
Quantity (between 1 and 5):
<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">
</form>
→ <input type="password"> - defines a password field
→ <input type="radio"> - defines a radio button for only one
option
→ <input type="range"> - defines a control for entering a number
whose exact value is not important. The default range is 0 to
100 but this can be changed by the min, max, and step
attributes
→ <input type="reset"> - defines a reset button that will reset
all form values to their default values
→ <input type="search"> - used for search fields
→ <input type="submit"> - defines a button for submitting form
data to a form-handler
→ <input type="tel"> - used for inputs that should contain a
phone number
→ <input type="text">
→ <input type="time"> - allows the user to select a time
→ <input type="url"> - allows for inputs that should contain a
URL address
→ <input type="week"> - allows the user to select a week and
year
Input Restrictions:
→ disabled - Specifies that an input field should be disabled
→ max - Specifies the maximum value for an input field
→ maxlength - Specifies the maximum number of character for an
input field
→ min - Specifies the minimum value for an input field
→ pattern - Specifies a regular expression to check the input
value against
→ readonly - Specifies that an input field is read only (cannot
be changed)
→ required - Specifies that an input field is required (must be
filled out)
→ size - Specifies the width (in characters) of an input field
→ step - Specifies the legal number intervals for an input field
→ value - Specifies the default value for an input field
Input Attributes:
→ value - defines the initial value for an input field
→ readonly - specifies that the input filed is read only and
cannot be changed
→ disabled - specifies that the input field is disabled (cannot
be clicked or changed)
→ size - defines the amount of characters for the input field
→ maxlength - defines that max allowed length for the input
field
→ autocomplete - allows for text to be predicted as it is typed
<form action="/action_page.php" autocomplete="on">
First name:<input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
Email: <input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
→ nonvalidate - specifies that the form should not be validated
upon submission
→ autofocus - specifies that the input field should
automatically get focus when the page loads
→ formaction - used to override the initial action page for the
form (used with submit and image types)
→ formenctype - specifies how the form data should be encoded
when submitted (only for forms with POST method)
<form action="/action_page_binary.asp" method="post">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data"
value="Submit as Multipart/form-data">
</form>
→ formmethod - used to override the initial method of the form
(POST or GET)
→ formnonvalidate - used to override the validate status of the
form
→ formtarget - used to override the initial target for the form
→ list - refers to a datalist element that contains pre-defined
options for an input element
→ placeholder - specifies a hint that describes the expected
value of an input field
→ required - specifies that the input field must be filled out
before the form is submitted
