SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 16.1
Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual
characteristics at puberty.
1)
2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
2)
3) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
3)
4) Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
4)
5) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.
5)
1
Figure 16.2
Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
6) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
6)
7) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
7)
8) Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).
8)
9) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
9)
10) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
10)
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following:
11) An autoimmune problem involving
the thyroid gland.
A) Diabetes mellitus
11)
B) Acromegaly
12) Hyposecretion of growth hormone.
12)
C) Pituitary dwarfism
13) Hyposecretion of the pancreas.
13)
D) Graves' disease
14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.
14)
E) Addison's disease
15) Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
15)
2
Match the following:
16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.
A) Cushing's disease
17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.
B) Myxedema
18) Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
C) Acromegaly
19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in
infants.
D) Cretinism
Match the following:
20) The size and shape of a pea; produces
hormones that stimulate other
endocrine glands.
21) The gland that controls the
fight-or-flight reaction.
22) Produces hormones that regulate
glucose levels in the body.
A) Adrenal medulla
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
B) Pancreas
C) Hypophysis
21)
D) Thyroid
22)
E) Parathyroid
23) Produces a hormone that controls
blood levels of calcium and potassium
by their removal from bone tissue.
23)
24) Produces the body's major metabolic
hormones.
24)
3
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 16.3
Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
25) Produces glucocorticoids.
25)
26) Produces epinephrine.
26)
27) Produces aldosterone.
27)
28) Excess hormone levels result in Cushing’s syndrome.
28)
29) Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.
29)
30) Produces androgens.
30)
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
31) In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.
31)
32) The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.
32)
33) The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
33)
34) Addison’s disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only.
34)
35) Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback
inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
35)
4
36) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
36)
37) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
37)
38) With age, chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory
deterioration.
38)
39) Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
39)
40) Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid
produce calcitonin.
40)
41) Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin
production.
41)
42) The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
42)
43) The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.
43)
44) Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.
44)
45) Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.
45)
46) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the
urinary excretion of sodium.
46)
47) Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.
47)
48) The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an
individual.
48)
49) Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain
neurotransmitters.
49)
50) All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.
50)
51) Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
51)
52) The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the
parathyroid.
52)
53) Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce
hormones.
53)
54) Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an
individual is suffering from severe stress.
54)
55) Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
55)
5
56) All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.
56)
57) All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second
messenger.
57)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
58) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
A) insulin
B) cortisol
C) aldosterone
58)
D) secretin
59) Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the
________.
A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid gland
C) pancreas
D) thymus gland
59)
60) Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular
________.
A) second messengers
B) deactivators
C) ions
D) nucleotides
60)
61) Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
A) humoral
B) hormonal
C) neural
61)
D) enzyme
62) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic
function of other cells in the body are called ________.
A) enzymes
B) hormones
C) proteins
D) antibodies
62)
63) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
A) is the site of prolactin synthesis
B) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
C) is partly contained within the infundibulum
D) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
63)
64) Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
A) polyphagia
B) polydipsia
C) polyuria
D) All of these are signs.
64)
65) Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor
interaction?
A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B) blood levels of hormone
C) number of receptors for that hormone
D) type of hormone
65)
66) Oxytocin ________.
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
B) exerts its most important effects during menstruation
C) is an adenohypophyseal secretion
D) controls milk production
66)
6
67) ADH ________.
A) promotes dehydration
C) is produced in the adenohypophysis
67)
B) is inhibited by alcohol
D) increases urine production
68) Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.
A) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore
decreasing blood pressure
B) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
C) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
D) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
68)
69) Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.
A) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the
gonads during late puberty
B) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens
C) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
D) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
69)
70) Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon
known as ________.
A) cellular inhibition
B) diabetes mellitus
C) down-regulation
D) metabolism of protein kinases
70)
71) Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A) direct control of the nervous system
B) a change in membrane potential
C) an increase in enzymatic activity
D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
71)
72) The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
________.
A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because
hormones are powerful and nonspecific
D) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
72)
73) Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary
gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through
the ________.
A) hypophyseal portal system
B) feedback loop
C) general circulatory system
D) hepatic portal system
73)
74) The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
________.
A) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system
due to its location
B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
C) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
D) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
74)
7
75) Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
A) increasing blood pressure
B) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
D) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
75)
76) The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
B) not responding to a feedback mechanism
C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
76)
77) Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
A) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
B) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized
D) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
77)
78) Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions
involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and
second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
A) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
B) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance
from other messengers
C) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
D) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly
78)
79) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
B) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
D) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
79)
80) When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during
the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
A) estrogen
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) angiotensinogen
80)
81) One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood
levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
A) catabolic inhibition
B) humoral stimulation
C) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
D) protein synthesis
81)
82) The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
A) the blood vessels
C) the liver
82)
B) bones and skeletal muscles
D) the adrenal glands
8
83) The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through
________.
A) blocking the action of growth hormone
B) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin
D) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
83)
84) Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
A) the skin
B) the heart
84)
C) the kidney
D) the spleen
85) Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
85)
86) Leptin is secreted by ________.
A) goblet cells
B) adipocytes
D) lymphocytes
86)
C) fibroblasts
87) The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
A) glucagon
B) aldosterone
C) insulin
D) cortisol
87)
88) Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
A) epinephrine
B) aldosterone
C) cortisone
88)
D) estrogen
89) Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
A) second-messenger systems
B) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the
hormone
C) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
89)
90) Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
A) hormone binding to intracellular receptors
B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
D) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
90)
91) Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood
to the pituitary
B) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
C) travel by arteries to the pituitary
D) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
91)
92) ACTH ________.
A) is not a tropic hormone
B) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
C) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
D) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
92)
9
93) Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?
A) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
B) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels.
C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity.
D) High calcium levels cause bone resorption.
93)
94) Aldosterone ________.
A) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis
C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
94)
95) The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________.
A) GH
B) ADH
C) TH
D) ACTH
95)
96) Which organ does not have hormone production?
A) heart
B) liver
D) kidney
96)
C) skin
97) In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of
target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target
organ. This is known as ________.
A) a reaction to a stressor
B) up-regulation
C) cellular affinity
D) the cell's sensitivity reaction
97)
98) Eicosanoids do not include ________.
A) leukotrienes
C) paracrines
98)
B) hydrocortisones
D) prostaglandins
99) A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for
this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
A) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence
fertility.
B) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
D) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
100) Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?
A) thyroid gland
B) liver
C) brain
100)
D) spleen
101) Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones.
Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
A) It causes positive feedback.
B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
D) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
10
99)
101)
102) How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
A) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
C) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
D) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
102)
103) What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones?
A) chlorine
B) calcium
C) iron
D) sodium
103)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
104) ________ are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
104)
105) ________ is a hormone that has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the
breasts.
105)
106) ________ are the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone.
106)
107) The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
107)
108) Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?
108)
109) Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.
109)
110) The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of
sexual maturity.
110)
111) The ________ gland declines in size and function with age.
111)
112) Endocrine gland stimuli include hormonal, ________, and ________ stimuli.
112)
113) As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of
hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and
begin breaking down fats.
113)
114) Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.
114)
115) Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master
endocrine gland"?
115)
116) Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?
116)
117) A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the
outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?
117)
118) A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
118)
11
119) How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?
119)
120) Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction.
120)
121) Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas,
yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?
121)
122) Basal metabolism declines with age. What factors contribute to that decline?
122)
123) List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.
123)
124) What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?
124)
125) Give an example of synergism in hormones.
125)
126) Growth hormones act indirectly to make the epiphyseal plate cartilage grow. What then
acts directly to make it grow?
126)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
127) Mrs. James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel
and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night. Laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and
increased basal metabolic rate. Although she also proved to have high blood pressure, tests of thyroid function
were normal. What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used?
128) Mr. Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area. Tests and X rays reveal
kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance. Further questioning reveals a medical history of
abnormal reflexes and weakness. What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended?
129) It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison's disease (inadequate
synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids). What symptoms may have led to the diagnosis of this
condition?
130) Due to a recent head injury, a patient is told that his pituitary is hypersecreting prolactin. Is there need for
concern about this young man?
131) The parents of a 17-year-old boy are concerned about his height because he is only 5 feet tall and they are both
close to 6 feet tall. After tests by their doctor, certain hormones are prescribed for the boy. What is the probable
diagnosis, and what hormones were prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his growth potential?
132) John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and
lower jaw bone. His doctor recommends irradiation of the pituitary gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Why?
133) Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the
extracellular fluid.
134) What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing's syndrome?
12
135) A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dl. On
assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face
was flushed and his skin was dry. His pH was low. Describe the physiological response that is occurring.
136) Thomas is a diabetic. While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar
to that of a drunk. One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to
normal functions. Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic?
13
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
1) D
ID: hap8 16.1-1
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 623; Fig. 16.1
2) B
ID: hap8 16.1-2
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605; Fig. 16.1
3) E
ID: hap8 16.1-3
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 623; Fig. 16.1
4) C
ID: hap8 16.1-4
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614; Fig. 16.1
5) A
ID: hap8 16.1-5
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 601; Fig. 16.1
6) A
ID: hap8 16.1-6
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
7) C
ID: hap8 16.1-7
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
8) B
ID: hap8 16.1-8
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
9) E
ID: hap8 16.1-9
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
10) D
ID: hap8 16.1-10
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
11) D
ID: hap8 16.1-11
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 611
12) C
ID: hap8 16.1-12
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 604
13) A
ID: hap8 16.1-13
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 622
14) E
ID: hap8 16.1-14
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618
15) B
ID: hap8 16.1-15
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 604
16) B
ID: hap8 16.1-16
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 611
14
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
17) A
ID: hap8 16.1-17
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 617-618
18) C
ID: hap8 16.1-18
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 604
19) D
ID: hap8 16.1-19
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 611
20) C
ID: hap8 16.1-20
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 601
21) A
ID: hap8 16.1-21
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 619; Fig. 16.16
22) B
ID: hap8 16.1-22
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 621; Fig. 16.18
23) E
ID: hap8 16.1-23
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 612; Fig. 16.12
24) D
ID: hap8 16.1-24
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609; Tbl. 16.2
25) B
ID: hap8 16.1-25
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614; Fig. 16.13
26) D
ID: hap8 16.1-26
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618; Fig. 16.13
27) A
ID: hap8 16.1-27
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614; Fig. 16.13
28) A
ID: hap8 16.1-28
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 617; Fig. 16.13
29) D
ID: hap8 16.1-29
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 619; Fig. 16.13
30) C
ID: hap8 16.1-30
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614; Fig. 16.13
31) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-1
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 620
32) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-2
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 611-613
15
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
33) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-3
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 621
34) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-4
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618
35) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-5
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 600
36) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-6
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
37) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-7
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
38) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-8
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 626
39) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-9
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 606
40) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-10
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 608
41) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-11
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 626
42) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-12
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 616-617
43) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-13
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 621
44) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-14
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 627
45) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-15
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614
46) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-16
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 615
47) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-17
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 621-622
48) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-18
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609
16
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
49) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-19
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624
50) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-20
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605; Tbl. 16.1
51) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-21
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609-610
52) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-22
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609, 612-613
53) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-23
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
54) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-24
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 616-617
55) FALSE
ID: hap8 16.2-25
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
56) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-26
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596-598
57) TRUE
ID: hap8 16.2-27
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603
58) B
ID: hap8 16.3-1
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 616-617
59) D
ID: hap8 16.3-2
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624; Tbl. 16.5
60) A
ID: hap8 16.3-3
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
61) D
ID: hap8 16.3-4
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 600
62) B
ID: hap8 16.3-5
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
63) C
ID: hap8 16.3-6
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603
64) D
ID: hap8 16.3-7
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 622
17
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
65) D
ID: hap8 16.3-8
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
66) A
ID: hap8 16.3-9
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 606-607
67) B
ID: hap8 16.3-10
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 608
68) C
ID: hap8 16.3-11
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609
69) A
ID: hap8 16.3-12
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618
70) C
ID: hap8 16.3-13
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
71) A
ID: hap8 16.3-14
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
72) A
ID: hap8 16.3-15
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
73) A
ID: hap8 16.3-16
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603
74) B
ID: hap8 16.3-17
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 601, 605
75) C
ID: hap8 16.3-18
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
76) D
ID: hap8 16.3-19
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
77) A
ID: hap8 16.3-20
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 597
78) A
ID: hap8 16.3-21
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 597
79) A
ID: hap8 16.3-22
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609
80) B
ID: hap8 16.3-23
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 619; Fig. 16.16
18
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
81) B
ID: hap8 16.3-24
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 600
82) B
ID: hap8 16.3-25
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
83) D
ID: hap8 16.3-26
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 613
84) B
ID: hap8 16.3-27
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 615; Tbl. 16.5
85) C
ID: hap8 16.3-28
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614, 616
86) B
ID: hap8 16.3-29
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624; Tbl. 16.5
87) B
ID: hap8 16.3-30
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614-615
88) A
ID: hap8 16.3-31
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
89) D
ID: hap8 16.3-32
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
90) D
ID: hap8 16.3-33
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596-597
91) B
ID: hap8 16.3-34
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603
92) C
ID: hap8 16.3-35
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
93) A
ID: hap8 16.3-36
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 612
94) C
ID: hap8 16.3-37
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 614-615
95) C
ID: hap8 16.3-38
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
96) B
ID: hap8 16.3-39
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624; Tbl. 16.5
19
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
97) B
ID: hap8 16.3-40
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
98) B
ID: hap8 16.3-41
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
99) C
ID: hap8 16.3-42
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
100) B
ID: hap8 16.3-43
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609; Tbl. 16.2
101) D
ID: hap8 16.3-44
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
102) D
ID: hap8 16.3-45
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 616-617
103) B
ID: hap8 16.3-46
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
104) Steroids
ID: hap8 16.4-1
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 596
105) Prolactin
ID: hap8 16.4-2
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605; Tbl. 16.1
106) Acromegaly and gigantism
ID: hap8 16.4-3
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 604
107) thyroid
ID: hap8 16.4-4
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 608
108) erythropoietin; kidney
ID: hap8 16.4-5
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624; Tbl. 16.5
109) glucagon
ID: hap8 16.4-6
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 621
110) pineal
ID: hap8 16.4-7
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 620
111) thymus
ID: hap8 16.4-8
Diff: 1
Points: 1
Page Ref: 624
112) humoral; neural
ID: hap8 16.4-9
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 600
20
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
113) ACTH
ID: hap8 16.4-10
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
114) Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the blood to be transported to other organs. Exocrine
glands have ducts through which products are released.
ID: hap8 16.4-11
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 595
115) Although the adenohypophysis has many hormonal products, the hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary activity
through regulatory factors.
ID: hap8 16.4-12
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 601, 603
116) The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further
growth in length of the long bones.
ID: hap8 16.4-13
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
117) The hormonal dysfunction is hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids.
ID: hap8 16.4-14
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618
118) Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
ID: hap8 16.4-15
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 608
119) A few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps regulate salt output by the kidney. ANP
inhibits aldosterone and signals the kidney to remove more salt.
ID: hap8 16.4-16
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 615; Tbl. 16.5
120) The first step is hormone-receptor binding to target cells, but interaction depends on blood levels of the hormone,
relative number of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and the strength of the union between the
hormone and the receptor.
ID: hap8 16.4-17
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 598
121) Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors.
ID: hap8 16.4-18
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 620-622
122) Thyroid follicles fill with colloid and gland fibrosis occurs, resulting in hormone synthesis and release diminishing.
Increase in body fat relative to muscle also contributes because muscle tissue is more active metabolically than fat.
ID: hap8 16.4-19
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 609-611
123) The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium
ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide.
ID: hap8 16.4-20
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 615
124) Autocrines are self-regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured.
Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally. They tend to affect only the cells immediately around them.
ID: hap8 16.4-21
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 595
125) The liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine. If both hormones are present the amount of
glucose released is increased 150%.
ID: hap8 16.4-22
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 600
21
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED1
126) The growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called somatomedin, which in turn controls the
epiphyseal plate cartilage.
ID: hap8 16.4-23
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
127) The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines, sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a
pheochromocytoma. Treatment is removal of the tumor and/or irradiation of the adrenal medulla.
ID: hap8 16.5-1
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 620
128) The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor. The treatment is removal of the
tumor.
ID: hap8 16.5-2
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 613
129) Hypoglycemia, a bronzing of the skin, low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels,
hypotension, and some dehydration would all have been observed in the patient.
ID: hap8 16.5-3
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 618
130) Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence.
ID: hap8 16.5-4
Diff: 2
Points: 1
Page Ref: 605
131) The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone. The prescription is commercial pituitary growth hormone. The reason
the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing
additional growth of the long bones.
ID: hap8 16.5-5
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 603-604
132) The diagnosis is acromegaly. The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused.
ID: hap8 16.5-6
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 604
133) The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water
by the kidney. With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration.
ID: hap8 16.5-7
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 608
134) Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe. Therefore the nurse
should protect the patient from infection.
ID: hap8 16.5-8
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 617-618
135) In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically. The fatty acid
metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids. When they accumulate faster than they are used or
excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine. The nervous system
responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.
ID: hap8 16.5-9
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 622, 626-627
136) Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia. The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level. This was a
proper action because he was hypoglycemic. If he had been hyperglycemic, the small amount of glucose in the piece
of candy would not have made any difference.
ID: hap8 16.5-10
Diff: 3
Points: 1
Page Ref: 622-623
22