Solar Energy in Canada: Challenges and Opportunities

Running head: SOLAR ENERGY IN CANADA

3321 Critical Reading and Writing A01

Solar Energy in Canada:

Challenges and Opportunities

Prepared for

Ms. Katherine A. Woodward

Instructor

Northern Alberta Institute of Technology

Prepared by

Jane (Hoi-Yan) Siu


Jun 11, 2019

SOLAR ENERGY IN CANADA


Jane Siu

10001 100 Ave

Edmonton, AB T5A 4N4

Jun 11, 2019

Ms. Katherine A. Woodward, Instructor


11762 - 106 Street Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5G 2R1

Dear Ms. Woodward:

In this document you will find the research report for the class 3321 Critical Reading and

Writing A01. I have summarized key information and made recommendations on challenges and opportunities for solar energy in Canada. As we are located in Alberta, the main focus will be

Alberta accompanied by other facts nationwide.

This analysis is based on the current situation available on open sources such as Alberta government official websites and also on my personal work experience in this field. Although my experiences were mainly in Asia and Europe other than North America, the features in this industry are rather similar and still worth of referring to.

Due to limitation of resources and time constraints, this report was mainly based on written information instead of field studies or personal contacts. For those interested in investment opportunities in Alberta, further analysis will be highly recommended as business regulations and government incentives may change from time to time.

Thank you for your time. If you have any further questions about the research or recommendation please contact me at 587-974-5238, janehysiu@gmail.com

.

Best Regards,

Jane Siu

Jane Siu

Northern Alberta Institute of Technology i



Table of Contents

Letter of Transmittal…………………………………………………………………... i

Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………… iv

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 1

Purpose and Scope…………………………………………………………… 1

Assumptions…………………………………………………………………. 1

Methods……………………………………………………………………… 1

Limitations…………………………………………………………………… 1

Definitions…………………………………………………………………… 1

Background……………………………………………………………………………. 1

Government……………………………………………………………………………. 2

National Policy……………………………………………………………….. 2

Provincial Policy in Alberta………………………………………………….. 3

Business Environment under Government Policy…………………………… 4

Taxes…………………………………………………………………………. 4

Government Incentives………………………………………………………. 5

Natural Environment and Constraints…………………………………………………. 5

Natural Environment in Canada……………………………………………… 5

Natural Constraints in Canada……………………………………………….. 6

Summary……………………………………………………………………... 6

Financial Analysis & Opportunities…………………………………………………… 6

Pay-back Period and Return on Investment………………………………….. 6

Geographic difference in Returns on Investment……………………………. 7

Summary……………………………………………………………………... 8

Local Applications and Public Engagement…………………………………………... 8

Energy Management in the Community……………………………………... 8

Decision in Technology – Solar, Wind, Biomass or More?............................. 8

Knowledge and Public Engagement…………………………………………. 9

Challenges and Opportunities…………………………………………………………. 9

Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………………... 10

References……………………………………………………………………………... 11 ii



List of Illustrations

Figure 1 Some of the Largest Solar Farms in Canada (>=20MW)…………………….. 3

Figure 2 Alberta Solar Systems Map…………………………………………………... 4

Figure 3 Cost of Power Generation from 2009 to 2018……………………………….. 7

Table 1 Energy Efficiency Alberta’s Residential and Commercial Solar Program……. 5

Table 2 Payback Period under 3 Types of Renewable Energies………………………. 6

Table 3 Different IRR based on different levels of incentives………………………… 8 iii



Executive Summary

Switching from fossil fuel to renewable energy has come to consensus among Canadians in recent years due to obvious impacts from climate change such as wild fire in the Rocky

Mountain areas. Nevertheless, what to do and how to harvest from it making it sustainable for the future generations are still vague for most Canadians. Even in the professional sector, the idea of renewable energy, either solar, wind and many others, is still in progress as to which type to invest would be the best interest for investors. As for the general public, knowledge and engagement are growing but still need time to prosper.

Alberta is a perfect place for solar energy due to its natural environment – long sunny days with high irradiance and low temperatures during half of the year which creates better performance in solar panels. Moreover, Alberta government has launched numerous incentive programs with an eye to its goal “30 BY 30”, to achieve 30% of electricity being generated from renewable resources by 2030. This is a promising outlook for investors, both institutional and general home owners, particularly when the province is undergoing its downturn in the energy sector.

Opportunities are always accompanied by challenges. While recognizing the challenges and opportunities to be detailed in this report, here are some recommendations for investors interested in the solar energy sector

in Alberta:



Take the opportunity in investing solar energy system, either residential or commercial, by using government incentives and other finance tools such as loans backed up by the authorities. Although return on investments may differ depending on the level of incentives and on the location of installation, comparing to other investment tools now available in Canada with similar risk level, solar energy is still a rather good option.



Solar energy are long-term investments which require continuous maintenance and future disposal. Those who are interested should take into consideration the labor required during the whole investment period. Just like owning any property, labor is essential and basic knowledge of technology is a must. Owners may have to shovel snow on the roof in winter time. Safety is an issue.



Home owners may also take future selling opportunity into consideration. Is a house installed with solar energy a plus for potential buyers? The answer is still vague. Just as any other additional upgrades on a house may not reflect on its sale price due to many reasons, house with solar energy installations might also be a question. Home owners might be asked to disassembly the system before closing the deal. The potential cost might ruin the originally set return target.

Further financial analysis for each specific investment opportunity is highly recommended as return on investments may change due to changes in government incentives. Nevertheless,

Alberta is highly recommended for solar project investments. iv



Introduction

Canada has been long time taking advantage of its natural resources such as oil and gas not only for its own use but also for exporting internationally. In 2017, energy trade accounts for $112.6 billion, 22% of total Canadian goods exports, whereas oil and gas totalled over $97 billion, 86% of the total exports (Natural Resources Canada, 2018, p. 6). Canada’s economy relies on the energy sector substantially. As the new trend in energy, renewable energy has come to the spotlight in recent years. Renewable energy comprises solar, wind, biomass and many others, while solar due to its nature is better understood by the general public.

Purpose and Scope

This report aims at discovering the current situation of solar energy in Alberta and thus exploring the challenges and opportunities beneath. As one type of renewable energy, solar energy is usually bundled with other types such as wind, thermo, biomass and more. In this report, renewable energy refers to all types of renewable energy whereas solar energy is the main focus.

Assumptions

The recommendations in this report are based on the assumption that Alberta will remain the same strategy for renewable energy under the Renewable Electricity Act. In case of future amendment, investment decisions should revise accordingly.

Methods

The information in this report comes from online sources, academic articles, and official websites. The intention of this report is to find official and rigorous information as much as possible. News articles are restricted to well known Canadian media only.

Limitations

The information in this report was limited to written sources only. Field survey and personal contacts were not allowed due to time restriction.

Definitions

Solar energy refers to energy produced from solar panels, or photovoltaic (PV). Renewable energy refers to energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.) Clean energy boasts the same definition of renewable energy and is used interchangeably in this report.

Background

The importance and urgency of climate change impacts have been emphasized frequently.

Alberta, the province which used to heavily rely on fossil fuels, has passed the Renewable

Electricity Act in August 1, 2018. The aim is to meet the goal of 30 percent of Alberta’s electricity being generated from renewable resources by 2030, the so-called “30 BY 30” (AESO,

2016). Renewable energy comprises solar, wind, biomass and many more, whereas solar energy is the easier one for understanding and adopting due to its nature. For this reason, this report aims at focusing on solar energy in Alberta with reference on other types of energy or area in

Canada.

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It is estimated that Alberta solar market values at $4.1 billion with 3,261 MW between 2019 and

2030. (Solas, 2018, p. 5). However, currently in Alberta, only 42.7 MW has been deployed

(Solas, 2018, p. 14), a rather preliminary stage implying huge potential for growth. This report is thus to discover the challenges and opportunities beneath.

Government

National Policy

Canada is a unique political and economic institution. Under the rules of the federation, the provinces control the energy resources within their political boundaries while the federal government is responsible for authorizing infrastructure between them, such as pipelines.

(Moore, 2015, p. 2). As a country, Canada controls some of the most extensive energy reserves anywhere in the world. Energy is a critical basis of the overall economy, affecting every sector and providing as much as eleven per cent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

(Moore, 2015, p. 2).

Arguably, we do not have a guiding strategy or vision on which to base the myriad of competing, time-sensitive proposals or economic development projects that underpin our energy industry.

(Moore, 2015, p. 3). Despite of the above fact, there is still certain programs run by the Natural

Resources Canada (NRCan), under federal government, with regards to clean energy.

According to the news recently released by Mission Innovation, a global initiative of 24 countries including Canada, established in 2015 under the Paris Agreement, the government of

Canada has announced an investment of up to $30 million for a new initiative called

Breakthrough Energy Solutions Canada (BESC) that will foster cutting-edge companies to deliver game-changing clean energy innovations to the market (Mission Innovation, 2019, para.

2). This initiative is under a new stream of NRCan’s Energy Innovation Program which targeted at accelerating new technologies in improving clean energy efficiencies (Natural Resources

Canada, n.d.).

Solar farms’ scale differs from small size for residential use (1 – 5KW) to large size for solar farms (20 MW and more). Currently, there are more than 100 solar farms with a capacity of at least 1 MW, totalling over 1700 MW.

2



Figure 1: Some of the Largest Solar Farms in Canada (>=20MW)

(Source: Energy Fact Book, 2018 – 2019)

Provincial Policy in Alberta

Alberta ranks number one in terms of production of crude oil in Canada (Natural Resources

Canada, p. 49). Under the Electric Utilities Act, Alberta’s electricity transmission and distribution systems are fully regulated. Retail sales of electricity in the province are partly deregulated. Consumers can shop for electricity to choose a retail electricity provider that best meets their needs (Alberta.ca, 2019 ).

As for renewable energy, about 10 percent of Alberta’s electricity was generated from it in 2018, according to Alberta official website ( https://www.alberta.ca/renewable-energy-legislation-andreporting.aspx

). A more aggressive target has been set by the Ministry of Energy in February

2019 – 30 percent renewable electricity by 2030.

In order to achieve this target, Alberta has established the Clean Energy Improvement Program aiming at financing municipalities and property owners on renewable energy projects. Property owners are financed through tax benefits and loans guaranteed by Energy Efficiency Alberta, the province’s arm on energy efficiency ( https://www.efficiencyalberta.ca/).

In terms of solar energy, currently Alberta is still in its infancy, with 42.7 MW deployed as of

June 2018 (Solas, 2018, p. 14) as compared to 2911 MW in 2017 nationally (Energy Fact Book

3



2018, p. 103). Currently, Alberta is encouraging both small size and large size projects through different programs. Below shows solar farms of all types currently registered in Alberta.

Figure 2: Alberta Solar Systems Map

(Source: https://solaralberta.ca/case-studies )

Business Environment under Government Policy

However, the recent change in government in Alberta (the United Conservative Party headed by

Jason Kenney won a majority) is creating a lot of uncertainty about the future of the incentive program as one of Kenney’s campaign goal is to cut wind and solar subsidies (Pike, 2019, para.

1) https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/jason-kenney-renewable-energy-ucp-election-promise-

1.5026194

Although not finally decided yet, the new government’s move will affect industry players’ motives on whether to invest in Alberta and how much to invest. Return on investments in large scale projects like wind and solar require extensive finance stability and long-term assurance.

Even though industry big players look positively at this moment, uncertainty still lurks threatening Alberta’s already weak job market. (Stephenson, 2019, para. 1)

Taxes

Parallel to the above policies is the tax benefit business owners who install renewable energy systems can enjoy each year through business income tax incentives. (Natural Resources Canada,

2019a)

4



Under Classes 43.1 and 43.2 in Schedule II of the Income Tax Regulations, certain capital costs of systems that produce energy by using renewable energy sources or fuels from waste, or conserve energy by using fuel more efficiently are eligible for accelerated capital cost allowance.

Under Class 43.1, eligible equipment may be written-off at 30 percent per year on a declining balance basis. In general, equipment that is eligible for Class 43.1 but is acquired after February

22, 2005 and before year 2025 may be written-off at 50 percent per year on a declining balance basis under Class 43.2. Without these accelerated write-offs, many of these assets would be depreciated for income tax purposes at annual rates between 4 and 20 percent (Natural Resources

Canada, 2019a)

Government Incentives

As energy policies are under provincial control, in Canada each province develops its own incentive programs, the so-called feed-in-tariff (FIT) for solar energy. In the case of Alberta, incentives differ depending on its location, scale, and type of user (residential, commercial and institutional, and not-for-profit). Below table shows the most common incentive program now available in Alberta. Other incentive programs are listed here https://solaralberta.ca/grants-andincentives

Table 1: Energy Efficiency Alberta’s Residential and Commercial Solar Program

(Source: https://www.efficiencyalberta.ca/solar/ )

Natural Environment and Constraints

Natural Environment in Canada

Canada, with its large landmass and diversified geography, has substantial renewable resources that can be used to produce energy; these resources include moving water, wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, and ocean energy. Canada is a world leader in the production and use of energy from renewable resources. Renewable energy sources currently provide about 18.9 per cent of

Canada’s total primary energy supply. Among these renewable energy sources, wind and solar photovoltaic energy are the fastest growing sources of electricity in Canada (Natural Resources

Canada, 2019b)

Solar energy infrastructures are mainly produced in flat panels. Although other shapes also exist, flat panels are the mostly used nowadays. It requires large and flat area for installations, ranging from a common household rooftop to as large as a dessert. In addition to flat and large spaces,

5


3321 Critical Reading and Writing A01 solar energy requires zero or low shadow environment as shadow on the panels will reduce the energy production performance (Alberta Infrastructure, 2017). Canada, due to its wide and flat landscape, is a desirable place for solar energy installations compared to other mountainous countries.

Natural Constraints in Canada

However, there are still some constraints in Canada. As solar energy performance is based on solar irradiance, the longer hours of radiance the better performance in energy production. The main concern in Canada is the long and snowy winter which might affect the performance.

Another constraint is the distance between solar energy infrastructure and the grid, the system in which solar energy is preserved and transmitted just the same as any other type of energy.

For the first constraint, as irradiance include those directly coming from the sun and also those indirectly reflected from the snow, snowy but sunny weather is actually good as long as panels as well cleaned and maintained. Moreover, like most electronics, solar panels function more efficiently in cold conditions than in hot. As such, this constraint is solvable (Energy sage, 2018).

As for the second constraint, the solution depends on the scale of the infrastructure. In the case of small scales (10 – 100 KW), to build an off-grid or stand-alone system is a good choice as it requires small batteries for energy preservation only (Thompson & Duggirala, 2009, p. 2741). In the case of large scales, it requires a more complex design which links to the power grid just like any other type of energy. Government involvement is then needed as it involves integration of different energy solutions (MacDougall, Tomosk & Wright, 2018, p. 504)

Summary

Although being under certain environmental constraints, Canada is still a desirable place for solar energy due to its wide and flat landscape, and its long, sunny and snowy winter.

Financial Analysis & Opportunities

Pay-back Period and Return on Investment

According to the research conducted by Thompson and Duggirala, biomass was the most competitive at cost and payback period comparing to wind and solar. Below table shows the comparison for generating 100 kW of electricity by three types of renewable energy. The key point here is the payback period as this is one of the key points for investment decisions.

(Thompson, 2009, p. 1)

Type of energy

Biomass

Wind

Solar

Cost per unit

$0.8 per liter

$0.8 per liter

$0.8 per liter

Payback period

4.1 years

6.1 years

13.5 years

Capital cost

$1800/kW

$3300/kW

$9100/kW

Table 2: Payback Period under 3 Types of Renewable Energies

(Source: Thompson, 2009, p. 1)

6



Fortunately, due to new development on technologies and mass production, costs of solar and wind energies have become relatively lower. While wind has gone down to 1/3 from 2009 to

2018, solar has even gone down deeper to 1/7 (Berman & McCarthy, 2019). Although the above payback period is relatively older information, it is still worth of consideration for those in remote area not accessible to grids and require off-grid energy system. For those home owners who can take government incentives into pay-back period calculations, the above figures serve as the cap as to how much in maximum a system should be considered reasonable and worth of investing.

Figure 3: Cost of Power Generation from 2009 to 2018

(Source: The Globe and Mail)

Geographic Difference in Returns on Investment

The economics of solar power varies geographically, depending not only on irradiance but also on the dollar value of the electricity generated (MacDougall, 2018, p. 497). According to the research done by MacDougall, Tomosk, and Wright, in three Canadian provinces with the highest solar irradiance, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, irradiance and temperature vary considerably from the south to the north. Meanwhile, return on investments vary depending on government incentives. The higher the incentives the higher return on investments, the key factor for investment decisions for residential home owners and commercial investors as well. Below table shows different IRR (internal rate of return) based on different level of incentives.

7



Table 3: Different IRR based on different levels of incentives

(Source: MacDougall, Toomosk, Wright, 2018, pp. 504)

Summary

From a financial point of view, payback period and return on investment are the two key points worth of consideration. In the case of solar energy, as it belongs to long-term investment (more than 10 years), it should be compared to other investment opportunities of similar term and risk level. In Canada, the widely used comparison tool for long-term investment is Government of

Canada Marketable Bonds – over 10 years which yields at 1.67% as of Jun 3, 2019 (Bank of

Canada, 2019). By comparing the above table and the above bond, it is obvious that even in the worst scenario where no incentive is issued from the government, the return on solar energy is still higher than that of bond (1.8% and 3.2% compared to 1.67%). In a nutshell, solar energy investments in Canada are considered safe and sound.

Local Applications and Public Engagement

Energy Management in the Community

Energy has traditionally been managed at the level of the individual customer or by regional/national utilities. A recent trend is for communities to create plans to directly manage their energy systems. These local initiatives are heralded as precursors to a future network of distributed generation where large central generating stations are replaced with many dispersed and smaller generation sources (Parkins, 2018, p. 1).

There are three areas in which communities can focus in order to improve their energy systems: energy efficiency; energy conservation; and the switching of energy sources to renewables. To manage energy involves ensuring both the demand and supply sides of the energy equation work in balance. (Parkins, 2018, p. 2).

In other words, energy production and consumption require advanced planning ranging from finance, installation, maintenance and even future disposal in the long run. How to manage the energy is a crucial decision to be made in the community from a sustainable point of view. The current trend in Canada is to move towards cleaner energy as opposed to traditionally used fossil fuels. However, deciding on what technology to use, ensuring the long-run maintenance, and most importantly, keeping a financially healthy investment, are not easy decisions for ones to make.

Decision in Technology – Solar, Wind, Biomass or More?

According to current Alberta’s policy, both solar and wind are encouraged in the province under different incentive programs (Alberta Government, 2019). Due to its nature, wind energy

8


3321 Critical Reading and Writing A01 requires larger space and larger scale of investment in order to achieve cost efficiency, whereas solar energy shows more flexibility in scale and cost for general public particularly when accompanied by attractive incentives. Other types of renewable energy such as biomass and thermo, due to its nature in production and maintenance, are not considered in general public at this moment.

Knowledge and Public Engagement

While clean energy has become a more common understanding among Canadians, how to engage it in the daily everyday life and how to realize it in the monthly bill are still to develop over time. One thing is the sufficient knowledge about new technologies – which type suits the best? Another is the will to adopt the technology at home without hesitation – how to manage it in a safe way?

Scholars point to the need for public engagement on energy-related issues to increase understanding, community support and sustainable pathways for a successful energy system transition. The general claim here is that deeper levels of engagement in political life is desirable, and is expressed through formal institutions (e.g. voting), as well as a myriad of informal institutions (e.g. a public engagement) (Parkins, 2018, p. 116).

Currently, the government of Alberta has delegated different organizations to promote and educate citizens on this issue through school, social media, and community activities. With an eye to reaching the goal of “30 BY 30” (30 percent of energy produced within Alberta will be from renewable resources and emissions from coal-generated electricity will be phased out), public knowledge and engagement is crucial.

Challenges and Opportunities

The above research indicated two aspects in solar energy in Alberta: challenge and opportunities.

In terms of challenge, there are two points worth highlighting:

 Goal “30 BY 30”, a rather aggressive goal for a province which highly relies on fossil fuels for decades, might not be achieved on time. Reasons included the still developing public knowledge and consensus on switching to renewable energy and the potential resistance in local communities as people might lose their jobs in this trend.



Potential cut in incentives will affect widely on return on investments. From a financial point of view, the certainty of returns is more important than the level of returns.

Investors tend to seek returns balanced with reasonable risks. If Alberta’s incentive programs are not fully guaranteed by the new government and future governments, it will be very negative for investors and thus harm the job market in Alberta.

On the other side, there are also opportunities worth of attention:



Room for growth: Alberta being one of the provinces with highest irradiance in Canada, is a perfect place for solar energy. As the nature of power industry requires regulation from the authorities rather than free competition like general consumer products, solar

9


3321 Critical Reading and Writing A01 energy industry in Alberta is still in its infancy. There is room for growth but needs the government to provide incentives and promise its continuity.



Investment opportunities for both residential and commercial areas: solar energy investments need not only irradiance to produce the power but also a healthy financial environment where property owners can access sufficient funds for their investments and expect an assured return on investments. This environment is currently existing in

Alberta and is set to grow as long as the whole industry, from manufacturing to consumption to disposal, has enough time and support from the government to develop.

Conclusions and Recommendations

This report mainly focused on the solar energy industry within Alberta. As the above mentioned,

Alberta is a perfect place for solar energy industry due to its nature environment. Moreover, as

Alberta has committed on the goal of “30 BY 30”, substantial incentive programs for renewable energy have been developed and pushed by the government in recent years. Even though the new government led by Jason Kenney implied a new modification on these subsidies, the main direction that Alberta is set to switch from fossil fuel to clean energy is unbeatable. As such, as one of the types of renewable energies, solar energy is set to grow in Alberta in the long run.

Recommendations for solar energy in Alberta are as follow:



Take the opportunity in investing solar energy system, either residential or commercial, by using government incentives and other finance tools such as loans backed up by the authorities. Although return on investments may differ depending on the level of incentives and on the location of installation, comparing to other investment tools now available in Canada with similar risk level, solar energy is still a rather good option.



Solar energy are long-term investments which require continuous maintenance and future disposal. Those who are interested should take into consideration the labor required during the whole investment period. Just like owning any property, labor is essential and basic knowledge of technology is a must. Owners may have to shovel snow on the roof in winter time. Safety is an issue.



Home owners may also take future selling opportunity into consideration. Is a house installed with solar energy a plus for potential buyers? The answer is still vague. Just as any other additional upgrades on a house may not reflect on its sale price due to many reasons, house with solar energy installations might also be a question. Home owners might be asked to disassembly the system before closing the deal. The potential cost might ruin the originally set return target.

10



References

AESO. (2016). About the program . Retrieved from https://www.aeso.ca/market/renewableelectricity-program/about-the-program/

Alberta Government. (2019). Alberta electricity overview . Retrieved from https://www.alberta.ca/alberta-electricity-overview.aspx

Alberta Government. (2019). Alberta electricity program . Retrieved from https://www.alberta.ca/renewable-electricity-program.aspx

Alberta Infrastructure. (2017, December) Solar photovoltaic guidelines: Planning and installation for Alberta infrastructure projects.

Retrieved from http://www.infrastructure.alberta.ca/Content/docType486/Production/SolarPVGuide.pdf

Bank of Canada. (2019, Jun 7). Selected bond yields . Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/interest-rates/canadian-bonds/

Berman, D., McCarthy, S. (2019, Apr 15). Power shift: Renewable energy is cheaper than ever, and investors are taking notice. The Globe and Mail . Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-why-the-renewable-power-industryis-hitting-its-stride/

Energysage. (2018). Do solar panels work in the winter? Solar snow performance explained.

Retrieved from https://news.energysage.com/solar-panels-in-winter-weather-snow-affectpower-production/

Natural Resources Canada. (2018). Energy Fact Book 2018 – 2019 . Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/pdf/energy-factbook-oct2-

2018%20(1).pdf

Natural Resources Canada. (2019a). Tax savings for industry . Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/funding/5147

Natural Resources Canada. (2019b). About renewable energy . Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/renewable-electricity/7295

MacDougall, H., Tomosk, S., Wright, D. (2018). Geographic maps of the impact of government incentives on the economic viability of solar power. Renewable Energy ,122, 497-506. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148117313204?via%3Dihub

Mission Innovation. (2019, May 28). Canada partners with Breakthrough Energy to launch game-changing program to accelerate clean energy innovations. Retrieved from http://mission-innovation.net/2019/05/28/canada-partners-with-breakthrough-energy-tolaunch-game-changing-program-to-accelerate-clean-energy-innovations/

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Moore, M. (2015). An energy strategy for Canada . Calgary, AB: Canadian Global Affairs

Institute

Natural Resources Canada. (n.d.) Energy innovation program . Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energyinnovation

Oxford Dictionary. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/renewable_energy

Parkins, J. R., Rollins, C., Anders, S., Comeau, L. (2018). Predicting intention to adopt solar technology in Canada: The role of knowledge, public engagement, and visibility. Energy

Policy, 114, 114-122. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517307966?via%3Dihub

Pike, H. (2019, February 22). Kenney's pledge to end wind and solar subsidies would 'roll back the clock,' says energy expert. CBC . Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/jason-kenney-renewable-energy-ucp-electionpromise-1.5026194

Solas Energy Consulting. (2018).

Alberta’s Solar PV Value Chain Opportunities

. Retrieved from https://resources.solarbusinesshub.com/solar-industry-reports/item/alberta-s-solar-pvvalue-chain-opportunities

Stephenson, A. (2019, April 18) UCP's pledge to kill off Energy Efficiency Alberta will threaten jobs, businesses warn. Calgary Herald. Retrieved from https://calgaryherald.com/business/local-business/ucps-pledge-to-kill-off-energyefficiency-alberta-will-threaten-jobs-businesses-warn

Thompson, S., Duggirala, B. (2009). The feasibility of renewable energies at an off-grid community in Canada. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 13, 2740-2745. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109001269?via%3Dihub

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Solar Energy in Canada: Challenges and Opportunities

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