Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
When a spring is stretched within its ELASTIC LIMIT the extension, Δl is proportional to the
applied load, F.
Load, F
The relationship between the load and the extension
is:
F α Δl
Therefore:
F = k Δl
Extension, Δl
Where k is a constant for any particular spring and
is called the Spring Constant or Spring Stiffness.
It is the force required to produce an extension of 1
m when applied to a spring and has the units Nm-1.
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
To find the value of k
Support
Helical Spring
Extension of spring, x
Applied Force, F
Ruler
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Extension
x
(m)
5 October 2019
Force
F
(N)
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
5 October 2019
Extension
x
(m)
Force
F
(N)
0.24
0.39
0.53
0.68
0.83
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
When plotting the graph:
1.
Label axes and show the unit
2.
Do not use an awkward scale
3.
Check you could not double the size of the x or y scale
4.
The data points should occupy at least 2/3 of the extent of the graph
5.
Use at least half the line drawn to obtain the gradient
6.
Show on the graph the rise and the run
7.
Show on the graph the value of the rise and the run or the x and y co-ordinates you are
using to calculate the gradient
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
Equation of Line, y = 5.7738x
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1
Extension (m)
5 October 2019
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
Equation of Line, y = 5.7738x
5
Gradient = k = 5.78Nm-1
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1
Extension (m)
5 October 2019
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
k
k
F
Extension, x
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
F
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
k
Total extension = 2x
k
F
Extension, x
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
F
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
k
Total extension = 2x
k
The tension in each spring is F
F
So each spring has an extension
of x.
Extension, x
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
The total extension of the
combination is 2x
F
So spring constant for this
combination is:
F/2x = k/2
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
k
k
k
F
Extension, x
F
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
Total extension = x/2
k
k
k
F
Extension, x
F
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Spring Combinations
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
Total extension = x/2
k
k
k The tension in each spring is
F/2
F
So each spring has an
extension of x/2.
Extension, x
F
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
The total extension of the
combination is x/2
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
Spring Combinations
k
k
F
Extension, x
k
k
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
2F
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
Spring Combinations
Total extension = 5x
k
k
F
Extension, x
k
k
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
2F
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
What is the extension produced in the
combinations of loads and springs shown
below? All the springs are identical to the
control spring.
Spring Combinations
Total extension = 5x
k
k
The tension in the top and
bottom spring is 2F
F
Extension, x
So each of these springs
k have an extension of 2x.
k
The tension in the middle.
parallel springs is F
This is our CONTROL
spring.
A load of F Newtons
produces an extension of x
metres in a spring which has
a spring constant k Nm-1
5 October 2019
k
So each of these springs
have an extension of x
The total extension of the
2F combination is 5x
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Question
A spring is extended 4mm by an applied force of 2.0N
a) What is its spring constant.
b) How much would it extend if a load of 150g was suspended
from it?
c) Predict its extension for an applied force of 8.0N, stating any
assumptions.
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
-1
Extension (m)
Applied Force, F = 0N
Extension, Δl = 0 m
5 October 2019
0.9
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
Applied Force, F = 0N
Extension, Δl = 0 m
Δl
5 October 2019
Applied Force, F = F N
Extension, Δl = Δl m
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
Applied Force, F = 0N
Extension, Δl = 0 m
Δl
5 October 2019
Applied Force, F = F N
Extension, Δl = Δl m
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Average force applied to extend the spring by Δl
= (0 + F)/2 = F/2
Therefore work done to stretch the spring
= strain energy stored within the stretched spring
= Average force x distance
= F/2 x Δl
=½F Δl
But
F = k x Δl
So
Strain energy = ½k Δl2
ie
If the extension of the spring is doubled the strain energy stored within the spring is quadrupled
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Since
Strain energy = ½F Δl
And
The graph of F against Δl is a straight line through the origin
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Since
Strain energy = ½F Δl
And
The graph of F against Δl is a straight line through the origin
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
The strain energy stored in the spring is the area under the line since ½F Δl is the area of the triangle.
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Since
Strain energy = ½F Δl
And
The graph of F against Δl is a straight line through the origin
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Area
= ½F Δl
= strain energy
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
The strain energy stored in the spring is the area under the line since ½F Δl is the area of the triangle.
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Since
Strain energy = ½F Δl
And
The graph of F against Δl is a straight line through the origin
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Area
= ½F Δl
= strain energy
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
The strain energy stored in the spring is the area under the line since ½F Δl is the area of the triangle.
NB Strain energy is always the area under the force-extension graph, whatever its shape BUT strain
energy is only given by ½F Δl if the spring obeys Hooke’s Law
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
An alternative way to obtain the relationship for the energy stored in a spring is to consider the
work done in stretching the spring small distances
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
An alternative way to obtain the relationship for the energy stored in a spring is to consider the
work done in stretching the spring small distances
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1
Extension (m)
5 October 2019
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
An alternative way to obtain the relationship for the energy stored in a spring is to consider the
work done in stretching the spring small distances
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
5
Applied Force (N)
4
F
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
Extension = x
5 October 2019
Extension = x + δx
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
An alternative way to obtain the relationship for the energy stored in a spring is to consider the
work done in stretching the spring small distances
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
Work done to stretch the spring a
small distance δx = F x δx = area of
strip (we can assume that the force
remains constant over a very small
change in length)
5
Applied Force (N)
4
F
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-1
Extension (m)
Extension = x
5 October 2019
Extension = x + δx
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
An alternative way to obtain the relationship for the energy stored in a spring is to consider the
work done in stretching the spring small distances
Graph of the Force Applied to a Helical Spring Against its Extension
6
If we add the area of all these
strips we get the total work done
to stretch the spring and the total
stain energy stored within the
spring = ½F Δl = ½k Δl2
5
Applied Force (N)
4
F
3
2
1
0
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-1
Extension (m)
5 October 2019
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Rubber Band
Stretch Band
and release.
Measure
maximum
height the band reaches
5 October 2019
Ruler
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Rubber Band
h = height elastic band reaches
x = extension of elastic band
Stretch Band
and release.
Measure
maximum
height the band reaches
5 October 2019
Ruler
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
h = height elastic band reaches
Rubber Band
x = extension of elastic band
Strain energy lost by elastic band = PE gained by elastic band
½kΔl2 = mgh
h = (k/2mg) x Δl2
Stretch Band
and release.
Measure
maximum
height the band reaches
5 October 2019
h α Δl2
ie if we double the extension we quadruple h
Ruler
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Converting strain energy to
the KE of a trolley
Trolley speed v ms-1
5 October 2019
10cm
Spring compression Δl
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Converting strain energy to
the KE of a trolley
10cm
Spring compression Δl
Trolley speed v ms-1
Strain energy lost by spring
½kΔl2
Δl2
Δl2
Δl2/v2
=
=
=
=
=
KE gained by trolley
½mv2
(m/k) x v2
constant x v2
constant
Or
A graph of Δl2 against v2 will be a straight line through the origin
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Compression of
Spring
Speed of
Trolley
x
v
(cm)
(m/s)
5 October 2019
x2
v2
v2/x2
(cm2)
(cm2/s2)
(s2)
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
x2
v2
v2/x2
(m/s)
(cm2)
(cm2/s2)
(s2)
1
44
1
1936
1936
2
88
4
7744
1936
3
132
9
17424
1936
Compression of Spring
Speed of Trolley
x
v
(cm)
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
2
2
Graph of Extension Against Speed of Trolley
20000
18000
16000
14000
Speed 2 (m 2/s 2)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Extension 2 (m 2)
5 October 2019
6
7
8
9
10
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
“Energy is the ability to do work”
Energy has the units of Joules (J)
The law of conservation of energy states:
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another”
“When work is done energy is transferred”
Work has the units of Joules (J)
“ Work is done whenever a force is applied and there is movement that has a component in the
direction of the force”
Work done
(J)
=
Force
(N)
x
distance moved in the direction of the force
(m)
“The Joule is defined as the work done when a force of 1N moves through a distance of 1m.”
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
“Power is the rate of doing work”
or
“Power is the rate at which energy is transferred”
Power (W or J/s) = work done (J) / time taken (s)
Or
Power (W or J/s) = energy transferred (J) / time taken (s)
P = (F x s)/t
But
s/t = v
Therefore
P=Fxv
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Efficiency = useful work output / total energy input x 100%
Or
Efficiency = useful power output / total power input x 100%
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Potential Energy
“Energy possessed by virtue of an object’s state (EPE) or position (GPE)”
Change in gravitational PE (J) = mass x gravitational field strength x change in height
= m (kg) x g (Nkg-1) x Δh (m)
= work done against gravity
= weight x change in height
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Kinetic Energy
“Energy possessed by virtue of an object’s motion”
KE (J) = ½ m (kg) x v2 (ms-1)2
KE gained = work done on the mass, m
=Fxs
But
F=mxa
And
v2 = u2 + 2as (u = 0)
Therefore
KE gained = (m x a) x (v2/2as)
= ½ m v2
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
KE = ½mv2
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
If there is no air resistance no work is done to overcome this force as
the object falls.
KE = ½mv2
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
If there is no air resistance no work is done to overcome this force as
the object falls.
Therefore Loss in PE = Gain in KE
mgΔh = ½mv2
gΔh = ½v2
v = √ (2g Δh)
KE = ½mv2
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
If there is no air resistance no work is done to overcome this force as
the object falls.
Therefore Loss in PE = Gain in KE
mgΔh = ½mv2
gΔh = ½v2
v = √ (2g Δh)
BUT with air resistance work is done to overcome this force as the object falls. So energy is
transferred into INTERNAL ENERGY of the air.
KE = ½mv2
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Transfer of Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
Consider a mass m kg falling a distance h metres when there is NO air resistance
PE = mgΔh
If there is no air resistance no work is done to overcome this force as
the object falls.
Therefore Loss in PE = Gain in KE
mgΔh = ½mv2
gΔh = ½v2
v = √ (2g Δh)
BUT with air resistance work is done to overcome this force as the object falls. So energy is
transferred into INTERNAL ENERGY of the air.
KE = ½mv2
5 October 2019
Loss in PE = Gain in KE + Work done to overcome the resistive force
mgΔh = ½mv2 + (Resistive force x Δh)
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Example:
A free fall parachutist of mass 80kg jumps from a height of 5000m, After falling 3000m her speed is
30ms-1.
What is:
a) her loss in PE
b) her gain in KE
c) the work done to overcome the resistive force
d) the average resistive force during the fall
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Example:
A free fall parachutist of mass 80kg jumps from a height of 5000m, After falling 3000m her speed is
30ms-1.
What is:
a) her loss in PE = mgΔh = 80 x 10 x 3000
= 240,000J
b) her gain in KE
c) the work done to overcome the resistive force
d) the average resistive force during the fall
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Example:
A free fall parachutist of mass 80kg jumps from a height of 5000m, After falling 3000m her speed is
30ms-1.
What is:
a) her loss in PE = mgΔh = 80 x 10 x 3000
= 240,000J
b) her gain in KE = ½mv2 =½ x 80 x 302
= 36,000J
c) the work done to overcome the resistive force
d) the average resistive force during the fall
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Example:
A free fall parachutist of mass 80kg jumps from a height of 5000m, After falling 3000m her speed is
30ms-1.
What is:
a) her loss in PE = mgΔh = 80 x 10 x 3000
= 240,000J
b) her gain in KE = ½mv2 =½ x 80 x 302
= 36,000J
c) the work done to overcome the resistive force
= loss in PE – Gain in KE
= 240,000 – 36,000
= 204,000J
d) the average resistive force during the fall
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Example:
A free fall parachutist of mass 80kg jumps from a height of 5000m, After falling 3000m her speed is
30ms-1.
What is:
a) her loss in PE = mgΔh = 80 x 10 x 3000
= 240,000J
b) her gain in KE = ½mv2 =½ x 80 x 302
= 36,000J
c) the work done to overcome the resistive force
= loss in PE – Gain in KE
= 240,000 – 36,000
= 204,000J
d) the average resistive force during the fall
= average resistive force x distance fallen
204,000 = F x 3000
F
= 204,000/3000
= 68N
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What are our sources of electrical energy?
How is electrical energy generated using steam?
Explain how the following can be used to generate electricity:
 Moving water
 Wind
 Waves
 solar energy
What considerations should be made when deciding upon how electricity
should be generated in a particular area.
What are the original sources of the following energies:
 Biomass, coal, oil, gas
 Solar, Wind, Wave, Hydroelectric
 Tidal
 Geothermal
How is electrical energy distributed?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the energy sources
mentioned?
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Sources
•Traditional fuels are fossil fuels –coal, oil, gas
•Recently nuclear energy has been used to generate electricity
•Alternative energy sources are waves, wind, solar, tides, rivers and lakes, geothermal.
biomass
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Steam
Fossil fuel or Hot gases
plant material heat water to
is burnt
produce
steam
Nuclear and
geothermal facilities
have other ways to
produce steam but are
otherwise similar.
5 October 2019
High
pressure
steam is used
to turn the
turbine
Turbine drives
the generator in
which a
magnetised rotor
spins near
stationary coils
causing
electricity to be
produced within
the coils.
Electrical energy
distributed via the National
Grid system of high
voltage cables carrying
high currents. Not all the
energy reaches the
consumer since the current
heats the cables. To
minimise this power loss
the current is kept small.
To deliver sufficient power
with small currents the
voltage has to be very high
(400kV)
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Moving Water
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Moving Water
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Wave Power
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Wind Power
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Electrical Energy Generation Using Solar Power
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Choosing How to Produce Electricity
Consideration should be made of:
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Choosing How to Produce Electricity
Consideration should be made of:
•Capital cost.
•Fuel costs.
•Operating and maintenance costs.
•The availability of skilled labour and spare parts.
•Decommissioning costs.
•Environmental issues (air, ground and water pollution, damage to habitats, visual and noise
pollution, the need for infrastructure to service installations, the risk of accidents.
•The suitability of the location for each type of installation.
•The suitability of the climate for each type of installation.
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Original Sources of Energy
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Original Sources of Energy
Biomass, Coal and Oil
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Original Sources of Energy
Biomass, Coal and Oil
Solar, Wind, Wave and Hydro Electric
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Original Sources of Energy
Biomass, Coal and Oil
Solar, Wind, Wave and Hydro Electric
Tidal and Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Distribution of Electricity
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear
Tidal
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Advantage
Disadvantage
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Nuclear
Tidal
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Disadvantage
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Tidal
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution
when operating correctly
Tidal
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Biomass
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Biomass
Renewable, widely available and clean fuels.
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Biomass
Renewable, widely available and clean fuels.
Greenhouse gases
Geothermal
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Biomass
Renewable, widely available and clean fuels.
Greenhouse gases
Geothermal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
5 October 2019
Spring Constant and Energy Stored in a Spring
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Generation of Electrical Energy from
Different Sources
Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuel
Well understood technology
Acid rain, greenhouse gases depletion of scarce
resources
Nuclear
Absence of environmental pollution when
operating correctly
Danger of serious accidents. High fuel processing
costs. Difficultly of safe storage and disposal of waste
Tidal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Despoliation of habitats.
Wave
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Hydroelectric
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Despoliation of habitats. Sites limited by geographical
conditions.
Wind
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Solar
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Intermittent supply. Lack of sites for large scale
exploitation.
Biomass
Renewable, widely available and clean fuels.
Greenhouse gases
Geothermal
No fuel cost. No air or water pollution
Sites limited by geological conditions.
5 October 2019