The Modern Periodic Table of the Elements
1
18
Hydrogen
Helium
Average relative masses
are 2001 values, rounded
to two decimal places.
1
H
1.01
2.1
2
Lithium
Beryllium
3
4
Li
Be
6.94
9.01
1.0
Element name
2
Atomic #
80
All average masses are to
be treated as measured
quantities, and subject to
significant figure rules. Do
not round them further
when performing
calculations.
1.5
Mercury
He
Hg
Symbol
200.59
Electronegativity
Avg. Mass
14
15
16
17
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
5
6
7
8
9
10
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
10.81
1.9
4.00
13
12.01
2.0
14.01
2.5
16.00
3.0
19.00
3.5
--Neon
20.18
4.0
---
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
22.99
24.31
26.98
28.09
30.97
35.45
39.95
0.9
1.2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.5
1.8
2.1
32.07
2.5
Argon
3.0
---
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
40.08
44.96
47.88
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.39
69.72
72.61
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
39.10
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
Molybdenum
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.8
Krypton
3.0
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
(98)
101.07
102.91
106.42
107.87
112.41
114.82
118.71
121.76
127.60
126.90
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.5
0.8
Cesium
1.0
Barium
55
56
Cs
Ba
132.91
137.33
0.7
Francium
Lutetium
57-70
*
0.9
Radium
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
0.7
1.2
**
Tungsten
1.9
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
1.8
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
131.29
2.6
Radon
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
174.97
178.49
180.95
183.84
186.21
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.20
208.98
(209)
(210)
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.8
Rutherfordium
1.5
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Ununnilum
Unununium
Ununbium
1.8
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
114
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
Uuq
(263)
(262)
(265)
(266)
(271)
(272)
(277)
(289)
(262)
(261)
---
(262)
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.9
2.0
Ununquadium
103
---
---
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
138.91
140.12
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.97
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.04
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
Actinium
**actinides
Tantalum
1.8
71
0.9
*lanthanides
Hafnium
1.6
Lu
Lawrencium
89-102
1.4
Xenon
Thorium
1.1
1.1
Protactinium
Uranium
1.1
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
1.2
Fermium
1.3
Mendelevium
Ytterbium
1.1
Nobelium
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
(227)
232.04
231.04
238.03
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.2
(222)
2.4
Atomic structure and energy
∆E = hν
Equilibrium
[C ]c [ D]d
Q=
where aA + bB ¾ cC + dD
[ A]a [ B ]b
c = λν
Gases, liquids and solutions
PV = nRT
n=
Thermochemistry
∆H 0 = ∑ ∆H 0f products − ∑ ∆H 0f reac tan ts
m
M
∆G = ∆H − T∆S
0
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2
q = mc∆T
K = °C + 273
M2
M1
Kinetic Energy (KE) =
Density =
1
mυ 2
2
m
V
∆Tb = iK b ⋅ molality
Kw = [H ][OH ]= 1.0 x 10
+
pH = - log [H ]
+
[H ] = 10
-pH
-14
(at 25°C)
-
pOH = -log [OH ]
[OH-] = 10-pOH
E = energy
λ = wavelength
ν = frequency
m = mass
M = molar mass in grams per mole
∆H
∆T
q = heat
P = pressure
V = volume
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 meters/s
n = moles
Planck’s Constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34 joule⋅s
T = temperature
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 x 1023
D = density
L ⋅ atm
mol ⋅ K
υ = velocity
r = rate of effusion
STP = 0.000°C and 1.000 atmosphere
t = time (seconds = s)
Standard molar volume = 22.4 L
c = specific heat capacity
Freezing point depression constant for water,
Cp = molar heat capacity at constant P
Kf =
Acids, Bases, and pH
-
Cp =
Gas Constant, R = 0.0821
∆T f = iK f ⋅ molality
+
0
Constants
PTOTAL = PA + PB + PC + ...
r1
=
r2
0
Symbols
1.86°C
molal
Boiling point elevation constant for water,
0.51°C
Kb =
molal
i = van’t Hoff factor
Q = reaction quotient
S0 = standard entropy
H0 = standard enthalpy
G0 = standard free energy