Essential Question: – What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to 1863? Reading Quiz Ch 16 A (530-545) Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War Lincoln Video, Part 1 (23:00 — 30:00) Secession in the South Lincoln’s election led to The failed Crittenden secessionCompromise by 7 statesinin1860 the Deep South but that did not Fort Sumter, South Carolina necessarily mean “civil war” Two things had to happen first: –One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South –The North had to use its military to protect the Union Upper South didthe notU.S. view Some The Northerners thought Lincoln’s election a death sentence would be better off as if the South & did not secede immediately was allowed to peacefully secede SC seceded on The entire Deep South Dec 20,1860 seceded by Feb 1861 “Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding The Decision to Secede What is the “United States”? The Southern decision to secede was based on old arguments: Individuals have the aright to own property –The USA was “compact (slaves) & have the right to have their between states,” not aSlave national property returned (Fugitive Law) gov’thad “above the states” Southerners threatened secession during a Congressional debatestates over slavery 1790, the –Therefore, couldinleave Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis the& Union freely & peacefully of 1832, the crisis over California in 1850 –States’ rights must be protected as a guarantee of liberty The CSA constitution resembled theofU.S., Secession & the Formation the but with 4 key changes: (1) it the protected states’ On Feb 4, 1861, Confederate Confederate States of America rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced States of America were formed God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president The Deep South Secedes Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden Compromise to lure Lincoln rejectedback it The the South rejected it the South into Union: because he was because they had –offered to extend the aMissouri Allow peaceful separation…OR… committed to for free soil created new nation fight to preserve Union Compromise line tothe the Pacific –promised a Constitutional amendment to protect slavery Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the compromise leaving the North with 2 choices… Fort Sumter, South Carolina In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War The attack rallied of & unified the North for war Effects Fort Sumter Civil War was not technically between slave states & free states (the “border states” of MO, KY, DE, MD did not secede) Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression by the North & joined the CSA Adjusting to Total War Northern Advantages At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages: –Larger population for troops –Greater industrial capacity –Huge edge in RR transportation Problem for the North: –Had to invade the South to win –Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861 Southern Advantages Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: –President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out “King Cotton” the fightdiplomacy & make the North quit –Had the best military leaders –England & France appeared Robert E “Stonewall” J.E.B. Lee more willing Jackson to support Stuart the South Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan Southern strategy was an “offensive defense”: Take the CSA capital drag control out the war & strategically attack the Take of the at Richmond North toRiver destroy Northern morale Mississippi Ulysses Grant in the West Divide the West from South Blockade the Southern coast George McClellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac Political Leadership During the Civil War Davis was less Lincoln effective: expanded his –concerned powers: mainly with –declared military duties martial law –neglected the –imprisoned economy “subversives” –obstructed by –briefly closed state governors down a few who resisted newspapers conscription The Diplomatic Struggle From 1861 to 1862, the South used “cotton diplomacy” to get England & France to aid them: –Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England to do so 1st –England offered “belligerent” status to the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off policy By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy failed because Egyptian & Indian cotton filled the European demand Fighting the Civil War From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership & the Southern defensive strategy The Civil War 1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on The U.S. & CSA forces fought to a July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson single bloodiest day of the Civil War Fighting “Total War” Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; Cone-shaped bullets &A number of womenst The Civil War was the world’s 1 also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA) grooved barrel rifles Massive frontal assaults and massed “total war” in which the entire Repeatingwith rifles formations as & many as 100,000 soldiers economy was devoted to winning: the Gatling gun –North & South Shrapnel, booby traps, drafted soldiers & land mines –North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands Women’s most prominentold roletactics, were as nurses –New weapons, & on the battlefield: distributing medical sheer numbers of troops in supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering battletoled to massive comfort wounded or dyingcasualties soldiers Battle of the Ironclads (1862): CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile Casualties of the Civil War Confederate Prison Camp in Andersonville, GA Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA Built to hold 10,000 prisoners; but held more than 32,000 Union POWs Essential Question: – What factors helped the North turn the tide of the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a Union victory in 1865? Warm-Up Question: – What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to 1863? Lincoln Video, Part 2 (30:00 — 38:00) Mobilizing the Home Fronts The draft was unpopular among Southern Both&the North antiwar & South faced governors Northern, “Copperheads” problems supporting the war: –Both sides began running out of troops; in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft) –Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9,000% in the South) The Coming of Emancipation At the beginning of the war, the North was fighting to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipation –Congress refused a gradual plan –Many thought immediate freedom for slaves would lure England & France into alliance –Southern victories pressured the North to “strike back” "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that." —Abraham Lincoln, 1862 The Emancipation Proclamation Union “success” at Antietam led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863: –Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate territories Read the text of Lincoln’s –This did not free a single slave Emancipation Proclamation but Passed it gaveafter thethe North new Civil a War ended on the Jan 31, 1865 reason fight Civil War –Inspired slaves to flee North Pushed for the 13th Amendment Emancipation in 1863 The border states could keep their slaves (until 13th amendment passed in 1865) The Tide Turns in 1863 By New earlyYork 1863, North Citythe Draft Riot & South both faced morale problems: –South—economic & diplomatic collapse, runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight –North—consistent losses against Lee, draft riots in NYC, anti-war “Copperheads” played on war failures & racial anxieties Fight to the Finish But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of the North: –Northern supremacy in industry & manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South –The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200,000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effort Grant began a siege on Richmond and… Due to Grant’s success in the west, In Lincoln July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg made Grant supreme commander & of gained control of the Mississippi River Union army in 1864; Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on all fronts The Civil War Lee ledSherman an attackbegan into the William hisNorth, lostsea” at Gettysburg; 1st “marchbut to the (Atlanta to North’s Savannah) real victoryofinmilitary the east value & destroyed everything Now we are engaged in a The world will little —that we here highly Gettysburg Address great civil war, testing But, or in long a larger sense, note remember resolve that these dead whether that nation, or any ItFour is rather for us to be score and seven we can not dedicate, what we say here, but shall not have died in nation so conceived and soit here dedicated to the years ago our we not consecrate, dedicated, canforget longnation, endure. cancan never what vain—that this great task remaining forefathers brought We are met on a great battlewe can not hallow this they did here. It is fora under God, shall have before us—that field of that war. Wefrom have forth on this continent, ground. For the brave us the living, rather, to new birth of freedom— come tohonored dedicate adead portion of these we a new nation, men, living and dead, be dedicated hereresting to the and that government of that field, as a final take increased devotion conceived in Liberty, who struggled place for those who here unfinished work which the people, byhere, the to that cause for which and dedicated to the gave their lives that that have consecrated it far they whoand fought here people, for the they gave the last full nation might live. Itall is proposition that abovethus our poor power have far so nobly people, shall not perish altogether fitting andequal. proper measure of devotion— men are created tofrom add or detract. advanced. the earth. that we should do this. Lincoln Video, Part 3 (38:00 — 44:00) Election of 1864 Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-election in 1864 against General George McClellan: –War failures were a key issue –Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln from the ticket But, when Atlanta fell during Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” nd In his 2 inaugural address, Lincoln promised Lincoln regained support and was a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none reelected & charity for all” overwhelmingly Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865 In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside Richmond; Lee was cut off from the South On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of Civil War The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth Effects of the War Effects of the War Social changes: –618,000 troops were dead –Women in both the North & South were forced to take on more non-domestic roles –13th Amendment ended slavery –Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in Civil War EndedEffects the Southern argument of the War over nullification & states’ rights Political changes: –The Civil War established that the national gov’t is supreme over the states –With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies, & a national banking system Conclusions The turning point of the war: 1863 –The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued) –The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South Class Discussion Was the decision by Southern states to secede the best choice? –What was the problem? –In teams, brainstorm possible alternatives to secession the South could have taken in 1861 –Would a legal argument in the Supreme Court (that the states agreed to join the Union & could leave at any time) have been more effective than its military tactic?
