NATIONAL LEVEL MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN GERMANY1
1.
This report has been drafted with support from Petra van Rüth (German Federal Environment Agency) and
Konstanze Schönthaler (Bosch & Partner GmbH)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................3
1.
2.
Projected impacts of climate change ....................................................................................................4
National approach to climate change adaptation .................................................................................5
German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change..........................................................................6
German Adaptation Action Plan ..............................................................................................................6
Regional adaptation planning ...................................................................................................................9
Next steps .................................................................................................................................................9
3. National level monitoring and evaluation of adaptation ......................................................................9
The conceptual framework for developing the Indicator System...........................................................10
Stakeholder engagement ........................................................................................................................11
Indicator development ............................................................................................................................12
Progress to date and next steps ...............................................................................................................16
4. Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................19
ANNEX 1: INDICATOR FACT SHEET - COVERAGE OF EXTENDED HAZARD INSURANCE FOR
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.......................................................................................................................20
ANNEX 2: INDICATORS FOR ACTION FIELDS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL FIELDS .......................24
Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Indicators proposed for the action field .................................................................................15
Overview of impact and response indicators in the action and cross-sectional fields ...........17
Figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
The DPSIR approach to analysing climate change................................................................11
The process of creating indication fields ...............................................................................13
2
LIST OF ACRONYMS
BMU
DAS
KomPass
UBA
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie - German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change
Kompetenzzentrum Klimafolgen und Anpassung - Competence Centre on Climate Impacts
and Adaptation
Umwelt Bundesamt - Federal Environment Agency
3
NATIONAL LEVEL MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION IN GERMANY
1.
In Germany, climate change adaptation policy planning and implementation has been underway
since 2008 when the Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change was adopted by the Federal Cabinet. The
objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate
change and to ensure their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate (BMU, 2008). The
complementary 2011 Action Plan outlines how the objectives in the Strategy will be achieved. The Action
Plan emphasises the need for knowledge generation, awareness raising and capacity building. These
processes are supported by an enabling environment with legal and technical frameworks and standards.
The Action Plan also specifies how the federal government will address the impacts from climate change
on nationally-owned land, property and infrastructure and what the role of Germany is in the negotiation
and implementation of international agreements on adaptation.
2.
An integral component of the Adaptation Strategy is lesson learning through regular assessments
of Germany’s vulnerability to climate change and the effectiveness of complementary response measures.
In order to do so, an indicator system is being developed that will assess progress by analysing climate
sensitive developments as well as adaptation-related measures that have been implemented in the 15 action
and cross-sectional fields prioritised in the Adaptation Strategy. This work was initiated in 2008 and the
first indicators report is due in 2014. It is important to emphasise that the objective of this framework to
generate lessons and to facilitate mid-course adjustments of the adaptation approach. It is not intended to
evaluate the value-for-money or effectiveness of the adaptation strategy or action plan.
3.
This report outlines the German monitoring and evaluation approach to climate change
adaptation, focusing on the process of indicator development and reporting. The report reflects the
approach as of January 2013. However, this work is still ongoing and until the framework is formally
approved, it might be subject to revision. The report contributes to the discussion on national level
monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation by presenting an example of how it is done in
practice. This case study was conducted in parallel with three other country case studies in the UK, Nepal
and Mozambique, ensuring a mix of lessons from different country contexts. The findings from the four
case studies contribute to a discussion paper on emerging approaches to monitoring and evaluation of
adaptation.
4.
The next section summarises some of the projected climate change impacts for Germany. Section
2 outlines the national approach to climate change adaptation, while section 3 examines the approach used
to monitor and evaluate the Adaptation Strategy. The fourth section presents some concluding comments
1.
Projected impacts of climate change
5.
Mean annual temperatures in Germany have increased by around 0.9°C since 1901, with the
1990s being the warmest decade on record in the 20th century (BMU, 2009). Meteorological data show that
the level of precipitation has increased by around 9% since the beginning of the 20th century, with the past
couple of decades being particularly wet. July and August, however, are on average getting drier. Despite
these overall trends, there is great year-to-year variation and considerable spatial differentiation. The
largest changes in rainfall patterns have been recorded in the west while there have been no significant
changes in annual rainfall in the east although winters in recent years have been getting wetter and
4
summers have been getting drier (BMU, 2009). There is a similar spatial differentiation in temperature
changes. For example, the south-western Saar region has seen a temperature increase of 1.2°C compared to
1901; the temperature increase in the north-eastern region of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been
limited to 0.4°C since 1901 (BMU, 2008).
6.
Climate change projections in Germany are based on four regional climate models: REMO,
CLM, WETTREG and STAR. Despite some inconsistencies across the models, they all project that
average mean temperatures will increase by 0.5°C to 1.5°C between 2021 and 2050. Towards the end of
the century, temperatures may increase by as much as 1.5°C to 3.5°C compared to the 1961-1990 reference
period. It is projected that the number of days with temperatures above 25°C could double and the number
of hot days with temperatures above 30°C could triple (BMU, 2009). Furthermore, the climate models
project that rainfall cycles will shift in the future. It is expected that summer rainfall will decrease by up to
40%, with the largest changes occurring in south-western Germany. However, depending on the model
used, projections for winter precipitation vary from no change to a 40% increase, with one model
projecting a 70% increase in the central uplands region (BMU, 2008).
7.
The geographic differentiation in current climate variability is projected to carry on into the
future. It is projected that the Alpine region will be particularly affected by climate change with
temperature increases in the range of 3°C and 4.5°C by 2100. The warmer climate is expected to have a
serious impact on the unique ecosystem that includes numerous plant and animal species only found in the
region (BMU, 2008). It is also projected that the habitat of certain plants and animals will shift to higher
altitudes, with some habitats becoming extinct. Other projected impacts include accelerated melting of
glaciers, changes in frequency of natural hazards such as rock falls and landslides, sharp decline in the
reliability of snow in winter sports areas, and adverse effects on mountain forests (BMU, 2009). This will
in turn affect the livelihoods in the region dependent on tourism and the natural environment.
8.
The coastal regions of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea are projected to experience a
comparatively small temperature increase by the end of the century. Instead, the frequency of winter days
with ice and frost and the number of summer days with tropical nights are expected to change.
Furthermore, it is projected that summers will become drier. Towards the end of the century, a real threat
will be the risk of sea level rise and changes in storm patterns, resulting in coastal erosion and increased
penetration of salt water into the groundwater (BMU, 2008). On the positive side, the agricultural and
forest sectors as well as the tourism industry in the coastal areas may benefit from the rising summer
temperatures and reduced rainfall (Zebisch, 2005).
9.
In the central parts of eastern Germany, the north-eastern plain and in the south-eastern basin
climate change is projected to adversely impact water availability due to reduced rainfall and increasing
evaporation from rising temperatures. The largest temperature increase is projected to occur in the southeastern corner where high summer temperatures are expected to cause particular challenges for the health
care sector (Zebisch, 2005; BMU, 2008). Similarly, south-western Germany is projected to see an above
average temperature increase with a marked increase in the number of hot days and nights and more
frequent and long-lasting periods of heat (Zebisch, 2005; BMU, 2008).
2.
National approach to climate change adaptation
10.
The federal government’s approach to adaptation is based on the objectives outlined in the
Adaptation Strategy. These overall objectives were used to identify the specific actions identified
Adaptation Plan. Both the Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated,
mainstreamed approach to adaptation. In doing so, the Action Plan categorises the German adaptation
approach into 4 pillars: i) awareness raising, ii) establishment of an enabling environment, iii) adaptation of
government-owned land, property and infrastructure, and iv) international commitments.
5
German Strategy for the Adaptation to Climate Change
11.
The Federal Cabinet adopted in December 2008 the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate
Change (Deutsche Anpassungs Strategie, DAS). The Strategy sets out the actions needs and adaptation
measures required at the federal level to reduce “the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems
to maintain and improve their capacity to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change” (BMU, 2008).
In doing so, it provides a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields2 that are expected
to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The risk assessment is complemented by
corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Länder and other
social groups (BMU, 2008; Schönthaler et al., 2010). The Strategy also identifies areas where more
research on the projected impacts and adaptation responses is needed.
12.
A number of support tools have been developed to facilitate the implementation of the
Adaptation Strategy. This includes online information portals such as Tatenbank
(www.tatenbank.anpassung.net) and Klimalotse (www.klimalotse.anpassung.net). Emphasis has also been
on improving the awareness of projected climate impacts in the 15 action and cross-sectional fields. This
requires tailored dissemination strategies that reflect the needs and interests of the different target groups.
Furthermore, it requires an indicator system to aid the adaptation process. The proposed indicator system is
discussed in detail in Section 3.
German Adaptation Action Plan
13.
To guide the implementation of the Adaptation Strategy, the German Adaptation Action Plan was
published in 2011. The Action Plan was developed in collaboration with the Länder and other stakeholders.
The process was managed by an Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Adaptation Strategy, led by the
Federal Environment Ministry. A Permanent Committee on Adaptation to the Consequences of Climate
Change was also established by the Conference of Environment Ministers of the Federation and the
Länder. The Committee is responsible for evaluating progress made on implementing the Adaptation
Strategy (BMU, 2011). Finally, stakeholder engagement at various levels was secured through ongoing
dialogue and through an online expert survey (BMU, 2011).
14.
The Action Plan outlines how the objectives and options presented in the Adaptation Strategy
will be carried out, and where appropriate, links these initiatives to other national processes (e.g. the
National Sustainability Strategy, the National Strategy on Biological Diversity, the Policy for Rural Areas
Concept, and the National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management). The Action Plan builds on
the objectives of the Adaptation Strategy to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts, and to increase
the adaptive capacity of natural, social and economic systems (BMU, 2011). It primarily includes activities
at the federal level, but it also includes activities that are identified through a consultative process and
initiated by the federal government in collaboration with the Länder.
15.
The Action Plan is based on six core principles (BMU, 2011):

2.
Dialogue and co-operation: the Action Plan outlines the key areas that the federal government
initially will focus on in the process of adapting to climate change. These areas provide the basis
for an ongoing dialogue on further developments of the national approach to adaptation.
The 13 action fields are: 1) human health, 2) building sector, 3) water regime, water management, coastal
and marine protection, 4) soil, 5) biological diversity, 6) agriculture, 7) forestry and forest management, 8)
fishery, 9) energy industry (conversion, transport and supply), 10) financial services industry, 11) transport,
transport infrastructure, 12) trade and industry, 13) tourism industry. The two cross-section fields are: 14)
spatial, regional and physical development planning, and 15) civil protection.
6

Precautionary knowledge-based approach: given the uncertainty of climate change, adaptation
approaches will be based on the evaluation of projected risks against economic efficiency, social
responsibility and environmental protection.

Mainstreaming and capacity building: when possible, the federal government will mainstream
adaptation into national planning processes and support stakeholders by contributing to the
enhancement of their adaptive capacity.

Horizontal and vertical integration: the Action Plan aims to identify adaptation priorities that
are horizontally or vertically integrated, to avoid conflicts between different resource uses, and to
exploit synergies with other policy objectives.

Decision-making process: the steps required to establish a robust decision-making process
include: i) improved scientific understanding of climate change, ii) continued development of
regional climate projections based on multi-model calculations or ensemble analyses, and iii) the
use of a pragmatic, no-regret approach to adaptation planning.

International responsibilities: the Action Plan recognises the responsibility and commitment of
the federal government to support climate change adaptation measures at the international level.
16.
In order to effectively implement the proposed adaptation responses outlined in the Strategy, the
Action Plan presents three strategic pillars focusing on national-level initiatives, and a complementary
fourth pillar focusing on international projects and activities financed by the federal government (BMU,
2011).
Pillar 1: Awareness raising
17.
The objective of the federal government is to ensure that both public and private actors affected
by climate change have the information needed to make informed decisions on how to respond to climate
change. To meet this commitment, the government will expand institutional structures that facilitate
adaptation at national and local levels by providing expertise and advice as well as by collating available
climate change knowledge. At the same time, the government will introduce framework conditions that
will enable a cost-effective adaptation process. While the government will work towards integrating
climate change adaptation into all its decision-making processes, it also requires that every citizen takes the
responsibility of its own actions and, to the extent possible, considers the potentially adverse impacts of
their investment or livelihood choices.
18.
To provide the enabling environment, a central objective of Pillar 1 is to enhance the knowledge
base on climate change. This will include improving future climate change modelling, improving climate
impact and vulnerability assessments, undertaking applied adaptation research, and continuing work on the
development of adaptation indicators initiated under the Adaptation Strategy. The federal government will
also work with local and regional authorities to identify and fund innovative pilot activities on climate
change adaptation. These pilot investments will serve as examples of good practice approaches in the
context of land use planning, spatial planning, human health, transport, and small and medium-sized
enterprises.
Pillar 2: Establishment of an enabling environment
19.
The objective of Pillar 2 is to mainstream climate change adaptation as a regulatory goal into
relevant legal directives and agreements. This will contribute to an enabling environment that facilitates the
integration of climate change into technical and operational plans. In accordance with EU legislation, it
7
will be mandatory for the government to draw upon climate- and extreme weather-relevant data when
examining the potential risks of financial investments. Similarly, the revision of the physical planning law
in 2011 introduced climate-friendly urban development as a guiding principle for all planning processes,
while future revisions of the energy conservation law will take adaptation needs into consideration (e.g.
energy conservation and thermal insulation in buildings).
20.
The federal government will also work with the committees that draft standards and technical
regulations to ensure that climate change is taken into account when these are drafted or revised. Such
rules and standards guide the public and private sectors in their decision-making processes at the same time
as creating a degree of legal security. The government will also work with the committees to determine
whether the standards and regulations need to be updated. Funding programmes are an important
regulatory instrument for the German Federation. A complementary objective of this pillar is therefore to
examine existing funding programmes and the extent to which climate change adaptation can be integrated.
Pillar 3: Adaptation of government-owned land, property and infrastructure
21.
The federal government has a strong incentive to adapt to climate change given the direct impact
extreme weather events have on government land, properties and infrastructure. The government should
therefore lead by example by integrating adaptation into all planning and decision-making processes
including the Assessment Systems for Sustainable Building, and the planning, management and
maintenance of transport infrastructure. A number of initiatives are planned or ongoing under Pillar 3.
These include:
22.

a research consortium to examine the impacts of climate change on navigable waters, waterways
infrastructure and shipping routes in Germany;

assessment of government buildings that are refurbished or new buildings that are constructed on
their resilience to the impacts of extreme whether events in accordance with the Assessment
System for Sustainable Building;

develop an energy and environmental management system for estates owned by the federal
government and determine if the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme should be extended to also
cover adaptation;

develop concepts for the protection of vulnerable infrastructure as investments in either existing
or new infrastructure is planned.
Additional activities relate to the adaptation of railways, roads and federally owned forests.
Pillar 4: International commitments
23.
The fourth pillar outlines the activities Germany has agreed to undertake as part of its
international commitments. This includes Germany’s contribution to the organisation and implementation
of the Adaptation Framework under the UNFCCC and other international agreements, conventions and cooperations such as the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, the European Regional
Framework for Action, the Global Framework for Climate Services, and support to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Germany also provides support to the European process to create an EU
framework for adaptation based on the 2009 White Paper, and to the International Climate Initiative, a
financing instrument established in 2008 to provide assistance to developing, threshold and transformation
countries in their work on climate mitigation and adaptation.
8
24.
Furthermore, German development assistance is screened by a “climate check” to ensure that it
contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Particular emphasis is on enhancing the capacity
of developing country partners so that they can lead the adaptation planning and implementation process.
This includes expanding the research capacity of partner countries (BMU, 2008; BMU, 2011). As part of
this process, the German Federation supports a number of international research collaborative, such as:

Regional Science Service Centres for Climate Change and Adapted Land-use in Africa;

Sustainable Development of the Megacities of Tomorrow – Energy and Climate-Efficient
Structures in urban Growth Centres;

Sustainable Land management;

Global Research alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gasses;

EU’s Joint Programming Initiative Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe and the Joint
Programming Initiative Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change.
Regional adaptation planning
25.
A number of federal states or Länder have developed their own adaptation strategies. This
includes the Adaptation Strategy for North Rhine-Westphalia and the Bavarian Strategy for Adaptation to
Climate Change. Other Länder have instead developed climate protection concepts. This is for example the
approach taken by the Saarland that has a Climate Protection Concept 2008-2030, the Hesse Action Plan
Climate Protection, and the Brandenburg Catalogue of Actions for Climate Protection and Adaptation to
Climate Change Impacts (Schönthaler et al., 2010). The federal government is working with the Länder i)
to expand the knowledge base (e.g. by supporting the development of climate impact assessments and
climate impact monitoring), ii) to enhance the communication of this knowledge, iii) to develop joint
concepts and implementing measures, and iv) to establish joint funding programmes for adaptation.
Furthermore, to co-ordinate work on adaptation across the Länder, a Permanent Committee on Adaptation
to the Consequences of Climate Change was established in 2009 under the Federation-Länder Working
Group on Climate, Energy, Mobility and Sustainability Issues. Across all the Länder, work on monitoring
and evaluation of their adaptation strategies is being discussed and in some cases initiated. An important
objective of the German Adaptation Strategy is to facilitate the implementation of adaptation measures in
the Länder.
Next steps
26.
The individual activities under the Action Plan will be funded and implemented by the relevant
ministries or departments. The Action Plan, however, will be evaluated by an Inter-Ministerial Working
Group by the end of 2014. The report will also outline steps for further development and implementation
of the Adaptation Strategy based on advanced studies on Germany’s vulnerability to climate change.
Furthermore, the report will provide guidance on how to set priorities in the context of the adaptation
actions required. This will contribute to an on-going dialogue with stakeholders on further developments
and revision of the German Adaptation Strategy and the German Adaptation Action Plan.
3.
National level monitoring and evaluation of adaptation
27.
The Adaptation Strategy calls for a monitoring and evaluation framework to aid the adaptation
process. As such, the objective of the framework is not to evaluate the effectiveness of federal adaptation
9
initiatives, but rather to generate lessons and to facilitate mid-course adjustments of the adaptation
approach. In order to do so, the evaluation framework consists of three components:

Vulnerability assessment: a descriptive evaluation of progress made on adaptation to climate
change. The assessment will be forward-looking, drawing on timely climate projections as well
as information from relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and of
complementary adaptation measures.

Indicator-based assessment: an examination of past and present adaptation initiatives in the 15
action and cross-sectional fields outlined in the Adaptation Strategy. This will be based on an
Indicator System approved by the federal government. It will also include an assessment on e.g.
the level of investment in adaptation initiatives and how effective established information portals
are.

Evaluation of the Adaptation Strategy: an evaluation of the extent to which ongoing or planned
government initiatives address the projected risks and opportunities from climate change.
28.
In parallel, the Federal Environment Agency is developing a methodology for evaluating the
Action Plan with reference to its anticipated environmental impacts, drawing on the experience of doing
environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental reviews (BMU, 2011). The assessment will
also include consideration of economic and social impacts.
29.
The reminder of this report will focus on the Indicator System developed to facilitate the
indicator-based assessment. In particular, it will focus on the process of indicator development since this
work is still ongoing and the first indicator report is expected in 2014.
The conceptual framework for developing the Indicator System
30.
The objective of the Indicator System is to facilitate the assessment of Germany’s success in
adapting to climate change. This will not be a rigorous evaluation of the Adaptation Strategy. Instead, the
report will outline progress made on adaptation by analysing past and present climate sensitive
developments as well as adaptation-related measures implemented in the 15 action and cross-sectional
fields identified in the Adaptation Strategy. The assessment will be targeted to political decision-makers
and members of the public interested and or affected by climate change. Ministries may use the
information to help prioritise their future adaptation measures but a formal process that mandates the
ministries to act has not been established.
31.
Work on the Indicator System is managed by the Federal Environment Agency and the
Competence Centre on Climate Impacts and Adaptation (KomPass) in close collaboration with other
government departments and agencies. This work was initiated in 2008 and has been carried out through
three consecutive research and development projects (Schönthaler et al., 2010, Schönthaler et al., 2011).
The third project is due in January 2014.
32.
In order to effectively monitor progress on adaptation, the Indicator System is based on the
following criteria (Schönthaler et al., 2010, Schönthaler et al. 2011):

it displays to the extent possible climatic impacts and adaptation, considers cause-effect-chains,
and is accepted by experts; has a transparent prioritisation of the indicators given the complex
and comprehensive nature of climate change; all 15 action and cross-sectional fields are
represented in the indicator system;
10

it can be implemented, i.e. the indicators must be calculable on the basis of data that is currently
available and that will be collected in the future; has broad stakeholder engagement to facilitate
the identification and application of a wide range of data;

it reflects available knowledge on the impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of
adaptation measures by government departments as well as by non-governmental institutions and
organisations;

it is open for regular review in response to evolving climate change knowledge and emerging
political priorities;

it links up with other indicator systems;

it facilitates linkages with monitoring and reporting at the EU and the Länder level.
33.
The Indicator System is based on the DPSIR approach (Driving Forces – Pressures – States –
Impacts - Responses), with emphasis on developing impact and response indicators. The drivers, pressures
and states, however, also need to be carefully examined in order to establish a good understanding of the
causes and effects of climate change.
Figure 1. The DPSIR approach to analysing climate change
Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010.
Stakeholder engagement
34.
To ensure that the indicators gain technical, scientific and political acceptance, they have been
developed in close collaboration with relevant governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. Since
2008, almost 400 people have been consulted. The objective of the consultative process is to agree on focal
points for the indicators, to discuss indicator proposals, to identify suitable data sources, and to review
11
indicator and metadata documentation. A working group was established at the start of the consultation
process. It consisted of delegates from the Länder and representatives from the relevant government
departments. The members of the working group have provided feedback as the research projects on the
Indicator System have progressed. They also established contacts between the researchers and relevant
contacts within their organisations.
35.
Two workshops were also organised to discuss interim results of the indicator development
process and to evaluate the proposed indicators in terms of their comprehensibility and relevance. The
workshops were attended by 40-50 participants from government agencies at federal and Länder level as
well as by representatives from associations and scientific organisations. To complement the more process
oriented discussion, smaller expert meetings allowed for detailed discussions on the technical and scientific
aspects. Specific indicators were further elaborated in bi- or tri-lateral co-operation with experts and the
data providers to map out and document the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators. Once there was a
complete set of proposed indicators for an action or a cross-sectional field, the entire set was shared with
experts to ensure that all the relevant technical aspects were reflected and that the set was thematically
balanced.
36.
The final step for the indicator development is securing political commitment. This process is
managed by the Federal Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Adaptation and accompanied by the
Permanent Adaptation Committee of the Länder. Each ministry has the possibility to comment on the
indicator proposals against the background of their political priorities. This process is still ongoing but is
expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2013.
Indicator development
37.
The Indicator System consists of impact and response indicators for the 15 action and crosssectional fields in the Adaptation Strategy. When developing the impact indicators, the need to strike a
balance between measuring every possible impact and measuring what is possible given data and resource
availability has been emphasised. At the same time, consideration is also given to indicators that may
become important in the future or where work on data collection is starting or will start in the near future.
Priority is also given to indicators that lend themselves well to corresponding control measures. Such
control measures will be particularly important in the future given the long time-horizon of many climate
impacts.
38.
Due to limited data availability, the response indicators do not aim to measure the attribution of
adaptation measures at process, output and outcome levels. Instead, they also focus on a nationwide
assessment, but recognise that localised events (e.g. rising sea levels or reduced snowfall in areas reliant on
winter tourism) can have a significant impact on the society and the economy. Given that regional
developments are of nationwide relevance, indicators do exceptionally focus on the regional level.
Nevertheless, the main focus is on broad-based adaptation measures rather than localised or pilot
initiatives.
39.
The methodology applied to develop the indicators consists of four main steps that will be briefly
discussed below.
Step 1: Defining “adaptation”
40.
To ensure that the indicators adequately capture the potential impacts from climate change and
are technically robust, the initial step of the indicator development process focused on clarifying what the
Indicator System should measure. This was based on an assessment of the Adaptation Strategy, a literature
review, and on expert consultations. The information generated from these processes resulted in a set of
12
projected climate change impacts and corresponding response measures that were collated and
progressively grouped into “sub-themes” and “indication fields” across the 15 action and cross-sectional
fields. This produced a structured overview of the “indicanda” (objects to be indicated) that stakeholders
and experts - in principle - considered to be important to measure (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. The process of creating indication fields
Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010
Step 2: Prioritising indication fields
41.
Given the wealth of indicanda identified in Step 1, Step 2 focused on identifying the indication
fields considered to be of particular importance for future assessments. This prioritisation was based on,
among other things, the following criteria:

thematic relevance and cause-and-effect relationship: is there an established cause-and-effect
relationship with climate change and do established research projects examine the issue?

status of data: is the data collected on a regular basis and is it likely that it will be collected in the
future?
13

spatial dimension: does the issue have nationwide rather than only regional importance?

options for action: can the climate impacts be addressed by adaptation measures?
42.
In some action fields the criteria-based prioritisation was carried out by a small group of
stakeholders and experts. In other cases, it was determined in bi-lateral meetings. Subsequent research on
the proposed indicators and suggested data sources was focused exclusively on the prioritised indication
fields (Schönthaler et al., 2010).
Step 3: Drafting and discussing proposed indicator
43.
Based on the literature review, expert consultations and the prioritisation exercise, it was possible
for Schönthaler et al. (2011) in the Step 3 to propose a number of indicators for each of the indication
fields. To the extent possible, existing indicators from government departments or other relevant
organisations were used or incorporated. A pre-requisite for developing the response indicators is that they
are based on adaptation measures recognised by expert as being effective in reducing Germany’s
vulnerability to climate change. Furthermore, suitable data must be available to describe the
implementation process and/or its outcomes are available or will be in the near future. On the basis of these
criteria, further discussions were held among experts in order to clarify:

if the indicator adequately captures the potential impacts from climate change and the
complementary response measures;

if the use of the envisaged data sources is realistic and which restrictions for the interpretation
and data availability can be foreseen;

if the indicator contributes to a balanced indicator set for the specific action or cross-sectional
field;

how the proposed indicators could be translated into a sound technical indicator documentation.
44.
Table 1 presents an example of the indicators proposed for the action field “Woodland and
Forestry” at the end of Step 3. The table illustrates that despite being considered important, it was not
possible to identify data that would facilitate the reporting of some sub-themes. In some cases, no data was
available, but it other cases, the difficulty was in isolating the adaptation component of impacts or reposes
that are influenced by a number of factors. The sub-themes where it was not possible to develop
corresponding indicators have been documented in separate background papers for each indication field.
The purpose of this background information is in part to document which indicator options have been
explored, but where it was not possible to pursue them due to the lack of appropriate data.
14
Table 1. Indicators proposed for the action field "Woodland and Forestry"
Indication Field
Sub-theme
Indicators
Changes in the tree species composition
of stands
Changes in the tree species composition
of stands
Changes in the biomass production of
woodlands
Damage caused by changes in the
abiotic disturbance regime
FW-I-1: Changes in tree species composition
in designated Forest Nature Reserves
FW-I-2: Endangered spruce stands
Impacts
Tree species
composition
Productivity effects
Vitality / mortality
effects
Damage caused by changes in the biotic
disturbance regime (abundance shifts in
existing pests and pathogens,
immigration of new pests and pathogens)
Impacts on the vitality of stands
FW-I-3: Incremental growth in timber
FW-I-4: Infested timber – extent of casual use
FW-I-6: Forest fire hazard and forests /
woodlands affected by fire
FW-I-4: Infested timber – extent of casual use
FW-I-5: Extent of timber infested by spruce
bark beetle
FW-I-7: Forest condition
Responses
Forestry advice and
information
Silvicultural measures
Intensified provision of advisory services
to private woodland owners
Promoting the rationalisation of forestry
services
Improving the risk management of
forestry organisations
Revision of recommendations for planting
projects
Forest management in order to control
stand density
Forest management in order to develop
mixed stands
(Natural and managed) regeneration in
order to achieve forest modification
Transition to extensive use or surrender
of commercial forest management
Safeguarding the genetic material
Woodland
conservation
measures
Improvements in the
prevention and control
of forest fires
Improving site
conditions by
reducing additional
stress factors
Expanding forest
monitoring
More extensive
research into forestry
Reducing damage caused by game,
controlling wildlife stock
More intensive protection of forests and
research into monitoring issues of forest
protection (forest pests)
Improving the risk management of
forestry organisations
Enhancing the prevention of forest fires
Improving the methods of fighting forest
fires
Improving forest accessibility
Reducing pollutant loads
Maintaining soil fertility
Controlling the regional / local water
budget (i.a. interface - action field Water)
Ensuring and progressing the monitoring
of forest environments
Promoting the development of methods
in planting woodlands
Increased research into “change
15
FW-R-1: Forestry-related information on the
theme of adaptation
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
FW-R-2: Area of mixed woodlands
FW-R-3: Investment into forest conversion
FW-R-4: Forest conversion of endangered
spruce stands
no indicator proposed
FW-R-5: Conservation of forest genetic
resources
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
FW-R-7: Humus reserves and water retention
in woodland soils
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
Market development
detection“
Improving the principles of planning for
the selection of tree species
Research into the adaptability of
woodlands/stands
Developing new markets which would be
able to absorb an increase in hardwood
timber as well as recycled timber
Boosting the demand for wood and
timber
Changes in quantity and quality of
customary products
Developing the (forestry) insurance
market
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
no indicator proposed
Source: Schönthaler et al., 2010, updated in January 2013.
Step 4: Finalising the indicator and developing indicator fact sheets
45.
In the final step of the indicator development, the proposed indicators are refined and
documented in indicator fact sheets. The objectives of the fact sheets are to (Schönthaler et al., 2011):

justify why the indicator was selected;

give the indicator a clear title;

clarify the allocation of the indicator within the indicator classification system;

specify the formula used to calculate the indicator;

highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the indicator;

clarify terms;

propose how the indicator could be displayed graphically;
46.
The indicator fact sheet is essential in order to ensure a methodological and consistent approach
to defining and interoperating all the indicators. Complementing the indicator fact sheets are data fact
sheets that detail what data is used to measure the indicator and how. When possible, the data fact sheets
include the formula that is needed to generate the indicator values from the raw data. To illustrate how the
four steps were done in practice, Annex 1 outlines the indicator fact sheet on “Coverage of expanded
hazard insurance for residential building”. Given the absence of quantified target values for almost all
indicators, it has been suggested that the assessment focus on a trend analysis where at least six data points
are available (Schönthaler et al., 2011). This methodology will be used to assess all the indicators.
Progress to date and next steps
47.
As of January 2013, a total of 103 impact and response indicator have been proposed for 14 of
the action and cross-sectional fields (see Table 2 for an overview and Annex 2 for the full list of
indicators). Additional indicators for the action field “Biodiversity” are being developed by the Federal
Agency for Nature Conservation and are therefore not yet included in the table below. The objective is to
finalise the process of political endorsement by June 2013. As soon as the indicators are endorsed, the
process of reporting can start since the indicators are based on data that is already being collected.
16
48.
As is clear in table 2, the proposed indicators are distributed fairly evenly between impact and
response measures as well as across the various action and cross-section fields. There is, however, some
differentiation. For example, the action field “Trade and Industry” has 3 indicators while the “Water
regime, water management, coastal and marine protection”. While this in part reflects the thematic
relevance of the different action fields it is also a result of limited data availability in some fields.
Table 2. Overview of impact and response indicators in the action and cross-sectional fields
Actions and cross-sectional fields
Water regime, water management, coastal
and marine protection
Woodland and forestry
Human health
Agriculture
Energy industry (conversion, transport and
supply)
Spatial, regional and physical development
planning
Transport, transport infrastructure
Tourism industry
Civil protection
Soil
Building sector
Fishery
Financial services industry
Trade and industry
Total
Impact indicators
Response indicators
Total
10
4
14
7
8
5
6
4
6
13
12
11
4
4
8
-
8
8
4
7
1
1
1
1
3
1
53
2
4
3
3
3
1
2
50
6
7
5
4
4
4
4
3
103
Source: UBA, 2013
49.
The indicator reporting will take place on a regular basis and provide a technical progress
assessment on the implementation of the Adaptation Strategy. It has however, not yet been decided how
frequently the Indicator Reports will be published. It has been proposed that the reporting process draws on
lessons learned from similar reviews done using major indicator systems such as the German National
Sustainability Strategy, the National Biodiversity Strategy and the Länder Initiative on Core Indiators.
50.
The target audience for the Indicator Reports are political decision-makers and members of the
public interested and/or affected by climate change. The wide range of issues covered by the Indicator
System mean that the reports must be accessible for a wide audience. That means that the coverage of the
individual fields must be concise and systematically reported to ensure equal emphasis for all the issues.
One approach that has been proposed is to have a template that is used to evaluate all the indicators with
information on the main objectives of the indicator, results of the trend analysis, key messages and how
these link up with some of the other indicators. The reports will therefore not be scientific in nature, but
they will meet a high technical standard.
51.
To ensure that future revisions of the Indicator System can draw on the information gathered
during the formulation of the indicator and data fact sheets, a handbook will be published by the end of
2013 that describes in detail all the steps needed to update the information. It also outlines the rules
established for the indicator documentation and presentation agreed upon during the indicator development
process. The development of an organisational model for how the indicators will be updated in the future
in light of new climate knowledge or lessons learned is still also being developed.
17
4.
Conclusion
52.
Work on the German Indicator System started in 2009. This was a direct outcome of the 2008
Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change that specified that an indicator-based assessment should
contribute to the monitoring and evaluation framework of the Strategy. A defining feature of the
development of the Indicator System has been the broad consultation process. Over the course of four
years, almost 400 governmental and non-governmental stakeholders have been consulted at different stages
in the indicator development process. The stakeholder engagement has been central in identifying
indicators that adequately reflect the climate impacts and complementary response measures. The
consultative approach has also facilitated the process of identifying suitable data that is already collected
on a regular basis and that will continue to be collected in the future.
53.
The indicators focus on impacts and response measures to climate change. The complementary
information on the drivers, pressures and states generated from the DPSIR approach contributes to a good
understanding of the causes and effects of climate change. This is the context in which Germany’s progress
in adapting to climate change should be measured. A challenge sometimes mentioned in the context of
monitoring and evaluating climate change adaptation is how to measure the attribution of relevant
initiatives and how to deal with the long time-horizons of climate change. The German Indicator System
does not attempt to address these challenges. Instead, it will provide trend analysis of how indicators are
changing over time. It is not yet clear how this will factor in climate change, but this might become
apparent as the reporting on the indicators starts in 2014.
18
REFERENCES
BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) (2008), German
Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, Berlin, BMU.
BMU (2009), Combating Climate Change: The German Adaptation Strategy, Berlin, BMU.
BMU (2011), Adaptation action Plan for the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, Berlin,
BMU.
Schönthaler, K., S. Andrian-Werburg, K. Wulfert, V. Luthardt, B. Kreinsen, R.Schultz-Sternberg and R.
Hommel (2010), Establishment of an Indicator Concept for the German Strategy on Adaptation to
Climate Change, available from http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4031.html.
Schönthaler, K., S. Andrian-Werburg and D. Nickel (2011), Entwicklung eines Indikatorensystems für die
Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel (DAS), Dessau-Roßlau, UBA.
Zebisch, M., T. Grothmann, D. Schröter, C. Hasse, U. Fritsch and W. Cramer (2005): Klimawandel in
Deutschland: Vulnerabilität und Anpassungsstrategien klimasensitiver Systeme, UBA-Texte
08/05, Berlin, UBA.
19
ANNEX 1: INDICATOR FACT SHEET - COVERAGE OF EXTENDED HAZARD INSURANCE
FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Fact Sheet author:
Bosch & Partner GmbH (Konstanze Schönthaler)
On behalf of Umweltbundesamtes / KomPass, FKZ 3711 41 106
Participation:
Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V.
(Dr. Olaf Burghoff)
Last update:
16.01.2013
Bosch & Partner GmbH (Konstanze Schönthaler)
Next update:
I
Description
Internal No.
FiW-R-1
Title:
Coverage of expanded hazard insurance for residential buildings
Unit:
%
Short description of the indicator:
Percentage of residential buildings with an extended hazard insurance (eEV)
Calculation procedure:
Proportion of residential buildings with eEV = (number of residential buildings with eEV /
3
number of residential buildings with fire insurance ) * 100
Interpretation of the
indicator value:
II
The higher the indicator value, the higher the insurance coverage, i.e. the higher the
percentage of residential buildings insured against expanded elemental damage.
Allocation
Action Field:
1. Financial services industry
2. Building sector
Indication Field:
1.1. Market development
2.1. Property protection
Sub-theme:
1.1.1. Expansion of existing markets
2.1.1. Protection of buildings from water damage
DPSIR:
Response
III
Derivation and Rationale
References to other
indicator systems:
None
Rationale:
The expanded hazard insurance (eEV) complements insurance against storms, fire and water
damage to also include damages from earthquakes, landslides, ground subsidence, heavy
snow, avalanche and damages from flooding. The latter represent the largest portion of
damage claims from eEV. Coverage of backup water from heavy precipitation is not included
by all providers in the market.
3
Fire insurance refers to the standard insurance for residential buildings.
20
Compared to storm and fire insurance coverage, which is about 85% of all buildings, the
market penetration of the eEV is still low, but with high geographic variation: in BadenWürttemberg eEV insurance had been compulsory after a Resolution by the State
Parliamentary in 1994. Even after the Resolution was abolished, there was widespread
awareness of the benefits of eEV among the population, and insurance coverage continues to
be high. In Bavaria, insurance coverage is currently increasing due to a 2008 government
decision to suspend state support in cases where the damage otherwise would have been
covered by the eEV insurance. In Lower Saxony the possibility of using the Bavarian model
has been discussed but no decision has been made. The Eastern states previously had an
insurance model comparable to the eEV. The insurer Allianz took these contracts over into
their eEV scheme, thus in some areas insurance coverage is relatively high (although this
covers only contents, due to the former extended contents insurance). The majority of
insurance contracts for residential buildings were changed after the German reunification,
which lead to a decrease of eEV contracts.
Some have argued that the number of regional and cross-regional damage events that are not
covered by the fire, storm and hail insurance is increasing. This increases demand and use of
government assistance, even in cases where damages result from high risks incurred by house
owners (including extensive construction work in flood risk areas in some parts of the country).
Events that inflict major damages, such as the flooding of the Elbe in 2002, have so far only
resulted in temporary increases in the number of insurance policies. Awareness of the benefits
of eEV insurance among the population is still inadequate. The insurance industry tries to raise
awareness and to promote their products, but so far insurance coverage has not increased by
the amount desired and that would have been expected. The reason is insufficient demand
rather than adequate supply since eEV insurance is offered at very competitive prices. Even in
highly flood-prone areas (ZÜRS GK 4, see FiW-R-2.1) 98.5% of all buildings are eligible for
eEV insurance. Even the remaining 1.5% can potentially be insured. Many insurance
companies offer individually negotiated insurance packages.
After the flooding of the Elbe, the Federal-State Commission discussed a framework for a
possible compulsory insurance against natural hazards. However, the negotiations were
postponed indefinitely due to legal concerns (because it is a first party insurance).
The objective is to continuously and significantly increase insurance coverage. However, it is
not desirable to increase the insurance coverage so quickly that it could create bottlenecks for
insurers that need to contract a reinsurer, as these would result in an increase of prices (i.e. an
increase of insurance premiums) and thus a decrease in demand. The growth rate of
insurance coverage must therefore be carefully managed. The assumption that “the faster and
higher the better” would be too simplistic.
In addition to the objective of improving insurance coverage, a significant improvement in
prevention by private actors and a stringent management of communal land-use is necessary
(including zoning restrictions in highly flood-prone areas). This is necessary to avoid that high
insurance coverage and a raising number of damages excess the capacity of insurers to cover
the damages. Clients need to give up a mentality of assuming comprehensive insurance
coverage and need to be ready to contribute through prevention and retention.
The indicator is based on data on insurance for residential building since usually damages to
the building structure are higher than damages to the contents. The indicator calculates the
ratio of buildings with eEV insurance over the number of buildings with fire risk insurance. This
calculation assumes that residential buildings are to some extent financed relying on debt
capital. Banks generally require a fire insurance as a condition for giving a loan. This suggests
that almost all residential buildings are insured against fire.
The Federation of the German Insurance Association holds data about 97% of all gross
insurance premiums collected by all companies operating in Germany. For residential building
insurance this data availability is close to 100%.
Limitations:
It is not possible to quantify the activities carried out by German insurers to increase
acceptance and eEV insurance coverage. It is therefore difficult to differentiate between
insurance takers that chose to get eEV due to their experience of a catastrophic event and
those that respond to advertising and awareness-raising campaigns.
The Federation of the German Insurance Association is only authorised (under competition
law) to publish data that is aggregated at the national level. Differences between the states
(such as high insurance coverage in Baden-Württemberg and low coverage in the rest of
21
Germany) cannot be extracted from this data.
Legal basis,
strategies:
The German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)
Objectives:
DAS, Chapter 3.2.10: the insurance industry is already in a position to inform clients and
authorities about climate-relevant situations and to create financial incentives.
DAS, Chapter 3.2.10: In certain areas of insurance, in future the state could supplement the
products offered by the financial services industry, when economic considerations make it
impossible for the private sector to bear such risks (for example by making the eEV
compulsory or by establishing a fund).
Reporting duties:
None
IV
Technical Data
Data source:
Federation of the German Insurance Association
Spatial distribution:
Areal
Geographical
distribution:
All of Germany. based on data from 467 member companies, corresponding to approximately
97% of all gross premiums of all insurance contracts in Germany
Frequency:
Annually.
The eEV has been on the market since 1994 but valid data is only available from 2001
Restrictions:
Data is also available with higher spatial resolution (e.g, at the Länder level), but the
Federation of the German Insurance Association is not allowed to publish them without the
consent of their member companies (i.e. the insurer) due to regulations in the area of
competition law.
Reference to Data
Fact Sheets:
FiW-R-1_Daten_eEV.xlsx
V
NUTS 0 (Germany)
Supplementary Information
Glossary of Terms:
Natural hazards (German: “Elementarschäden”): natural hazards are uncontrollable natural
events that have not been triggered by human behaviour.
Advanced hazard insurance (German: Erweiterte Elementarschadenversicherung): Hazard
insurances cover damage caused by extreme natural events. This includes damages caused
by flooding, backup water, earthquake, land subsidence, landslide, heavy snow, avalanches
and volcanic eruptions. For extended insurance coverage the client cannot limit the insurance
to specific natural hazards. Instead, the insurance protects against all causes of damage, even
if the individual risk of harm to the insured objects can be very different. This is necessary to
equalise the risk.
Further Information:
The Federation of the German Insurance Association has information on climate change:
http://www.gdv.de/klimawandel
Information campaign in Bavaria on insuring against natural hazards (eEV) "Voraus denken –
elementar versichern”: http://www.elementar-versichern.bayern.de/
Landmann, P. (2003), Herausforderung eines drohenden Klimawandels an die
Versicherungswirtschaft vor dem Hintergrund einer möglichen ElementarschadenZwangsversicherung, Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.
Federation of the German Insurers Association (2011), Herausforderung Klimawandel –
Antworten und Forderungen der deutschen Versicherer. Berlin, 18 pp.
http://www.gdv.de/klimawandel
22
Federation of the German Insurance Association (2011), Positionen zur Politik, Wirtschaft
und Gesellschaft. Berlin: 18pp. www.gdv.de/Downloads/Positionen_2011/POS77_2011.pdf
VI
Implementation - costs and responsibilities
Cost estimate
Data collection:
1
Data is administrated in one single institution
Data processing:
1
Simple data transfer (data = indicator) without additional data
processing
Explanation: The Federation of the German Insurance Association provides data in a format
that does not require conversion to another format.
Cost of data:
None
Responsibility:
Federation of the German Insurance Association
Explanation:
The Federation of the German Insurance Association contributes to the compilation/creation of
the indicator, and provides the data for indicator updates. Draft texts for the Indicators Report
need to be co-ordinated with the Federation of the German Insurance Association to ensure
accuracy of content.
Source: Consultation with Schönthaler January 2013.
23
ANNEX 2: INDICATORS FOR ACTION FIELDS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL FIELDS
Impact Indicators
Action Field: Human Health
GE-I-1
Heat exposure
GE-I-2
Heat wave mortality
GE-I-3
Contamination with pollen of birch tree
GE-I-4
Contamination with pollen of Common
Ragwort
GE-I-5
Risks from oak processionary moth
infestation
GE-I-6
Allergy issues
GE-I-7
Vectors of pathogens
GE-I-8
Contamination by cyanobacteria of bathing
waters
Action Field: Building Sector
BAU-I-1
Thermal load in urban environments
Response Indicators
GE-R-1
GE-R-2
GE-R-3
GE-R-4
BAU-R-1
BAU-R-2
BAU-R-3
Heat warning system
Success of heat warming systems
Information on Common Ragwort
Pollen information service
Recreation areas
Heat requirements of Federal real estate
Space heating requirements in domestic
situations
BAU-R-4
Funding for climate-adapted construction
work
Action Field: Water Regime, Water Management, Coastal and Marine Protection
WW-I-1
WW-R-1
Groundwater level
Capacity of rainwater basins
WW-I-2
WW-R-2
Mean runoff
Specific water consumption
WW-I-3
WW-R-3
Flood water runoff
Structural quality of water bodies
WW-I-4
WW-R-4
Low-water
Investment into coastal protection measures
WW-I-5
Water temperature of lakes
WW-I-6
Duration of the summer stagnation period
WW-I-7
Start of the spring algae blooms
WW-I-8
Sea level rise
WW-I-9
Frequency and duration of storm waves
WW-I-10 Seawater temperature
Action Field: Soil
BO-I-1
BO-R-1
Soil water storage in agricultural soils
Size of grasslands
BO-R-2
Humus reserves of agricultural soils
BO-R-3
Organic soils
Action Field: Agriculture
LW-I-1
LW-R-1
Shifts in agrophenological states
Adaptation of management rhythms
LW-I-2
LW-R-2
Interannual changes in yield
Cultivation and seed multiplication of
warmth-loving crops
LW-I-3
LW-R-3
Quality of yield products
Varieties of grain maize categorised in
maturity groups
LW-I-4
LW-R-4
Insured hail-storm damage in agriculture
Cultivation of thermophilic red-wine varieties
LW-I-5
LW-R-5
Pest infestation
Application of pesticides
LW-R-6
Agricultural irrigation
Action Field: Woodland and Forestry
FW-I-1
FW-R-1
Changes in tree species composition in
Forestry-related information on the theme of
designated Forest Nature Reserves
adaptation
FW-I-2
FW-R-2
Endangered spruce stands
Area of mixed woodlands
FW-I-3
FW-R-3
Incremental growth in timber
Investment into forest conversion
FW-I-4
FW-R-4
Infested timber – extent of casual use
Forest conversion of endangered spruce
24
FW-I-5
Extent of timber infested by spruce bark
beetle
FW-I-6
Forest fire hazard and forests / woodlands
affected by fire
FW-I-7
Forest condition
Action Field: Fishery
FI-I-1
Distribution of warmth-adapted marine
species
FW-R-5
stands
Conservation of forest genetic resources
FW-R-6
Humus reserves and water retention in
woodland soils
FI-R-1
Sustainability managed fish stocks
FI-R-2
Conformity of Total Allowable Catches with
ICE advice
Certification of fish
FI-R-3
Action Field: Energy Industry (conversion, transport and supply)
EW-I-1
EW-R-1
Weather-related disruption of electricity
supply
EW-I-2
EW-R-2
Weather-related non-availability of electricity
supply
EW-I-3
Coolant-temperature related under-production EW-R-3
of electricity by thermal power plant
EW-I-4
EW-R-4
Potential and real yield from wind energy
Action Field: Financial Services Industry
FiW-I-1
FiW-R-1
Claims expenditure and claims rate in terms
of residential building insurance
Diversification of energy generation
Diversification of end energy consumption
for heat
Facilities for electricity storage
Water efficiency of thermal power plant
Insurance density regarding extended
insurance for natural hazards to residential
buildings
FiW-I-2
Loss ratio and combined ratio in residential
building insurance
FiW-I-3
Assessment of one’s own insurance cover
Action Field: Transport, Transport Infrastructure
V-I-1
Navigability of inland navigation routes
V-R-1
V-I-2
V-R-2
Handling of goods in inland water
transportation
V-I-3
Weather-related causes of road traffic
accidents
V-I-4
State of trunk roads
Action Field: Trade and Industry
I-I-1
Heat related reduction of productive efficiency
I-R-1
Transport capacity of inland vessels (cargo
ships)
Use of grit on major roads and motorways
Business Continuity Management according
to ISO22301:2012
I-I-2
Water efficiency in the processing industry
Action Field: Tourism Industry
TOU-I-1
Thermal load in spaces used for their healthy
climate
TOU-I-2
Snow cover for winter sports
TOU-I-3
Number of bed nights in ski resorts
TOU-I-4
Preferred holiday destinations
TOU-I-5
Seasonal bed nights in German tourist areas
TOU-I-6
Coast tourism
TOU-I-7
Bathing water season on the coast
Cross-sectional Field: Spatial, Regional and Physical Development Planning
RO-R-1
Built-over land in areas at risk from flooding
RO-R-2
Built-over areas with clear indication of
active mass movements
RO-R-3
Priority areas and restricted areas reserved
for wildlife and landscape
RO-R-4
Priority areas and restricted areas for the
supply of drinking water or use as water
reserves
RO-R-5
Priority areas for precautionary measures
against flooding
RO-R-6
Designation of climatically relevant open
spaces in areas affected by bio-climatic
25
RO-R-7
RO-R-8
Cross-sectional Field: Civil Protection
BS-I-1
Person hours required for dealing with
weather related damaging events
BS-R-1
BS-R-2
BS-R-3
BS-R-4
Source: Schönthaler et al., 2011 (updated in January 2013)
26
problems
Settlement and transport areas
Areas suitable for recreation in
municipalities affected by bio-climatic
problems
Information on behavior in case of disaster
situations
Disaster prevention by the population
Emergency drills and exercises
Persons active in civil protection services