CIEG 440-010
Water Resources Engineering
Introduction to
Water Resources Engineering
Sep 9, 2019
Gerald J. Kauffman, Ph.D., P.E.
University of Delaware
Water Resources Center
http://www.weather.com/news/weather-hurricanes/sandy-surge-interactive-20121105
O
H
H
Water
Resources
Ground
Water
Surface
Water
Water
Resources
Water
Quality
Water
Quantity
The Origins of Watersheds
• Derivation - from wasserscheide, German
for “water parting”
• Definition - The region draining into a
river, lake or body of water (American
Heritage)
• Delineation - John Wesley Powell lost job
at USGS for proposed link between political
jurisdictions and watersheds (1878).
The United Watersheds of America
Delaware
• 4 basins and 46 watersheds
• 897,934 people (US Census 2010)
(1,000 people/sq. mi.)
• Landuse (2007)
Open Freshwater
3%
Marine
8%
Ag
39%
Urban
15%
Wetland
17%
Forest
18%
Delaware
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1st State to sign the Constitution
1 Congressman
3 electoral votes
2nd smallest state
3 counties
One of 3 states on a peninsula
Lowest state in the U.S.
500-yr floodplain covers 2/5 of State
Wetlands cover 1/3 of State
At 40 deg N,
Delaware is the lowest
lying state with a
humid, continental
climate moderated by
the Atlantic Ocean.
Mean
El.
Delaware
60 ft
Florida
100 ft
Louisiana
100 ft
D.C.
150 ft
New Jersey 250 ft
GDP Per Capita by Country
Luxembourg
Quatar
Macau
Delaware
Norway
Singapore
Kuwait
$89,992
$88,919
$77,607
$69,667
$61,882
$61,103
$54,654
Public Water Supply (2005) vs. GDP (2010)
2,500,000
GDP ($ million)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
y = 274.38x + 30053
R2 = 0.9409
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
‐
0
2,000
4,000
Water Use
6,000
8,000
Delaware, an Economic Engine…
• Watersheds contribute $2 billion - $6.7
billion annually to the State’s economy.
Winterthur
Different Divides
Caution: there are both surface (topographic) and sub-surface
(phreatic or hydrogeological) divides. The latter may change
seasonally.
Topographic Divide
Phreatic (groundwater) Divide
Mapped using
stereo air photos
or contour maps.
Water table
Permeable subsurface
Topographic Divide
Phreatic
Divide
Impermeable subsurface
Modified from Gregory & Walling (1976)
Mapped using
geological tech,
such as structural
mapping, tracers,
test drilling, etc.
Identifying A
Watershed
Un-named
Tributary of
White Rock Creek
TRACE
RELEVANT
STREAM
NETWORK
©
Source:
Iron Peak
Eel River
from
Outdoors on Disk
CD Rom
Identifying A
Watershed
Un-named
Tributary of
White Rock Creek
COMPLETED
EXERCISE
Source:
Iron Peak
Eel River
from
Outdoors on Disk
CD Rom
Visualizing the Model
100
140
120
100
80
60
40



Identifying A
Watershed
Un-named
Tributary of
White Rock Creek
COUNT NO.
SQUARES
WITHIN
WATERSHED
Source:
Iron Peak
Eel River
from
Outdoors on Disk
CD Rom
Area = N * k2 where N = number of squares and
k = length of square (e.g. if 1:250,000 Scale,
1mm square has a k of 250m)
A Drainage Network
Streams and rivers form a network of channels connecting down
from the headwaters to the mouth or outlet of the watershed.
First-order or
headwaters stream
Divide
Flow
Mouth or
outlet
Stream (sub-watershed) Ordering
A variety of different numbering techniques exist, each with
merits and de-merits, the two most widely-adopted being:
11
11
11
22
11
22
34
35
11
Strahler
Shreve
11
11
22
11
11
22
34
49
4 10
11
P = R + I + ET
R
P
ET
I
Normal Year Brandywine Creek
P=
R=
I =
ET =
43 in.
7 in.
14 in.
21 in
Drought Year Brandywine Creek
P=
R=
I =
ET =
28 in
3 in
4 in.
21 in.
Hydro-Illogical Cycle
Crisis
(Flood/Drought)
Apathy
(No Action)
Panic/Reaction
(Response)
Planning
(Task Force)
Water Use
Inside
Sustenance Showers Laundry Toilets Handwash Dishes -
8 gallons
50 gallons every 10 minutes
40 gallons per load
5 gallons per flush
12 gallons per wash
Outside
Lawns, Gardens Carwash Wash Sidewalks -
600 gallons over a couple hours.
100 gallons with a hose.
50 gallons in 10 minutes.
Cost of Essential Fluids
Fluid
$/gal.
Tap Water
0.006 - 0.012
2.64
Gasoline
3.59
Ginger Ale
2.60
Milk
4.00
Bottled Water 4.00
Beer
10.60
Average Annual Water Bill in New Castle County, Delaware (2012)
$800.00
749
$700.00
620
$600.00
$500.00
450
$400.00
$300.00
$200.00
$100.00
$0.00
351
293
355
377
490
494
Executive Branch
President
of the
United States
Department
of
Defense
Department
of
Interior
U.S. Army
Corps of
Engineers
U.S.
Geological
Survey
U.S. Fish
& Wildlife Service
National
Park
Service
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Department
of
Agriculture
Department
of
Energy
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service
Federal
Energy
Regulatory
Commission
U.S.
Forest
Service
Department
of
Commerce
Coastal Zone
Management
National
Marine
Fisheries
Service
National
Weather Service
Dept. of
Homeland
Security
U.S.
Coast
Guard
Federal
Emergency
Management
Agency
Watershed Science and Policy
• “Watershed management is really an
exercise in political sociology”
– Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, AUS
Prevention
Social Science
Restoration
Source controls
Public Policy
End of pipe
controls
Engineering
Messy Decision Making
Logical decisions
Not totally rational
Rigid, rational
Nonlinear thinking
Linear thinking
New Castle County
Public Water Supply System
Service Areas
New Castle County
Public Water Supply System
Interconnections
Newark Reservoir September 2003
317 mg
• Meet here for class at 6 pm
on Sep 16, 2019
Drought
Warning
Normal/Wet
Drought
Emergency