Computer Teaching Strategies Computer Technology • Used to communicate information to students in a time saving way. • Teach critical thinking and problem solving • Provide simulations of reality • Educate from a distance • Maximize time on task and help develop overlearning • Provide interactivity, instructional consistency, reduction of teacher’s repetitive tasks, individualized instruction, time efficiency and cost effectiveness. COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CAI) 1. Drill and Practice – Simplest level of CAI – Students have already learned certain information then, presented with repetition and application of the information. 2. Tutorials – Tutors or teaches the student a body of knowledge by presenting information and asking questions. – Most useful in teaching material at the rule and concept level. – Any information taught by means of lecture could potentially be written as a computer tutorial program. 3. Games – Just as board games, card games and trivia games 4. Simulations – One of the most exciting available form of CAI. – Provide students with opportunity to learn how to solve clinical problems and make sound decisions. – Students can take risks and make mistakes with no danger to the patient. 5. Multimedia Presentations – Sometimes called hypermedia – Programs may incorporate text, sound tracks, graphics, still photos, animation, video clips and material from the World Wide Web (WWW). Criteria for Evaluating Computer-Assisted Instruction Software • Accuracy – Is the content accurate according to published subject knowledge? – Is the information up to date? • Ease of use – Are the instructions and commands easy to follow? – Is there a user’s guide? – Is there a tutorial in the program? • Design – Is this computer program the best way to deliver the content? – Is interactivity built in? – Does it make the content interesting? • Appearance – Are there appropriate graphics? – Is there animation and sound? – Do the graphics and animation serve a real purpose or are they distracting • Feedback – Does the program give the learner feedback on responses? – Do opportunity exist to repeat material for which responses were incorrect? – Are rationales given for the learner responses? • Cost Effectiveness – What is the purchase price? Are any discounts available? – Can copies be made of the program? COMPUTER-MANAGED INSTRUCTION (CMI) • Teachers use computers to manage, prepare, organize and evaluate educational experiences. • Programs designed to construct examinations fall on this category. • Any system of record keeping such as: recording grades, keeping attendance record and recording student profiles can also be CMI. • AUTHORING SYSTEMS: pre-developed software packages that guide the educator through the process of development of CAI. THE INTERNET 1. E-mail (Electronic Mail) – Provide greater collaboration between teachers and students; between students and students. – Source of peer support – A means for patients to ask referrals, for consultations and post-discharge follow-up. – Listservs: a group of people who have similar interests and want to share information and experiences regarding those interests in a type of discussion group. 2. News Group – Similar to listservs – Messages appear in a general mailbox that everyone views, compared to the individual mailbox messages in a listserv. – Used for online support groups for people suffering from various diseases and conditions; or for people who care for them. – World Wide Web – A collection of millions of “documents” found on web pages that interface to the internet. – Used when information that is required is not in the textbook or the library. – A place to find specialized knowledge and multi-media presentations. 3. A computer-based, simulated three-dimensional environment in which the participant interacts with a virtual world. 4. Ability to practice invasive procedures in a life-like scenario. 5. The control that is built in a virtual reality simulation makes it a unique opportunity to practice complex and dangerous skills in a safe environment. DISTANCE LEARNING What is Distance Learning? Also known as Distributed Learning It is any method used to connect teachers and learners who are geographically separated. Began over 150 years ago Home study to Web-based courses. Advantages 1. People in rural areas can have greater access to information and higher education. 2. Larger variety of courses 3. Ability to learn in one’s own time frame and own pace. 4. To learn more about technology. Disadvantages 1. Lack in person face-to-face contact with the teacher as well as technology glitches that may be as severe as the systems shutting down and being inaccessible. 2. Some learners may not be able to access the hardware and software they need. 3. Some may struggle with learning to use the technology at the time when they are supposed to be learning content. 4. Some may not learn well with less structure in the educational experience. 5. Some may experience feelings of Alienation. Clinical Education - using off site telecommunication classrooms may help the learners become familiar with technology. Clinic site coordinator - facilitate the class at remote site and encompass student recruitment, advisement, and testing. *The facilitator becomes a major source of professional and emotional support for the learners. *In some undergraduate program which is conducted by ITV, Part time faculty who live near the remote site hired to teach clinical courses because they are more familiar with the resources in the area. Technology involves two way audio or two way audio and video technology. • • • DISTANCE LEARNING VIA INTERACTICE TELEVISION A typical ITV classroom contains a teaching podium with the control panel for the cameras and monitors, a microphone for the teacher, a computer hookup, a document camera, and a fax machine There is a VCR attached to the front monitors for both recording and playing purposes Each student’s desk, there is a microphone and control pad that moves the camera toward the student when he or she activates the microphone ITV CLASSROOM - very expensive to build, equip, and operate. INSTRUCTOR • he/she needs to know about such basic details as paying attention to his/ her clothing. • Solid color transmits the best, and the teacher should avoid very dark or very light colors. • Shiny jewelry should be avoided because it can cause too much reflection and be distracting (Zalon ,2000) OBJECTIVE • To forget the distance so that all involved feel like they are having a conversation in the same room. Students need to be oriented to the equipment . They should be aware that they must press the microphone on the desk if they want to speak and that the camera will move to put them on the screen whey they do so. FEELINGS OF ALIENATION LISTSERV also known as chat room ITV TECHNOLOGY –the most normal interaction because the teacher and the learners can see and hear each other. This is a distinct advantage over Web based classes. VIDEO SYSTEMS- allow everyone involved to see the body language and facial expressions and interactions between others. There is a sense of sharing an experience and an environment that is absent in more independent learning modalities. CLASS MANAGEMENT - It is desirable to either e-mail course materials to all students before the first class or have materials available on a course Web site. TECHNICIAN usually quickly handle minor problems such as poor sound levels, cameras that do not rotate, or substandard video quality. USES OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION ITV technology can be used to deliver information to college students, staff nurses and patients. RESEARCH ON EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION • Distance learning of various types has been studied for the last 30 years and has generally been shown to have positive outcomes for students. ( Bata- Jones and Avery ,2004; Kearns, Shoaf, and Summery,2004 ;Zalon 2000) • Ketsey (2000) studied student interactions in a telecommunications class five remote sites. • Machtmes and Asher (2000) performed a meta – analysis of 19 studies on the effectiveness that in traditional instruction. Satisfaction – appears to increase as more experience is gained with telecommunications classes. Dissatisfaction –include a sense of isolation in remote site students and technological problems. DISTANCE LEARNING VIA INTERNET Classes may be delivered via the Internet and the Web. Such courses are expanding exponentially as academics, business, and health care organizations are all getting into the business of distance learning and believe that online courses can be both learning and cost- effective. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE COURSES (no written on the page) DEVELOPMENT OF ONLINE COURSES Determining the course objectives and desired and outcomes. Decision are made about how best to design the delivery of the content activities that will produce those outcomes. The course should begin with a welcome from the instructor that include a personal note 1. Some information about the instructor 2. Goals for the course 3. Overall picture of course organization 4. Contact information for the instructor 5. Technical help The core course content should be divided into modules or clusters Syllabus and class schedule Lectures at least in outline form Overhead transparencies to accompany Lectures or for a classroom to work Through a single problem as a group Paper, handouts that provide additional examples of lessons Quizzes and Tests Good Online Course Discussion Required PLANNING You must decide whether course discussion are going to be SYNCHRONOUS or ASYNCHRONOUS SYNCHRONOUS ADVANTAGE • Mimics normal conversation • Discussion takes place efficiently in real time • Can involves professional guests DISADVANTAGES • All learners must be available at the same time • Discussion progresses quickly, and depth of ideas may suffer • Slow typists may not participate as much ASYNCHRONOUS ADVANTAGE • Learners and Teachers may log on any time • There is adequate time to think through responses DISADVANTAGE • Posting may become very lengthy and time consuming to read • Procrastinators may not get involved in some of the discussion SYNCHRONOUS VERSUS ASYNCHRONOUS WEBCASTING PODCASTING ONLINE COURSES ONLINE EDUCATION Presently, most online distance is taking place in colleges and universities. They are producing courses for undergraduate and graduate students. There are many ways in which online features can enhance traditional courses. Experienced faculty who have been involved with distance learning are realizing that since traditional education and online education both have strengths and weaknesses, they can build on the strength of both by combining them. RESEARCH ON ON-LINE COURSES Research designed to test differences in level of learning between traditional and online learning have found at least equivalent learning as measured by course-and examinations.
