CHAPTER 1
Organizing Students Through Course Orientation
The National Service Program (NSTP) is a mandated program
in the curricula of all baccalaureate programs and in at least
two (2) years.
NSTP component of their choice for graduation in compliance
with Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9163.
Program Components of the NSTP
1. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)- which is designed
to provide military training.
2. Literacy Training Service(LTS), which serves to train
students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school
children, out-of-school youths, and any other segments of
society need if service.
3. Civic Welfare Training Service(CWTS), which design
activities that will contribute to the general welfare and
betterment of life for the community.
As stipulated in the law, each components shall be
undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters and
shall be credited for three (3) units per semester with fifty-four
(54) to ninety (90) training hours a semester.
The NSTP program is designed to recover the youth's sense
of patriotism and national pride, values and habits of discipline
and hardwork, integrity and accountability for nation-building.
The Republic Act No. 7077
known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines
Reservists Act" aims to organize, train, develop and maintain a
support unit to the
Armed Forces of the Philippines.
UE Identified 3 important dimensions that are essential in
develop the self for the service of the nation.
Those are
1. Citizenship
2. Volunterism
3. Career Exploration and Development
Civic
*Community Clean-Up
* Proposed Projects
< Symposium/Forum- residents will given lectures regarding
cleanliness and Sanitation
<Fumigation- fumigation of thr area to control dengue
<Clean-up Day-to Conduct a community clean-up drive
The group raised money to deliver community material such
as;
Drums
Brooms
Snovels
Dustpans
Rakens
Working gloves
Filipino Values- Sec 40 of the RA 8491 "Flag and Heraldic
Code of the Philippines" clearly expressed that the National
Motto shall be "Maka-diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan at
Makabansa"
CMO- Ched Memorandum Order No 26 Series of 2005 Dr.
Ester Garcia
MAKADIYOS
● Faith and belief in Almighty God
●Concern for family and future generations
● Respect for life
● Order(Ten Commandments)
●Work
MAKABAYAN
●Unity
●Equality
●Patriotism
●Respect for Philippine flag
●Respect for the law and government
●Promotion of the common good
MAKAKALIKASAN
●Concern for the environment
●Love and Respect to our Mother Nature
●Conservation of Ecosystem
MAKATAO
●Love
●Freedom
●Peace
●Truth
●Justice
●Unity
●Generosity
"Values are like finger prints, you leave them all over you"
Chepter 2 : GOOD GOVERNANCE
Good Governance - indeterminate term used in the
international development literature to describe how public
institution conduct public affairs and manage resources.
Governance - is the process of decision-making and the
process by which decisions are implemented (or not)
Governance- can apply to corporate, international, national,
local governance or to interactions between other sectors of
society.
Concept of good governance often emerges as a model to
compare ineffective economies with viable economies and
political bodies.
GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
 According to fukuyuma (2013), there are 2 dimensions to
qualify governance as good or bad:
1. The capacity of the state
2. The bureacracy's autonomy
They both complement, in the sense that when the state is
more capable.
Ex.: Through collection of taxes, there should be more
autonomy because the bureaucrats are able to conduct things
well without being instructed with a lot of details.
In less capable state, less discretion and more rule settings are
desirable.
 According to lawson (2011) in his review of Rothstein's
book, the quality of government is
1. Corruption
2. Social trust
3. Inequality in international perspective
The author relates good governance to the concept of
impartiality.
GOOD GOVERNANCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Good governance is argued to be the most important in
local government.
 Aims to increase civil engagement with more members of
the community to get the best options that serve the
people. Promote relationships between government and;
1. Empowered citizens
2. Neighborhood and,
3. Community councils.
1987 CONSTITUTION-ARTICLE III (approved Feb 02, 1987)
BILL OF RIGHTS - Declaration and enumerations of a
person’s right and privileges that the constitution is designed to
protect against violation by the government or by individuals.
CLASSES OF RIGHTS:
 Natural rights - the rights that possessed by every
citizen without being granted by the state, given to
man by God. e.g. right to life, right to love
 Constitutional rights - the rights that are conferred and
protected by the Constitution. They cannot be taken
away by any law-making body.
 Statutory rights - the rights provided by the law
promulgated by law-making body; the may be
abolished by the same body.
e.g. right to receive a minimum wage and right to adopt a child
by unrelated person.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
Human rights secured by constitution include social and
economic rights and not just political and civil.
1. Political rights - rights of the citizens gave them the
power to participate in the establishments or
administration of government.
E.g. rights to suffrage, rights to information on matters
if public concerns
2. Civil rights- rights that the law will enforce at the
instance of private individuals for the purpose of
securing for them the enjoyment of their means of
happiness.
E.g. rights to due process, religious freedom, liberty of
abode and changing the name, rights to
form associations
3. Social and economic rights - rights that are intended
to insure the well-being and economic security of the
individual.
E.g. just compensation fo private property taken for
public use
4. Rights of the accused- (civil) rights intended for the
protection of a person accused of any crime
E.g. rights against unreasonable search and seizure,
impartial and public trial.
SECTION 1
 Right to life, liberty and property
 no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property
by the State without due process
 Due Process of law has two-fold aspects:
1. Procedural due process – refers to the method or
manner by which the law is enforced.
2. Substantive due process – requires that the law
itself, not merely the procedures by which the law
would be enforced, is fair, reasonable, and just.
SECTION 2
 Right against unreasonable searches and seizures
 Right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizure
 No search warrant or warrant of arrest shall be issued
except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge
SECTION 3
 The privacy of communication and correspondence
shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the
court, or when public safety or order requires
otherwise, as prescribed by law.
SECTION 4
 5 Aspects of this Right:
a) Freedom of Speech
b) Freedom of Expression
c) Freedom of the Press
d) Freedom of Assembly
e) Right of Petition
SECTION 5
 Freedom of Religion
 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The
free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession
and worship, without discrimination or preference,
shall forever be allowed.
SECTION 6
 Liberty of Abode and the Right to Travel
 The liberty of abode and of changing the same within
the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired
except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall
the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of
national security, public safety, or public health, as
may be provided by law.
SECTION 7
 Right to Information

People shall have the right to information on matters
of public concern shall be recognized.
SECTION 8
 Right to form Associations
 The right of the people, including those employed in
the public and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to
law shall not be abridged.
SECTION 9
 Right to Just Compensation
 Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation
SECTION 10
 Non-Impairment Clause
 No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed
SECTION 11
 Free Access to Court
 Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to
any person by reason of poverty.
SECTION 12
 Right of Person under Custodial Investigation
 Any person under investigation for the commission of
an offense shall have the right to be informed of his
right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If
the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights cannot be
waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
SECTION 13
 Right to Bail & against Excessive Bail
 All person, except those charged with offenses
punishable by law reclusion perpetua when evidence
of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable
by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance
as may be provided by law. Excessive bail shall not
be required.
SECTION 14
 Rights of the Accused
 No person shall be held to answer for a criminal
offense without due process of law.
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be
presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face
to face, and to have compulsory process to secure
the attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf.
SECTION 15
 Writ of Habeas Corpus

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion
when the public safety requires it.
SECTION 16
 Right to Speedy Disposition of Cases
 All persons shall have the right to a speedy
disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasijudicial, or administrative bodies.
SECTION 17
 Right against self-incrimination
 No person shall be compelled to be a witness against
himself.
SECTION 18
 Right to political beliefs and aspirations
 No person shall be detained solely by reason of his
political beliefs and aspirations.
 No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except
as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted.
SECTION 19
 The prohibition against cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment
 Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither
shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the
Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty
already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.
SECTION 20
 Non-Imprisonment for Debts
 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or nonpayment of a poll tax.
SECTION 21
 Right against double jeopardy
 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of
punishment for the same offense. If an act is
punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or
acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.
SECTION 22
 Ex Post Facto law and Bill of Attainder
 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be
enacted.
THE FLAG CODE
REPUBLIC ACT 8491 Republic of the Philippines
Congress of the Philippines Metro Manila
Tenth Congress
Third Regular Session
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday the twenty-eighth
day of July, nineteen hundred and ninety-seven.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8491
“Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines”
AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE CODE OF THE NATIONAL
FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO, COAT-OF-ARMS AND OTHER
HERALDIC ITEMS AND DEVICES OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Declaration of Policy
Reverence and respect shall at all times be accorded
the flag, the anthem and other national symbols which embody
the national ideals and traditions and which express the
principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. The heraldic
items and devices shall seek to manifest the national virtues
and to inculcate in the minds and hearts of our people a just
pride in their native land, fitting respect and affection for the
national flag and anthem, and the proper use of the national
motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices.
DEFINITIONS FOUND IN THE CODE
•
Military
•
Festoon
•
Flag
•
Fly
•
Symbol
•
Half-mast
•
Hoist
•
Inclement Weather
•
National Anthem
•
Official Residences
•
Places of Frivolty
•
Institute
WHERE CAN OUR FLAG BE DISPLAYED?
a. Inside or outside-a building or on a stationary flagpoles. If
the flag is displayed indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at
the left of the observer as one enters the room;
b. From the top of a flagpole, which shall be at a prominent
place or a commanding position in relation to the surrounding
buildings;
c. From a staff projecting upward from the window sill, canopy,
balcony or facade of a building.
d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a
building to pole erected away from the building;
e. Flat against the wall vertically with the sun and stars on top;
and f. Hanging in a vertical position across a street, with the
blue field pointing east, if the road is heading south or north, or
pointing north if the road is heading east or west. The flag shall
not be raised when the weather is inclement. If already raised,
the flag shall not be lowered.
How is flag ceremony conducted?
WHO: Government Offices and Educational Institutions
WHAT: Philippine National Anthem
WHEN: Monday morning and Friday Afternoon
When is the Philippine Flag flown at Half Mast?
The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning in
any establishment when officially announced the death of the
following:
•The President of Former President
•Vice President, Chief Justice, President of Senate, and
Speaker of the House of Representatives
•Other Persons determined by the institute.
Pledge Allegiance to the Flag
Ako ay Pilipino
Buong katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
Na may dangal, katarungan at Kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos
Maka-Tao
Makakalikasan at
Makabansa
Prohibited Acts in the Flag Code
1.) Any act of dishonoring the flag
2.) Dip the flag to any person or object as a way of compliment
3.) Usage of flag as:
-drapery, festoon, table cloth
-Covering for ceilings, walls, statues
-Pennant in any side of vehicles
-Staff or whip
-Unveiling monuments or statues
-Trademarks in industrial, commercial, or agricultural labels
4.) Do not display the flag:
-Under painting or picture
-Horizontally faced-up
-Below any platform
-Discotheques, cockpits, clubs, casinos, and other places
where frivolity prevails
5.) Wear the flag as a costume, cloth or uniform.
What is our National Anthem?
The National Anthem, known as "Lupang Hinirang"
shall always be sung in the national language with or without
the country.
The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere recreation,
amusement, or entertainment purposes except on the following
occasions:
1.International competitions where the Philippines is the host
or has a representative.
2.Local Competitions
3.During "signing off" and "signing on" of radio broadcasting
and television stations;
4.Before the initial and last screening of films or before the
opening of theater performances; and
5.Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute.
National Motto
"MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN
AT MAKABANSA" These are also the core value of the
National Service Training Program.
National Coat-of-Arms shall have:
Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules;a chief
argent studded with three (3) mullets equdistant from each
other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun
rayonnant woth eight minor lesser rays. Beneath shall be the
scroll woth the words "REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS". inscribed
thereon. What is our Great Seal, Official Seals, and Other
Heraldic Items and Devices?
The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the arms
as described in the preceding section, but without the scroll
and the inscription thereon. Surrounding the whole shall be a
double marginal circle within which shall appear the words
"Republika ng Pilipinas" The purpose is the color of the arms
shall no ne deemed essential but tincture representation must
be used. The Great Deal shall bear the National Motto. What
are the penalties in violating RA 8491?
Failure or refusal to observe the provisions of this
Act; and any violation of the corresponding rules and
regulations issued bg the Office of the President shall, after
proper notice and hearing, be penalized bg public censure,
which shall be published at least once in a newspaper of
general circulation.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
ELECTORAL SYSTEM- refer to the detailed constitutional
arrangements and voting system that convert the vote into a
determination of which individuals and political parties are
elected to positions.
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Spain rule over and effectively formalized and modernized
government rule.
AMERICAN COLONIAL RULE
on of elections in the
Philippines.
American system.
COMMONWEALTH
THE 1973 CONSTITUTION
Less electoral safeguards.
THE FILIPINO PARTY SYSTEM
1.American Colonial Rule
2.Post-war Period
3.Martial Law
~THE PHILIPPINES HAS MULTIPARTY SYSTEM.~
ELECTION
SUFFRAGE- Derives from the Latin word “suffragium,”
meaning the right or privilege to vote.
TYPES OF SUFFRAGE
•PLEBISCITE- the process by which a certain question is put
to a popular vote for approval or rejection.
•ELECTIONS - refer to the expression of choice.
•INITIATIVE¬- involve a process by which the electorate
directly proposes or passes needed laws or programs without
going through the hassles of the legislative department.
•REFERENDUM- refers to when a question or law or part of it
is submitted to the electoral body for its approval or rejection.
•RECALL- the process of removing and incumbent officer from
his/her position before the expiration of his/her term of office by
a vote of the people.
THREE INSTRUMENTS THAT EMBODY THE HUMAN
RIGHT TO VOTE
UNIVERSAL DECLARATIN OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)ARTICLE 21 (1-3), DECEMBER 10, 1948-everyone has the right to take part in the government of his
country
THE INTERNATIONAL COVENNT ON CIVIL AND
POLITICAL RIGHTS- ARTICLE 1 (a-c), March, 1976
¬-everyone shall have the right and opportunity to take part in
the conduct of public affairs, to vote and to be elected.
THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION- ARTICLE V,
SECTION 1 and 2 OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
-the congress shall provide a secure system in the sanctity of
ballot.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ELECTION
GENERAL ELECTION- elections are held simultaneously on
the same day for all national and local offices.
NATIONAL ELECTIONS- elections for national officials, like
the President, Vice President, and members of Congress.
LOCAL ELECTIONS- elections for the offices in the
provinces, cities, and municipalities.
SPECIAL ELECTIONS- special elections are determined by
the Congress in the date different from that of the regular
elections, like the barangay elections and the SK elections,
and when there exists a vacancy in an elective office.
ELECTION PROCESS
1.REGISTRATION- registration and revision day.
2.ELECTION DAY- casting of votes and counting of votes.
3.CANVASSING AND PROCLAMATION- proclamation of
winning candidates.
VOTER REGISTRATION
REGISTRATION- refers to the act of accomplishing and filing
of a sworn application for registration by a qualified voter.
Why should we register?
To have the opportunity
What’s in it for us?
Just like in texting voting, we get heard and counted
What are the requirements for registration?
One must be:
A Filipino citizen
At least eighteen (18) years old;
A resident of the Philippines for one year and of the
city wherein he proposes to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election;
What is validation of registration?
A process wherein fingerprints of the voter
are captured electronically at no expense to the voter.
Where should we register?
COMELEC Office
Where should we validate our registration?
Barangay Office
How do we go about transferring our registration?
We may apply with the Election officer of
new
residence for the transfer of our registration records.
We will be asked to accomplish
application forms.
THE COMELEC
(THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS)
Pursuant to Article IX- C Section 1, paragraph 2, COMELEC
shall have the following composition:
Chairman- for a term of seven years without reappointment.
Commissioners- of those first appointed, three (3) members
shall hold office for seven years, two (2) members for five (5)
years, and the last for three (3) years without reappointment.
(COMELEC) – POWER AND FUNCTIONS
JUDICIAL
To exercise exclusive jurisdiction over all contests relating to
the elections, returns, and qualifications of all elective regional,
provincial, and city officials and appellate jurisdiction over all
contests involving all municipal official decided by trial courts of
general jurisdiction.
To decide, except those involving the right to vote, all
questions affecting elections, including determination of the
number and location of polling places, appointment of election
officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
To file petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters
To investigate and where appropriate, prosecute cases of
violation of election laws, including acts or omissions
constituting election fraud, offenses, and malpractice.
MINISTERIAL
To enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to
the conduct of elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referendums,
and recalls.
To deputize, with the concurrence of the President of the
Philippines, law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of
the Government, including the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly,
honest, peaceful, and credible elections.
To register political parties, organizations, or coalitions and
accredit citizens’ arms of the Commission.
REPORTORIAL
To submit to the President and the Congress a
comprehensive report on the conduct of each election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum or recall.
RECOMMENDATORY
To recommend to Congress the enactment of effective
measures to minimize election spending, including limitation of
places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to
prevent penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses,
malpractices, nuisance, candidates; and
To recommend to the President the removal of any officer or
employee it has deputized, or the impositions of any other
disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience
to its directive, order or decision.
ELECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
“The Philippines is a republican and democratic state.
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them”
1. We elect our officials directly.
2. Officials serves for six terms.
3. Officials are directly accountable to the people.
THE GOVERNMENT
EXECUTIVE ( Action- Oriented)
1. Implements programs and projects
2. Monitors programs and projects
3. Provides basic services
4. Performs ceremonial functions
EXECUTIVE POSITIONS
1. National
a. President
b. Vice President
2. Local
a. Governor
c. Barangay Captain
b. Mayor
3. Legislative
Reviews and evaluates proposals, and position papers
Conducts research on proposed bills and position papers
Consults experts
Defends and analyses proposed bills
Legislative positions
a. National: Senator
b. Local: Congressman
Board member
Vice Governor
Vice mayor
City/ Municipality Councilors
Barangay Councilors
Qualifications of Elective officials
. President
a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
a registered voter:
able to read and write:
At least 40 years old on the date of the election: and
A resident of the Philippines for at least ten (10) years
immediately preceding the election.
Vice President
a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
at least 35 years of age on the date of election;
able to read and write:
a registered voter;
A resident of the Philippines for not less than 2 years
immediately preceding the election.
Responsibilities:
President
To faithfully and conscientiously fulfil his/her duties as
president
To preserve and defend the Constitution
To execute its law
To do justice to every man
Congress
To make laws and pass resolutions
To declare the existence of a state of war by 2/3 votes of both
Houses, voting independently
To grant the President emergency powers in times of war and
national distress
To hear and decide cases of impeachment against high
officials
To exercise the power to amend or revise the Constitution
The power to tax and levy impositions
To cancel or extend martial law
To investigate in aid of legislation
To approve the annual budget of the government as prepared
by the Executive
Our voting practices:
Voting by Popularity
Vote Buying
The Politics of Patronage
When the candidate of a political party wins an election, the
newly elected official has the right to appoint certain numbers
of persons to jobs in the government
This is the essence of the patronage system, also known as
the spoils system
The winning candidate appoints persons to government
positions on the basis of political support and work rather than
on merit, as measured by object criteria
POLITICAL DYNASTY
DYNASTY- Is a line of hereditary rules of a country
Example is the Tang Dynasty in China
What are Political Dynasties?
We have 250 political dynasties (families) who have
dominated the Philippines at the national and local level.
Politics is a Family affair
Dynasties have also expanded to monopolize many
appointive positions
Advocacy against Political Dynasties
How can we empower our communities to deal with political
dynasties?
1. Political Dynasties are the No. 1 obstacles to the
development of genuine political parties in the Philippines,
which are based on principles and consistent party platform.
2. The current elite parties of families are money machines,
political vehicles, and feudal formations controlled by
patriarchs that dispense patronage, privilege, and protection
for the oligarchy.
Good Examples of Challenges to Political Dynasty
1. Grace Padaca- twice defeated the family dynasty of the Dy
family in Isabela for the position of governor.
2. Fr. Ed Panlilio of Pampanga- defeated machineries and
money politics of two of the most powerful allies of President
Gloria Arroyo, who comes from Pampanga
Philippine Legislature: House of Privilege
1. Historically a “landlord-dominated” legislature.
2. Now there are real-estate developers, bankers, stock
brokers, businessmen, and professionals.
3. In the Senate and the House of the representatives, there
have been movie and media celebrities
Political Families in Congress
1. Political families have dominated the Congress for more
than a century.
2. The family is the main instrument for contesting elections
and amassing wealth.
3. It is the training and recruitment grounds for public office.
4. This kinship network also acts as the politicians/s core
organization
5. Temporary alliances between political parties become the
basis of the formation of political parties. Party alliances are
based on family intermarriages, business partnerships, and
convenience, rather than real performance , programs, or
principles
The impact of Political Dynasty rule on Philippine National
Development
1. Political dynasties distort governance
2. Public office becomes an exclusive franchise
3. Wanton abuse of power that is detrimental to the community
or national interest
Voters’ Behavior
1. Candidate’s public servant image
2. Political machinery
3. Candidate’s popularity; and
4. Endorsement of traditional networks and organizations
Other Contributory Factors
1. Voter’s behavior reflects the personality and patronage
orientation of traditional Filipino politicians or “trapo” who win
their setas in the government by applying the three G’s (Guns,
Goons, Gold)
2. “Utang na Loob”
3. For the poor Filipinos, selling their votes is considered an
investment so they can depend on politicians for more
donations.
What qualities should we look for?
Righteous Governance- A candidate who governs righteously
does not accept or offer bribes and leads an example
eradicating graft within the area of his influence
Integrity- A person with integrity is someone who desires to be
accountable to those he leads. His walk should match his talk.
Giftedness- A candidate needs more than impressive
pedigree or diplomas; he must also have the strength,
personality traits and innate capabilities to serve in the
particular office he seeks to serve
Heart- A candidate should have a heart for God, for the
people, and for the nation.
Track Record
What is the value of your vote? (It is priceless)
1. Equal chance for a vote, whether rich or poor
2. Guaranteed opportunity to participate
Your vote will mean:
1. Better services from the executive;
2. Better policies and laws from the legislative;
3. A brighter future for us, Filipinos; and
4. Ultimately, the hope in our political system and country lies
in education, national consciousness, civic values,
transparency in governance, and social awareness and
organization at the grassroots.
5. There is hope.
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE FILIPINO LEADERS AND
VOTERS
Before Elections:
Register during the period allotted for voter registration
Be informed of the issues and platforms of the political
candidates;
Set specific guidelines in choosing government/community
leaders in terms of the candidates’ political and social
affiliations, interest, competence, performance/tract records,
and lifestyle; and
Conduct and participate in public debates that would inform
the voters and gain the commitment of the candidates to
integrate their respective platforms/ programs of government.
During Elections
Vote according to your conscience; and
Be vigilant; protect the integrity of votes by volunteering in
accredited organizations that work for clean, honest, and
peaceful elections.
After Elections
Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes;
Participate in local governance through development planning
in the barangay level;
Attend consultation meeting concerning issues in the
barangay level;
Support initiatives of the civil society and
Make views known to the elected representatives in the
government
CHAPTER 3: DRUG ADDICTION AND PREVENTION
Concepts of Drug Addiction – Its Signs and Symptoms
Drug Addiction – is a condition characterized by an
overwhelming desire to continue taking a drug to which one
has become habituated through repeated consumption
because it produces a particular effect, usually an alteration of
mental status.
Addiction – Usually accompanied by a compulsion to obtain
the drug, a tendency to increase the dose, a psychological or
physical dependence.
- It is also a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by
compulsive drug-seeking and drug use which is accompanied
by functional and molecular changes in the brain.
General indications that a person is using drugs:
- Sudden change in behaviour
- Mood swings: irritable and grumpy and then suddenly happy
and bright
- Withdrawal from family members
- Careless about personal grooming
- Loss of interest in hobbies, sports and any other favourite
activities
- Change sleeping pattern: up at night and sleeping during the
day
- Red or glassy eyes
- Sniffy or runny nose
Frequently used drugs and its signs and symptoms
1. Methamphetamine (Shabu) – is a powerfully addictive
stimulant that dramatically affects the central nervous system.
- Made easily in clandestine laboratories with relatively
inexpensive over-the-counter ingredients.
- It comes in many forms and can be smoked, snorted, orally
ingested or injected.
- Snorting or oral ingestion produces euphoria – a high but not
an intense rush.
- Snorting produces effects within three (3) to five (5) minutes
and Oral Ingestion produces effects within 15 – 20 minutes.
Methamphetamine Effects
Short-term effects of Methamphetamine Abuse:
a. Increase attention
b. Decrease fatigue
c. Increase activity
d. Decrease appetite
e. Euphoria and rush
f. Increase respiration
g. Hyperthermia
Long –term Effects
a. Dependence
b. Addiction psychosis
c. Paranoia (can result to homicidal as well as suicidal
thoughts)
d. Hallucinations
e. Mood Disturbances
f. Repetitive motor activity
g. Stroke
h. Weight loss
Formication – the sensation of insects creeping on the skin.
• In some cases, abusers forego food and sleep while
indulging in a form of binging know as a “run”, injecting as
much as a gram of the drug every 2 to 3 hours over several
days.
Medical Complications of Methamphetamine Use
- Cardiovascular problems
- Hyperthermia
- Inflammation of heart lining
- Deterioration (for heavy users)
- Acute lead poisoning (illegal methamphetamine production
uses lead acetate as a reagent)
- Prenatal complications
- Congenital deformities
2. Ecstacy (MDMA) – a modification of methamphetamine and
has some similar effects to that drug.
- It is immediately a stimulant, but its stimulating effects can
increase to dangerous levels.
Ecstacy Effects
- Changes in physical stimulation (altered perception of sound,
light and touch
- Stimulation of physical energy
-Decrease in appetite
-Increase body temperature
-Increase emotional response
-Sensual reaction
-Teeth clenching
-Muscle cramping
-Nausea and sweating
-Body overheat which can lead to fatalities
Signs and Symptoms of Ecstacy (MDMA) Use
-Euphoric, intoxicating effects
-Heightened sensory perception
-Tactile sense may be exaggerated
-A person may want to be touched or want to touch things that
feel good
Changes in activities:
-High level of stimulation
-Unusual levels of energy
-Long hours awake
-Acting abnormally friendly
-Dancing for long periods
Changes in Reactions
- Overly sensitive to music or lights
-Exaggerated pleasure from touch
-Dulled pain
-Physical changes
-Nausea
-Chills
-Sweating
-Blurred vision
-Dilated pupils
-Muscle cramps
-Tight, clenched jaw
-Overheating
-Collapse
•Ecstacy is a strong stimulant that often comes as small white
or colored pills stamped with logos or words.
Signs of Ecstacy Use
-Small colored pills in the person’s pockets or bags
-Irregular sleeping schedule and lack of awareness of pain
-Feeling of inlove with the person even if they just have met
-Cravings drives that can very quickly set in ( one of the
dangerous effects)
Brain Damage as a Symptom of Ecstacy Use
-Recent research reveals that changes in the brain take place
very quickly after a person starts to abuse ecstacy.
-This can be resulted in anxiety, depression and confusion.
-Poor performance on tests requiring memory
-or cognitive ability.
-heavy use may include paranoia, depression, confusion,
aggression.
3.Cocaine
-Is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
-Also known as coke
Effects of using Cocaine
-Impaired thinking
-Confusion
-Anxiety
-Depression
-Short-temperedness
-Panic Attacks
-Suspiciousness
-Dilated pupils
-Sleeplessness
-Loss of appetite
-Decreased sexual drive
-Restlessness
-Irritability
-Talkativeness
-Scratching
-Hallucinations
-Paranoia
Signs and Symptoms of Cocaine
•If a person is abusing powdered cocaine:
-He does not want anyone to know
-He disappears while using the drug
-He seems excited and act more confident
-He is sexually and talkative
-Traces of white powder around his nose
-May have dilated pupils
-and Runny nose
Signs of Cocaine Use
A.Appearance
-Dilated Pupils
-Runny nose (snorting)
-Nosebleeds (snorting)
-Track marks (injecting)
-Burned lips or fingers (smoking)
B.Heart
-Fast heart rate
-Constricted blood vessels
-Enlarged Heart
-Heart Attacks
-Cardiac arrest
C.Mental State
-Euphoria
-Overconfidence
-Unusual excitement
-Aggressiveness
-Paranoia
-Poor judgement
-Delusions
-Hallucinations
D.After long use or binge
-Depression
-Agitation
-Intense cravings
-Need for higher doses
-Apathy
-Exhaustion
-Long periods of sleep
Long-Terms Signs of Cocaine Use
-He is likely to suffer physical and mental deterioration
-The person may feel seriously distressed about life
-Will have strong cravings for drug
-His tolerance for drug increases
-He will experience a “crash” depressed moods
4.Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
-Is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects
-Also known as acid
Effects of LSD abuse
-Dilated Pupils
-Skin discoloration
-Loss of coordination
-False sense of power
-Euphoria
-Distortion of time and space
-Hallucinations
-Confusion
-Paranoia
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Loss of control
-Anxiety
-Panic
-Helplessness
-Self-destructive behaviour
Signs and Symptoms of LSD Abuse
•LSD is sold in pills, capsules or liquid form
•A person’s perceptions and sense of reality begin to change
•A person using LSD may feel relaxed or more sociable
•“Bad trips” means where a person becomes frightened and
panicky
Shifted perceptions can include:
A.Distortions of time, depth, space, size, and shape
B.Hallucinations
C.Altered perceptions of speed
D.A blended sensory
E.Intensified senses
F.The sensation that a person has left his or her body or that
their body has changed shape
GA person usually feels that he or she is gaining some special
understanding or insight that is not available
Physical Signs of LSD:
a.Dilated Pupils
b.Salivation or dry mouth
c.Tingling fingers or toes
d.Weakness
e.Emotional distress
f.Dizziness, nausea, rapid heart rate and convulsions
g.Sweating or chills
h.Blurred Vision
i.Inability to perform complex tasks
-LSD may last as long as 12 hours
5.Phencyclidine (PCP)
-Also known as Angel Dust, among other names is a
dissociative drug.
-Brought to the market in the 1950’s as an anesthetic
pharmaceutical drug but was taken off the market in 1965
because of the high prevalence of dissociative hallucinogenic
side effects.
Effects of PCP Abuse
-Violent or bizarre behaviour (often resulting in suicide)
-Paranoia
-Fearfulness
-Anxiety
-Aggression
-Acting withdrawn
-Skin flushing
-Sweating dizziness
-Total numbness
-Impaired perceptions
Inhalant Effects
-Inhalants are broad range of household and industrial
chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases are
concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce
intoxication (“getting high” in slang).
Effects of Inhalant Abuse
A. Short – term
- Euphoria
- Giggling
-Silliness
-Dizziness
-Headaches and fainting or unconsciousness
B.Long – term
- Memory loss
-Emotional instability
-Impairment of reasoning
-Slurred speech
-Clumsiness
-Staggering gait
-Eye flutter
-Tremor
-Loss of hearing and sense of smell
-Escalating stages of brain atrophy
6.Heroin
-Also known as diamorphine among other names is an opioid
most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric
effects.
-It is an illegal and highly addictive drug.
-Both most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates,
-Typically sold as white or brownish powder or as black sticky
substance known on the streets as “black tar heroin”.
Effects of Heroin Abuse
-Immediately effect chemically enforced euphoria, a dreamlike
state similar to sleep in which the person can drift off for
minutes or hours at a time.
-Long – time abusers, it acts like a stimulant and can perform
normal daily routine. Others may find themselves completely
powerless to do anything.
How Heroin Used?
-Injected, sniffed/snorted or smoked.
-Typically heroin abuser may inject up to four times a day.
-Intravenous Injection (most rapid onset of euphoria
-Intramuscular injection (produces a relatively slow onset of
euphoria
Short – term Effects of Heroin Abuse
-“Rush”
-Depressed respiration
-Clouded mental functioning
-Nausea and Vomiting
-Suppression of pain
-Spontaneous abortion
Long – term Effects of Heroin Abuse
-Addiction
-Infectious diseases, for example HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B
and C
-Collapse veins
-Bacterial infections
-Abscesses
-Infection of heart lining and valves
-Arthritis and some other rheumatologic problems
7. Marijuana (Cannabis)
-A psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant intended for
medical or recreational use.
- Main psychoactive part of cannabis is Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC), one of 483 known compounds in the plant, including at
least 65 other cannabinoids.
-Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food or
as am extract.
Specific signs of Marijuana Abuse
- Rapid, loud talking and burst of laughter in early stages of
intoxication
-Sleepy or stuporous in the later stages
-Lack of concentration and coordination
-Forgetfulness in conversation
-Inflammation in whites of eyes
-Odor similar to burnt rope on clothing or breath
-Distorted sense of time passage – tendency to
overestimate time intervals
-Craving for sweets
-Increased appetite
-Used or possession of paraphernalia, including roach clip,
packs of rolling papers, pipes or bongs
Some Immediate Physical Effects of Marijuana
-Faster heartbeat and pulse rate
-Bloodshot eyes
-Dry mouth and throat
8. Depressants (Tranquilizers and Barbiturates)
- Depressants are drugs that lower neurotransmission level to
depress or reduce arousal or stimulation in various areas of
the brain.
-Occasionally referred to as “downers” as they lower the
arousal when taken
A person abusing sedatives or traquilizers may show these
signs:
a.Memory may be poor
b.Speech may be slurred
c.Coordination may be off
d.Pupil are dilated
e.The person may be depressed, tired, aggressive,
agitated, paranoid, or suicidal
f.Headaches and dizziness
Current Philippine Situation on Drug Addiction
•PH’s current drug situation has turned into outbreak with an
astounding 1.7M drug users as of 2008 but now down to 1.3M
users as of 2012, as estimate released by the Office of the
President.
•The rampant drug choice by its cheap price and effortless
procurement is methamphetamine (shabu).
•PH had the highest rate of methamphetamine abuse
according to United Nations 2012 report.
•2.2% of Filipinos between ages of 16 and 64 were using
methamphetamine.
•Primary drug choice: Methamphetamine and Marijuana.
•The same finding was evident in data (2012) issued by the
Dangerous Drugs Board and publication of Rappler that shabu
is the most-abused drug by rehabilitation patients.
Treatment of drug addiction in the Philippines
Drug users are not necessarily criminals. They deserve
attention and help to bring back their old selves.
•Jodesc Gavilan wrote ( Rappler, September 17 2016) the
steps on how an individual can seek drug treatment and
rehabilitation in the Philippines based on guidelines from the
Dangerous Drugs Board(DDB)
•A person, the drug user himself or his family, should obtain a
referral form for a Drug Dependency Examination (DDE)
•This available at the Central Screening and Referral Unit
(CSRU) of Rizal Medical Center in Pasig City.
•The drug user has to undergo the DDE conducted by a
physician accredited by the Department of Health (DOH)
•If found to be a drug abuser or drug dependent (4th and 5th
levels) a certification, together with some other requirements,
should be submitted to the Legal Affairs Division of DDV either
by the parents, guardians, or spouse of the user.
•This requirements include: police clearance, barangay
clearance, and a certificate of no-pending case from the
Regional Trial Court (RTC)
•If drug dependent is a minor and has pending case in court,
he or she, together with his or her guardian, must secure a
Certification of Suspended Sentence from the RTC where the
case is filed.
Republic Act No. 9165
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
•Republic Act No. 6425 of the dangerous drugs act of 1972
had been the heart and soul of enforcement in the Philippines
insofar as drug law was concerned.
•During the term of the then Philippine President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, a new law was enacted repealing Republic
act no. 6425. Signed into law on June 7, 2022 and took effect
on July 4, 2002.
•Republic Act NO. 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002 is now clearly defies supplementary actions
for the national anti-drug campaign and at the same time
imposes heavier penalties to wrong doers.
•One of the salient features of RA 9165 is the reorganization of
the system of drug law enforcement. The Dangerous Board
remains as the governing body that plans and formulates
programs on drug control and prevention, but it has created
the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) under the
office of the President which will serve as the implementing
arm of the DDV.
ROLE OF THE YOUTH ON DRUG DETECTION AND
PREVENTION
Senator Vicente “Tito” Sotto said:
“The youth’s involvement in the anti-drug campaign is a
necessary step. Recognizing diversity as an essential call for
the youth to contribute to the campaign against this menace”.
Youth is the main hope of the country, as said by Jose Rizal.
Educating them will be a great strategy for preventing the war
on drugs because they are one of the greatest influencers in
the country, and if they are educated they can be a great asset
in preventing the spread of use of alcohol and drugs.
10 Tips for the Drug Use Among Youth
1.Don’t be afraid to say no.
-You have the right to refuse and not give any reason behind
your refusal.
2.Connect with your friends and avoid negative peer
pressure.
-Choose wisely on whom you become friends with.
3.Make connections with your parents or other adults.
-Seek assistance or advice from people that you grow up with.
4.Enjoy life and do what you love
– don’t add alcohol and drugs.
-Do recreational activities or things that will make you
comfortable in a good way.
5.Follow the family rules about alcohol and drugs.
-Value the trust given by your family and obey them as they
only want what’s good for you.
6.Get educated about alcohol and drugs.
-Get to know facts about alcohol and drugs from reliable
sources, and learn from your learnings.
7.Be a role model and set a positive example.
-Your action reflects to your personality.
8.Plan ahead.
-Be smart in making life choices.
9.Speak out/ speak up/ take control.
-Be responsible and be an influencer.
10.Get help!
- Seek help and guidance about alcohol and drugs.
The Value of Youth Participation to Eradicate Drug Problems
1.Morals and characters are developed.
-Youth becomes responsible when cooperating with others and
shows dedication and commitment in achieving a goal.
2.Youth listens to youth.
-Youths have the same instincts therefore they know each
other’s interests and have the same idea in mind.
3.Sharing with others become a foundation for a good
adult life.
-Educating youth as early as possible for them to adopt and
face each challenge in life without breaking down.
4.A direct reflection on what youth people want and need
help.
-Knowing the interest of youth people and encourage them to
participate in the prevention of drugs.
Campaigns and Advocacies against Drug Addiction
1. Barkada Kontra Droga (BKD, Peer Groups Aganst
Drugs)
- a program to enlist the participation of mor in- and out-ofschool youth to organize them into a movement of young
people who are catalsyts within their peer groups in advocating
a healthy, drug-free lifestyle.
2. National Youth Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention
and Control
-Designed by Congress to provide an open and comfortable
atmosphere for fun, real work, and innovative strat3gic
planning to address the drug problem in the respective
localities of the youth participants.
3. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Program
-This program offers a variety of activity-oriented techniques,
which are designed to encourage student-generated
responses to problem-solving situations, specifically on drug
abuse. It is being collaborated with PNP.
4. Kids against Drugs Program
-it is conducted by DBB, it is a primary prevention activity that
aims to inculcate the skills of "Saying 'No'" to children as a firm
foundation for preventive education.
5. National Drug Education Program (NDEP)
-it entails five components which are comprehensive in nature
and provides a holistic approach to the problem of drug abuse.
It is designed to enable all sectors to work collaboratively, with
the school system as the cote, thereby, unifying all sectoral
endeavors. It is currently implemented in elementary and
secondary schools.
6. Drug Abuse Prevention Program for the Transport
Groups
-This is a primary prevention activity involving the public
transport groups designed to ensure safety, well-being of the
commuters and pedestrians by having drug-free transport
personnel.
7. Nationwide Caravan of Youth Against Drugs
-This new program aims to intensify youth empowerment
efforts to zero-in on drug abuse.
CHAPTER 4: DISASTER MANAGEMENT
According to the United Nations Disasters Relief Office
(UNDRO), there is an increasing number of people who are
affected by disasters all over the world. In the Philippines, poor
communities are the ones that suffer most damages brought
about by disasters and calamities.
FIVE REASONS FOR THIS:
1.Rapid population growth;
2.Concentration of populations in high-risk areas, like
floodplains, landslide-prone slopes, and seismic zones;
3.Capital development – destruction of marshes by real
estate developers;
4.Man-made destruction, for example deforestation, that
lessens ecosystem resilience to disaster; and
5.Growing poverty, which means more lives in increasingly
substandard housing (i.e., not typhoon-resistant)
DISASTERS
1.NATURAL DISASTERS
-Are inevitable, however, with modern technology, we could
prepare and minimize the damage that it will cause to our lives
and properties.
a.Earthquakes/Tsunamis
b.Landslides
c.Typhoons
d.Floods
e.Drought
f.Volcanic Eruptions
2.HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS
-Disasters that can be prevented if the community is more
careful and oriented properly on what they can do in times of
crises.
a.Air and water pollution (“red tide”)
b.Industrial accidents (“oil spills”)
c.Fire
d.Civil disturbances
e.War
f.Poverty
g.Bomb threats
h.Accidents, like transport, nuclear, or biological
3.CATEGORIES OF SEVERITY
a.Accident (individual)
b.Emergency (limited)
c.Disaster (widespread)
d.Catastrophe (collapse)
KEY CONCEPTS
1.RISK -The probability that a disaster will occur.
2.HAZARD- The specific nature of a threat.
3.VULNERABILITY -The inability to withstand, protect oneself,
or recover rapidly from a potentially damaged event.
4. PREVENTION - Measures designed to avert a potential
hazard.
5.PREPAREDNESS- Measures that ensure an effective
disaster response.
6.MITIGATION- Measures that reduce the harmful effects of a
disaster.
7.RESPONSE -Actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to
assist victims and to rehabilitate society.
SITUATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. POVERTY AND MITIGATION
a.Malnutrition - refers to getting too little or too much of
certain nutrients that can lead to serious health issues,
including stunted growth, eye problems, diabetes and heart
disease.
b.Poor Health -Poverty and poor health worldwide are
inextricably linked. The causes of poor health for millions
globally are rooted in political, social and economic injustices.
-Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of poor health.
Poverty increases the chances of poor health. Poor health, in
turn, traps communities in poverty.
-Infectious and neglected tropical diseases kill and weaken
millions of the poorest and most vulnerable people each year.
c.Inadequate basic services: water, sanitation, drainage,
light, education -Poor and vulnerable households need basic
services such as electricity, water, sanitation, health and
education, to enable economic development.
-The lack of infrastructure and resources hinders their access
to education, health care, water and other basic services.
d.Unemployment, Low Wages - Workers who face a
prolonged period of unemployment are more likely to lose
some of their job skills and may find it harder to find
employment as more and more time passes.
-Low-wage workers increasingly struggle to support
themselves and their families with their wages.
2.RESOURCE DEPLETION
a.Forest Denudation -this is when a forest is stripped of
certain parts of their property and make-up.
b. Soil Erosion - defined as the wearing away of topsoil.
Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it
contains the most organic, nutrient-rich materials. One of the
main causes of soil erosion is water erosion, which is the loss
of topsoil due to water.
c. Genetic Erosion - also known as genetic depletion, is a
process where the limited gene pool of an endangered species
diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off
before reproducing low population.
d. Marine Pollution - occurs when harmful effects result from
the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial,
agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of
invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes
from land.
e. Agrochemicals - refers to any substance used to help
manage an agricultural ecosystem, or the community of
organisms in a farming area.
f. Air and Water Pollution - Air pollution is caused by release
of particulates, biological molecules or harmful gases into
atmosphere, which causes death to humans and damage to
living organisms like food crops. Water pollution occurs by the
contamination of water bodies like lakes, rivers.
These factors can lead to the following:
1.Human-Made Disasters
a.Flood -an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its
normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land.
b.Civil War -a war between citizens of the same country.
2.Natural Forces
a.Typhoons (more than 20 per year) - The effect would range
from structural damage to trees, watercraft, and buildings to
both immediate and long-term impacts on human life and
livelihood.
b.Drought (rainfall dependent on monsoonal winds) - Drought
affects the environment in many different ways. Plants and
animals depend on water, just like people. When a drought
occurs, their food supply can shrink and their habitat can be
damaged.
c. Torrential rains with flooding -Torrential rain, or a
torrential downpour, is any amount of rain that is considered
especially heavy.
d. Earthquakes - a sudden and violent shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
-Philippines is one of the most active fault lines in the world.
e. Volcanic terrain (23 active volcanoes) - Eruptions
occurring close to human settlements may spill and destroy
lives and property. People often have to be evacuated.
ASSESMENT/ REPORTING ON PREPAREDNESS
1.Knowledge of pre-disaster situations
2.Capability to assess
3.Established lines of communication (physical, organizational)
-Quality communication is the act of effectively conveying and
receiving messages to and from others.
4.Established data collection points
- An organization needs to be prepared to responsibly and
effectively deploy and manage data collection, techniques,
skilled staff and strategies in a specific operational context to
be ready before a disaster strikes.
5.Established format of reporting
- It is useful to report the chronology of events to create an
accurate picture of what has happened, and it is important to
avoid laying the blame for any disaster without having strong
reasons to do so.
6.Establish confirmation/verification procedures
7.Established authority for releasing reports
- the leading global environmental authority that sets the
environmental agenda is working to address natural disasters,
industrial accidents and human-induced crisis.
RELIEF OPERATIONS
1.Disaster times are emergency situations, certain operational
qualities of the key players are needed:
a. Cool and unbiased assessment: analysis of reporting
b. Swift and decisive action: knowledge of resources,
procedures, coordination
c. Balanced response
d. Leadership (faster, leading, better, not restrictive)
e. Discipline for operational reliability
f. Resource management
g. Rehabilitation already envisaged/planned
h. Planning already accomplished
2. Food relief
Four ways it can be distributed:
a.General food distribution
b.Mass feeding
c.Supplementary feeding
d.Intensive or therapeutic feeding
3.Food work -Food-for-work programs offer a dignified way by
which disaster victim can help themselves.
REHABILITATION/CONSTRUCTION AND EMERGENCY
PREPARATIONS
Rehabilitation refers to the restoration of community
members’ economic independence and their physical, social,
and emotional well-being.
DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
ACTIVITIES THAT MAY MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF
DISASTERS
1.Identification of areas most prone to typhoons and some
other calamities;
2.Display and teaching of structural improvements;
3.Preparation of educational materials;
4.Community systems; and
5.Media liaison
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
1) Principles
a. The risk must be known:
- Potential Hazard
- Calculate of the Incidence of Hazard
- Second Hazard
b. Vulnerability must be known:
- Who and What are at risk
- The damage and disrupted
- Human Needs
c. Mitigation measure must be in place
- Built of structural mitigation
- Instituted Nonstructural mitigation
d. Preparedness system must be in readiness
- All parties
- Focal Point for preparedness
- Management system for emergency response
- Planning
-Training and Practices
- Warning system
- Authorities and public is informed
2) Effective warning massage
a. Clear, simple language
b. Consistent content
c. Convincing
d. Community
e. Information on technical consequences
f. Repetitiveness
3.) Land-Use Planning (Risk Zoning)
a. Surveys of suitability of mountainsides, riverbanks, coastal
areas and house sites
b. Rational Plans for urban centers
c. Identification of areas for reforestation and other nature
conservation measures
d. Building codes for specification for structures in risk areas
4) Public Awareness
a. Mitigation Awareness
b. Preparedness awareness
c. Emergency Response Awareness
CHAPTER 5
Environmental Awareness and Protection
Life is perceived to be "immediate" or close to our humanity,
the reason of its significance is easily recognized and
understood.
But only a few realize that life is lived in no other place but the
world.
This is because the word implies a "space" between man and
his life;hence it is constructed to have just derivative
importance.
It must be of the same understanding and concern on how we
should make this world "livable".
Life and nature being conceived as one and the same.
In our own simple ways, awareness is a preliminary step in
fighting for the world's survival which is the end is our very own
survival.
Climate Change
This is perhaps the most pressing environment issue in the
world.
The extreme weather conditions are manifested by the rising
temperatures in summers and the fading coldness in winters,
frequencies of hotter days and nights.
Deforestation
This environmental issue refers to the destruction of vast areas
of forests through unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural
and rangeland clearing, and the over-exploitation of wood
products for use fuel, without planting for new growth.
Waste Management
This environmental issue is linked to the problems of
consumption and rapidly growing population.
Garbage segregation is one of the most practival solutions
proposed by some environmental advocates.
Water Scarcity
Too much water or too little of it both cause a problem.
Another major concern directly linked to this environment
concern is the access to potable water.
Ecosystem and Endangered Species
● Ecological system or ecosystem refers to functional units
that result from interactions of "abiotic" (air, water, rocks, and
energy), "biotic" (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and
cultural (anthropogenic) compononents.
The ecosytem is made up of many smaller ecosytems,
interlocked through cycles of energy and chemical elements.
●The extinction of some key species in every ecosystem is
catastrophic in nature.
● We lso have to consider that humans are as part of the
ecosystem under its cultural component.
Pertinent Laws that Support Environmental Awareness
To fully address these environmental concerns, thr
government has enacted salient laws citing different
government agencies and departments to act in accordance
with their respective mandates on matters concerning
environmental preservations and disaster management
planning.
Executive Order 579
Signed in November 30, 2006 by then President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, Executive Order 579 aims to encourage
the formulation and implementation of "Green Philippines
Programs" Specifically it focuses on the preservation of
natural resouces in the Philippines through a three fold
objective:
1. Recycle-natural components to ensure continuing natural
sources;
2. Replenish-what is used to use what has been replenished;
and
3. Revitalize-nature and breathe new life to the communities.
Section 1 of Executive Order 579 mandates the NSTP
participants to build a new quality of life that will keep the
nation young and beautiful.
Shall be involved in Go Green Philippines activities:
1. Taking back our forests and replenishing fallen tress with
worried forests
2. Beautifying our barangays and cities
3. Building more urban parks and recreation areas
4. Purifying our water
5. Cleaning up industrial sites
Republic Act 9512
Signed into law on December 12, 2008 by then President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo the "National Environmental
Awareness and Education Acr of 2008".
 Immanuel Kant a German philosopher in his 1795 essay
Perpetual Peace : A philosophical Sketch = proposed a
system where nation-states and dominating national interest
were replaced by an enlightened world order.
 In US, the national security can be seen as a post Second
World war phenomenon, and has to some degree replaced
some other concepts that describe the great effort of every
NATION to overcome various external and internal threats.
 National security act of 1947 was signed on July 26 1947 by
then US President Harry S. Truman.
 Acc.to Genaral Maxwell Taylor (the legitimate claims of
national Security, 1974)
Republic Act 10121
One major law was signes on May 29, 2010 by then President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo which aims to strengthen the
Philippines'Disaster Risk Reduction and Management system,
providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other
purposes..
ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE
POLICY
Section I: The Philippine is a democratic and Republican
State.
Republican Government - democratic government by
representatives chosen by the people at
Large
Section 2: The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of
national policy
Section 3: Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the
military
Section 4: The prime duty of the Government is to serve and
protect the people.
Section 5: The maintenance of peace and order, the
protection of life, liberty, and property.
Section 6: The separation of Church and State shall be
inviolable.
Section 7: The State shall pursue an independent foreign
policy.
Foreign Policy - is the basic direction underlying the conduct
by a state of its affairs vis-à-vis those of other States.
Section 8: Freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Section 9: The State shall promote a just and dynamic social
order.
Section 10: The State shall promote social justice.
Social Justice - state must give preferential attention to the
welfare of the less fortunate members of
the community.
Section 11: The State values the dignity and guarantees full
respect for human rights.
Section 12: The State recognizes the sanctity of family life.
Family - as the basic autonomous social institution
Section 13: State recognize the vital role of the youth for
Nation Building.
Section 14: The State recognizes the role of women in nationbuilding, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
Section 15: The right to health of the people and instil health
consciousness among them.
Another step for risk reduction and management is the
"accreditation, mobilization and protection of disaster
volunteers and National Service Reserve Corps, Civl Service
Organizationsn and the Private Sector as mandated by the
DRRM Law, Sec 13
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(Phivolcs)
Director Renato Solidum, Jr. (2011) said that Personal
preparedness is the key factor toward reducing risks during
disasters.
Chapter 6 : National Security Concerns and Peace
Education
National security- is the requirement to maintain the survival
of the state through the use of economic, power projection,
and political power, and the exercise of diplomacy
Diplomacy- (latin: diploma – official document) art and
practice of conducting negotiations among representatives of
groups or states.
History of the national security Concept
 National security as a philosophy of maintain a stable nation
state can be traced to the Peace of Westphalia, wherein
the concept of the sovereign state, ruled by sovereign,
became the basis of a new international order of nation
states.
 Thomas Hobbes in his 1651 work Leviathan who stated
that citizens yield to powerful sovereign who in turn promises
an end to civil and religious war, and to bring forth a lasting
peace, and give him the right to conduct policy, including
wage war or negotiate for peace for the good of the
commonwealth.
Peace is a state without war.
Health - is the state of physical social and mental well-being
rather than merely the absence of
physical disease.
Section 16: The right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm
and harmony of nature.
Ecology - branch of science that deals with the study of the
interrelationships of living things and
their environment
Section 17: The State shall give priority to education, science
and technology, arts, culture, and
sports.
Section 18: The State affirms labor as a primary social
economic force.
Section 19: The State shall develop a self-reliant and
independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos.
Section 20: The State recognizes the indispensable role of the
private sector, encourages private
enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.
Section 21: The State shall promote comprehensive rural
development and agrarian reform.
Comprehensive rural Development - covers all phases of
rural development - economic, social, political, cultural and
industrial
Section 22: The State recognizes and promotes the rights of
indigenous cultural communities within
the framework of national unity and development.
Indigenous cultural community - refers to those nondominant group w/c possess and wish to
preserve characteristic markedly different from the rest of the
population.
Ex: Ethnic, religious and linguistic traditions
Section 23: The State shall encourage non-governmental,
community-based, or sectoral
organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 24: The State recognizes the vital role of
communication and information in nation-building.
Section 25: The State shall ensure the autonomy of local
governments.
Section 26: The State shall guarantee equal access to
opportunities for public service, and prohibit
political dynasties as may be defined by law.
Section 27: The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in
the public service and take positive
and effective measures against graft and corruption.
Section 28: Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by
law, the State adopts and implements a
policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving
public interest.