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The Rhetorical Diagram
“Jolliffe” Model
Please take notes on your copy of the “Jolliffe”
diagram & in your Rhetorical Lenses packet.
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Rhetorical Lens #1:
THE RHETORICAL SITUATION
The Rhetorical Situation addresses the position
of the speaker and the central claim of the text.
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EXIGENCE:
Exigence is the tension or urgency
behind the claim. This is the SO
WHAT!?
It’s the element of the argument
that REALLY GETS UNDER THE
SPEAKER’s SKIN.
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AUDIENCE:
WHO is this text for???
*Who is included or left out in the
originally intended audience?
*Does the intended audience include
you?
*If not, how can you put yourself in
their shoes?
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PURPOSE:
What does the writer want the
audience TO DO???
*Is there a call to action?
*What position does the author expect
or want you to take?
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Text Analysis:
“Open
Letter to Urban
Outfitters on Columbus Day”
Re-read
the letter and identify
each component of the
RHETORICAL SITUATION.
Annotate
parts of the text where
you discover each component.
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Rhetorical Lens #2:
APPEALS
text
writer
audience
The Rhetorical APPEALS focus on the WRITERREADER relationship—a conversation between
the two.
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LOGOS:
The appeal to argument and
organization of evidence
Guiding Questions:
What claim(s) does the author make?
What logical proofs and evidence are
provided for the claim??
Be wary of assumptions NOT backed by
evidence!!!
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ETHOS:
Credibility of the Author/Speaker
Guiding Questions:
How does the speaker demonstrate that he has
GOOD SENSE, GOOD CHARACTER, and GOOD
WILL?
Where does the speaker demonstrate consideration
of multiple view points and counterargument?
Is the speaker and authority on the subject? Does
she cite authorities and show that she is informed
and educated?
Why do this speakers words matter on this topic?
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PATHOS:
Appeal to the audience’s emotions
and interests
Guiding Questions:
What illustrative examples illicit an
emotional reaction from the
reader/audience? What is the result of this
audience reaction?
How does the author show consideration of
the audience’s specific interests?
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Application…
Which appeal is most emphasized in the
open letter? (Ethos/Logos/Pathos)
Which appeal is the most effective for
Sasha’s audience? Why?
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Rhetorical Lens #3:
ARRANGEMENT
The author’s ARRANGEMENT concerns the
actual order and organization of sentences and
paragraphs and information. Good writers are
INTENTIONAL with their arrangement!!
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What comes after what?
… and why???
An author has made intentional decisions about
the order and sequence of information provided.
He or she COULD have arranged it differently…
maybe a hundred different ways. But didn’t.
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HOW IT IS
ARRANGED HERE, and WHAT IS THE EFFECT
THIS HAS ON THE PURPOSE AND
AUDIENCE????
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Arrangement: Guiding Questions
What is the purpose or function of each
paragraph?? (makes a claim, addresses the
counterargument, gives and example, etc.)
What is the effect of the beginning, middle or
ending of a passage??
What patterns or repeated sequences do you
notice in the text? Are these patterns
effective?
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Rhetorical Lens #4: STYLE
Enhances the
writer’s ethos and
voice
Appeals to the
pathos and
interests of the
audience
Style is an expansive category of techniques
that a writer or speaker uses to establish a
voice and tone as well as create vivid imagery
to appeal to the audience.
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Diction: Word Choice
An author’s choice of words affects the tone and
mood of the text, and hence, its effect on the
audience.
A good writer carefully considers the connotation of
words chosen:
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
1.
The guy was really mad.
2.
The gentleman was considerably irritated.
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SYNTAX: Sentence structure—how
words are arranged
Example:
Active vs. Passive Voice:
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE??
1.
The big blue sky beckoned her.
2.
She was beckoned by the big blue sky.
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Diction and Syntax are moves the
author makes with words…
Diction and Syntax BOTH say a lot about the
speaker’s ETHOS…
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IMAGERY: Mental pictures
conjured by specific words
Examples:
Descriptive language, powerful sensory
words.
Metaphors, Similes, Personification, etc all
appeal to the senses
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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:
Language that makes an
imaginative comparison
Examples:
Similes, Metaphors, Symbols…
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE??
1. You’ve earned your wings!
2. You’ve succeeded!
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Figurative Language & Imagery
BOTH create vivid pictures with
words….
…. And often incite an emotional
reaction from the audience.
Which APPEAL does this respond to?
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QUESTIONS???
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Application: Annotation &
Rhetorical Response
1.
Annotate the “Letter to Urban Outfitters”
a. Underline or highlight text that responds to each
element of the JOLLIFFE DIAGRAM.
b. Label what you have underlined by putting key
terms in the margins.
2.
EXTENSION (Writing Sample): Identify
something that really GETS UNDER YOUR
SKIN. Write a ONE PAGE Letter to a target
audience making a clear argument that
identifies your position and calls the audience
to action. Use the open letter as a model.