Как работают американские суды (Вопросы демократии Том 4, № 2, Сентябрь 1999)
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Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T D É E H Y F K S j B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J U J g h j C I F F U T Y N C N D F c s ltvjrhfnbb R FR HFÅJNFÑN FVTHBRFYCRBT CELS C T Y N Z Å N J V H 1 M 4 Y J V T H 9 2 9 9 U . Jn htlfrwbb Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels HFPLTKTYBT dkfcntq b cbcntvf clthétr b ghjnbdjdtcjd, pfrhtgktyyfz d Rjycnbnewbb CIF, ckeéfn jlybv bp yfbåjktt cdznj jåthtuftvsö ljcnbétybq fvthbrfycrjq ltvjrhfnbb. Jyj ufhfynbhetn yt njkmrj ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåysö bycnbnenjd, yj b pfrhtgkztn pf ybvb pyfxbntkmyeñ dkfcnm. Rjhyb änjq bltb eöjlzn d Lhtdyññ Uhtwbñ, f d yjdjt dhtvz jyf åskf hfpdbnf d hfåjnfö åhbnfycrjuj abkjcjaf Léjyf Kjrrf b ahfywepcrjuj abkjcjaf åfhjyf lt Vjyntcrmt. Jnws-jcyjdfntkb CIF, cjplfdibt fvthbrfycreñ Rjycnbnewbñ, b d jcjåtyyjcnb Létqvc Välbcjy, jåtcgtxbkb ébdjt djgkjotybt änbö bltq d yjdjq htcgeåkbrfycrjq ajhvt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf, ecnfyjdktyyjq gjckt ljcnbétybz ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb pfrhtgktyf d Cnfnmt 3 Rjycnbnewbb b gjlhjåyj bpkjétyf d Åbkkt j ghfdfö, gthdsö ltcznb gjghfdrfö r Rjycnbnewbb. Lfyysq dsgecr éehyfkf gjcdzoty d jcyjdyjv yt cjåcndtyyj ytpfdbcbvjcnb bycnbnenjd celtåyjq dkfcnb bkb hjkb celjd d fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf. Crjhtt, änj cghfdjxybr gj djghjcfv ghfrnbxtc- 2 rjq hfåjns celtåyjq cbcntvs CIF: jcyjdyst exfcnybrb cbcntvs, tt cnhernehf, aeyrwbb b änbxtcrbt ufhfynbb. Dféyj bvtnm d dble, xnj cels CIF aeyrwbjybheñn d jåotq cbcntvt rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ecnhjqcndf, rjnjhfz ufhfynbhetn bö ytpfdbcbvjcnm. Yfghbvth, ghtpbltyns vjuen yfpyfxfnm atlthfkmysö celtq, yj yt vjuen jcdjåjélfnm bö jn ljkéyjcnb. Änj ghfdj tcnm njkmrj e Rjyuhtccf, öjnz bcgjkmpetn jy tuj htlrj. D cdjñ jxthtlm celmb vjuen jnvtybnm htitybz Ghtpbltynf bkb Rjyuhtccf, jåüzdbd bö ghjnbdjhtxfobvb Rjycnbnewbb – byjcnhfywtd xfcnj gjhféftn änf jcjåtyyjcnm fvthbrfycrjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq cbcntvs. Yj änf dkfcnm celtåyjuj yflpjhf yt fåcjkñnyf, gjcrjkmre pfrjys vjuen åsnm yfgbcfys pfyjdj, f d Rjycnbnewbñ, ghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb, vjuen åsnm dytctys gjghfdrb. Ghbywbgs b vtöfybpvs aeyrwbjybhjdfybz celtåyjq cbcntvs CIF bpkjétys d cnfnmt ghjatccjhf Njyb V. Afqy, pfvtcnbntkz herjdjlbntkz Vtéleyfhjlyjq ghjuhfvvs ≤Ghbywbgs ghfdjdjuj ujcelfhcndf≥ ghb Ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt Ymñqjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf. Fdnjh jåceélftn hfpkbxbz vtéle atlthfkmysvb celfvb b celfvb infnjd, hjkm flvbybcnhfnbd- ysö celjd, f nfrét bcrkñxbntkmyj dféyeñ cbcntve gjlfxb fgtkkzwbq. Gjcktlybt ghjöjlzn xthtp abkmnh cgtwbfkmysö fgtkkzwbjyysö celjd hfpkbxysö ehjdytq b byjulf ljöjlzn lj Dthöjdyjuj celf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, rjnjhsq, d cjjndtncndbb c fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvjq, ghbybvftn jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt gj celtåysv b rjycnbnewbjyysv djghjcfv. Fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf ñhbcgheltywbb gj cenb jcyjdfyf yf cjcnzpfntkmyjcnb. D jcyjdt tt ktébn eåtéltybt d njv, xnj dthjznyjcnm dszdktybz bcnbys dsit, rjulf jåt cnjhjys – pfobnf b jådbytybt – yfgjhbcnj ghtlcnfdkzñn cdjb gjpbwbb éñhb ghbczéysö d cjjndtncndbb c åtcghbcnhfcnysvb ghfdbkfvb ljrfpsdfybz d ghbcencndbb åtccnhfcnyjuj celmb. J hjkb dctö änbö kbw gjlhjåyj hfccrfpsdftncz d cthbb bynthdmñ c pfvtcnbntktv atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf, yfpyfxftvsv celjv pfobnybrjv, fldjrfnjv b celmtq, rjnjhst ghjdtkb yfib htlfrnjhs Cnñfhn Ujhby b Åhñc Rähb. D fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt ceotcndetn ldf jxtym hfpysö dblf celjghjbpdjlcndf: uhfélfycrjt b eujkjdyjt. Jyb ceotcndtyyj hfpkbxfñncz vtéle cjåjq gj ghfdbkfv ghjdtltybz ghjwtccjd, jåzpfyyjcnzv celf b ghfdfv gjlcelbvsö. Fldjrfn celf gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv b ysytiybq ghtpbltyn Fvthbrfycrjq rjkktubb celtåysö fldjrfnjd Jcåjhy T. Fqcrmñ-vk. bccktletn änb hfpkbxbz d cdjtv jxthrt j uhfélfycrjv b eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt. Lkz bkkñcnhfwbb cdjtq njxrb phtybz jy bcgjkmpetn ghbvths bp yfievtdibö ltk, öjhjij pdtcnysö vbhjdjq jåotcndtyyjcnb. Cthlwtdbyjq fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvs ckeébn gjyznbt ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf, bkb ghfdf, cjplfdftvjuj celmzvb, rfr gbcfyjuj, nfr b ytgbcfyjuj, d jnkbxbt jn uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf, jgbhfñotujcz d jcyjdyjv yf gbcfyst cdjls pfrjyjd. Celmz jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf gthdjq bycnfywbb infnf Vähbktyl Gbnth Lé. Vtccbnn hfccrfpsdftn j nhflbwbb ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf, eyfcktljdfyyjq fvthbrfycrjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq cbcntvjq jn Åhbnfybb rfr åsditq rjkjybfkmyjq lthéfds. Yb jlby celtåysq bycnbnen yt vjétn hfåjnfnm äaatrnbdyj b cghfdtlkbdj, yt bvtz dcnhjtyysö pfobnysö cbcntv, jåtcgtxbdfñobö vfrcbvfkmyj dscjrbt änbxtcrbt yjhvs gjdtltybz celtq, fldjrfnjd b lheubö exfcnybrjd celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Bö åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm, ghjatccbjyfkbpv b xtcnyjcnm ébpytyyj ytjåöjlbvs lkz jåtcgtxtybz yfhjlyjq gjllthérb b ljdthbz r ybv. D öjlt ntktdbpbjyyjq ghtccrjyathtywbb lkz celtq bp Ckjdtybb celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Äynjyb Rtyytlb hfcceélftn j njv, rfr ecnfyjdbnm b cjöhfyznm änbxtcrbt yjhvs lkz jåtcgtxtybz eybdthcfkmyjcnb ghbywbgf dkfcnb pfrjyf. C vjvtynf ecnfyjdktybz htcgeåkbrb, hjkm celjd d CIF yt juhfybxbdfkfcm yfrfpfybtv ghtcnegktybq, yj pfrkñxfkfcm d jåtcgtxtybb ghfd, pfrhtgktyysö d Rjycnbnewbb CIF. D cnfnmt j ltkt ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥, htlfrnjh Lädbl Gbnnc ghjcktébdftn bcnjhbñ ghbyznbz jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt dféysö htitybq d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf. Änj bcnjhbz j njv, rfr ytåjkmifz uheggf uhfélfy jåhfnbkfcm d cel c öjlfnfqcndjv jå jnvtyt pfrjyf infnf, rjnjhsq jyb cjxkb ytcghfdtlkbdsv. Bö jåhfotybt ghbdtkj r htitybñ Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF jå jnvtyt änjuj pfrjyf, f nfrét cöjébö pfrjyjd d tot 24 infnfö. 3 Cjlthéfybt Djghjcs L T VJRHFNB B CTYNZÅHM 1999 6 RFR A E Y R W B J Y B H E T N C E LT Å Y F Z C B C N T V F D CIF Ghjatccjh Njyb Afqy, pfvtcnbntkm herjdjlbntkz Vtéleyfhjlyjq ghjuhfvvs ≤Ghbywbgs ghfdjdjuj ujcelfhcndf≥ ghb Ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt Ymñqjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, hfccrfpsdftn j vtöfybpvt hfåjns fvthbrfycrbö celjd b j njv, rfrbv jåhfpjv jyb aeyrwbjybheñn d fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvt d wtkjv. 12 EXFCNYBRB C E LT Å Y J U J G H J W T C C F Cthbz bynthdmñ htlfrnjhjd Cnñfhnf Ujhbyf b Åhñcf Rähb c pfvtcnbntktv atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf CIF, yfpyfxftvsv celjv pfobnybrjv, fldjrfnjv b celmtq jå bö hjkb d celtåyjv ghjwtcct. 19 UHFÉLFYCRJT B EUJKJDYJT CELJGHJBPDJLCNDJ D CIF Cnfnmz ghtpbltynf Fvthbrfycrjq rjkktubb celtåysö fldjrfnjd Jcåjhyf T. Fqcrmñ-vk. gjcdzotyf hfccvjnhtybñ ldeö dbljd celjghjbpdjlcndf – uhfélfycrjuj b eujkjdyjuj, b jåüzcytybñ hfpkbxbq vtéle ybvb, bvtñobö rkñxtdjt pyfxtybt lkz gjybvfybz fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz. 26 CHFDYBNTKMYSQ F Y F K B P C B C N T V G H T W T LT Y N Y J U J B UHFÉLFYCRJUJ GHFDF Gbnth Vtccbnn, celmz jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb d infnt Vähbktyl, hfccrfpsdftn j ghjbcöjéltybb cbcntv ghtwtltynyjuj b uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf b jå bö aeyrwbjybhjdfybb ctujlyz. 33 C E LT Å Y F Z ÄNBRF D ECKJDBZÖ GHFDJDJUJ UJCELFHCNDF D öjlt ntktdbpbjyyjq ghtcc-rjyathtywbb lkz celtq bp Ckjdtybb celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Äynjyb Rtyytlb hfccrfpsdftn j njv, rfr celtåyfz dtndm dkfcnb ljkéyf ufhfynbhjdfnm eybdthcfkmyjcnm ghbywbgf dkfcnb pfrjyf. 4 U. 41 ≤ÅHFEY GHJNBD CJDTNF GJ JÅHFPJDFYBÑ≥: D T H Ö J D Y J U J C E L F, B P V T Y B D I T T É B P Y M C N H F Y S HTITYBT Htlfrnjh Lädbl Gbnnc ghjcktébdftn bcnjhbñ ghbyznbz jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt dféysö htitybq d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf (≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥), rjhtyysv jåhfpjv ghtjåhfpjdfdituj ébpym fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf. 52 ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ Cnfnmb, rybub b dbltjvfnthbfks jå fvthbrfycrbö celfö b ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvt CIF. 56 CFQNS BYNTHYTNF Drkñxfz dsöjls yf cfqns gj fvthbrfycrbv celfv b ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvt CIF, f nfrét ukjccfhbq ñhblbxtcrbö nthvbyjd. Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T R F R F V T H B R F Y C R B T T Y N Z Å H M 1 9 9 9 U B PLFNTKM L ÉELBN C. C BUTK H TLFRNJH Ä YNJYB D. C FHBNB Å HÑC R ÄHB HTLFRNJH LTÅJHF V. C. Å HFEY V JYF Ä CRDTNBYB E ÄQY Ö JKK C NÑFHN U JHBY LTÅJHF V. C. Å HFEY I FHKF Ö FNNJY H TLFRNJH - RJYCEKMNFYN H TLFRNJH B YNTHYTN - DTHCBB Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J U J H F Å J N F Ñ N C JNDTNCNDTYYSQ B É E H Y F K S ÉEHYFKF H TLFRNJHS F U T Y N C N D F C I F C E L S . Ä CNTKM Å ÄQHL H TLFRWBJYYFZ RJKKTUBZ Ö JDFHL C BYRJNNF L ÉELBN C BUTK K TJYFHLJ E BKMZVC H TLFRNJHS HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ Y FNFIF Å FHÅFI K BLBZ D JHJYBYF L ÉJY L ÉTQCBR L ÄDBL G BNNC C GHFDJXYJ - BCCKTLJDFNTKMCRBQ JNLTK R ÄHJK Y JHNJY Å FHÅFHF C FYLTHC Ö ELJÉTCNDTYYSQ U HFABXTCRJT HTLFRNJH JAJHVKTYBT G JVJOYBR HTLFRNJHF L FQFYF D EKDTHNJY Ö KJ Ä KKBC C BKMDBZ C RJNN GJ UHFABXTCRJVE JAJHVKTYBÑ Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBC dsöjlzn rfélst nhb ytltkb. D ybö jåceélfñncz ckjéyst ghjåktvs, cnjzobt gthtl Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb. Jyb nfrét byajhvbheñn jåotcndtyyjcnm j cjåsnbzö, ghjbcöjlzobö d änjq cnhfys. Éehyfks dsöjlzn d cthbzö: ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥. Jyb cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b byajhvfwbjyyst vfnthbfks gj jåceélftvjq ntvt. Dct éehyfks gthtdjlzncz yf ahfywepcrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb, ghb änjv ubgthntrcnjdst dthcbb geåkbreñncz xthtp ytltkñ gjckt dsöjlf éehyfkf gj-fyukbqcrb. Dcrjht gjckt änjuj dsöjlzn dthcbb d ajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. Ytrjnjhst yjvthf éehyfkjd gthtdjlzncz nfrét yf fhfåcrbq, rbnfqcrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq zpsrb, ghbxtv ldf gjcktlybö dfhbfynf dsöjlzn d ubgthntrcnjdjv htébvt b ajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. • Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ghjcmåf bvtnm d dble, xnj ÑCBC yt åthtn yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b gjcnjzyyeñ ljcnegyjcnm ghbdjlbvsö pltcm cfqnjd d Bynthytnt; nfrjuj hjlf jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bcrkñxbntkmyj bö dkfltkmws. Geåkbretvst cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz bkb gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cyfåétys juhfybxtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjhcrbö ghfd. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnm c ljvfiytq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals/journals.htm”. Éehyfks ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf b gtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ: Editor, Issues of Democracy (I/TDHR), U.S.Information Agency, 301 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America. 5 Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Rfr aeyrwbjybhetn celtåyfz cbcntvf d CIF N j y b V. A f q y Gj Rjycnbnewbb ujcelfhcndtyyjt ecnhjqcndj CIF jcyjdfyj yf ghbywbgt atlthfkbpvf, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsv atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj jåkflftn juhfybxtyysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb, f dcz jcnfkmyfz dkfcnm ghbyflktébn infnfv. Änf ét vjltkm hfpltktybz gjkyjvjxbq jghtltkztn jnyjitybz vtéle atlthfkmysvb celfvb b celfvb infnjd. D cdjtv jåpjht fvthbrfycrbö celjd hfpkbxysö ehjdytq pfvtcnbntkm herjdjlbntkz Vtéleyfhjlyjq ghjuhfvvs ≤Ghbywbgs ghfdjdjuj ujcelfhcndf≥ ghb Ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt Ymñqjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Njyb V. Afqy jåüzcyztn, rfr aeyrwbjybhetn celtåyfz cbcntvf cnhfys. 6 Dhzl kb vjéyj ujdjhbnm j tlbyjq celtåyjq cbcntvt CIF, gjcrjkmre yf ltkt jyf cjcnjbn bp ytcrjkmrbö fdnjyjvysö celtåysö cbcntv. Ceotcndetn tlbyfz cbcntvf atlthfkmysö celjd, bvtñofz vyjétcndj utjuhfabxtcrbö gjlhfpltktybq b hfpkbxyst ehjdyb bthfhöbb. Rhjvt njuj, d rféljv infnt tcnm cdjz cjåcndtyyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf, drkñxfñofz ctnm vtcnysö celjd, ltqcndeñobö yf nthhbnjhbb infnf. D cjjndtncndbb c änjq ldetlbyjq cnhernehjq celjd atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz b ehjdyz infnjd, Dthöjdysq cel CIF dscnegftn jrjyxfntkmysv fhåbnhjv d njv, xnj rfcftncz atlthfkmysö pfrjyjd, f dscibq cel rféljuj infnf (jåsxyj yfpsdftvsq dthöjdysv celjv) ckeébn dthöjdysv jhufyjv, bynthghtnbheñobv pfrjys cjjndtncndeñotuj infnf. D djghjcfö, cdzpfyysö c atlthfkmyjq rjycnbnewbtq b pfrjyfvb, atlthfkmyst cels bvtñn ghfdj ghbybvfnm htitybt j njv, yfheifñn kb pfrjys infnf atlthfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj. Hfåjnf änbö cbcntv pfnhelyztncz ntv, xnj ceotcndetn ytcrjkmrj bcnjxybrjd ghfdf, b celfv jlyjq cbcntvs xfcnj ghböjlbncz bynthghtnbhjdfnm b ghbvtyznm pfrjys, yföjlzobtcz d ñhbclbrwbb lheubö celjd. Rhjvt njuj, byju- wbjyysö celjd, n.t. rfélsq cel bvttn gjkyjvjxbz jåüzdbnm njn bkb byjq pfrjy bkb ltqcndbz bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb ytrjycnbnewbjyysvb, xnj vjétn åsnm gthtcvjnhtyj celjv åjktt dscjrjq bycnfywbb. Atlthfkmyst cels Njyb V. Afqy lf ghfdj ckeifybz jlyjuj b njuj ét ltkf vjétn ghbyflktéfnm chfpe ytcrjkmrbv celfv. Atlthfkmyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf, nfr ét rfr b celtåyfz cbcntvf infnjd, gjcnhjtyf gj ghbywbge gbhfvbls. E jcyjdfybz gbhfvbls rfr yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, nfr b yf ehjdyt infnf ltkf ckeifñncz d celfö gthdjq bycnfywbb, relf ghbukfifñncz cdbltntkb, ghtlcnfdkzñncz ljrfpfntkmcndf b cjjndtncndeñobv jhufyjv (éñhb ghbczéysö, f byjulf celmtq) ghjbpdjlbncz ecnfyjdktybt afrnjd yf jcyjdt pfrjyf. Yf dthibyt rféljq bp gbhfvbl yföjlbncz ≤cel gjcktlytq bycnfywbb≥ (yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt änj Dthöjdysq cel CIF, yf ehjdyt infnf – dthöjdysq cel infnf), rjnjhsq bvttn gjkyjvjxbz bynthghtnbhjdfnm pfrjys, yföjlzobtcz d tuj ñhbclbrwbb. D åjkmibycndt infnjd, f nfrét d atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt ceotcndeñn b fgtkkzwbjyyst cels chtlytuj ehjdyz. Åjkmibycndj celjd rfr yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, nfr b yf ehjdyt infnjd ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ≤cels jåotq ñhbclbrwbb≥, nj tcnm bvtñn ghfdj hfccvfnhbdfnm ltkf hfpkbxyjq rfntujhbb. D CIF yt ceotcndetn jcjåsö rjycnbne- Nhflbwbjyyst atlthfkmyst cels yfpsdfñn ≤celfvb nhtnmtq cnfnmb≥, gjcrjkmre d cjjndtncndbb cj Cnfnmtq 3 Rjycnbnewbb CIF jyb jåkflfñn ghfdjv celtåyjuj yflpjhf b jghtltktyyjq pfobnjq. Änb cels jhufybpjdfys dthnbrfkmyj d nhb ehjdyz, f nfrét gj utjuhfabxtcrjve ghbpyfre. Yf ybéytv ehjdyt yföjlzncz jrheéyst atlthfkmyst cels CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb. Fgtkkzwbb, gjlfdftvst yf htitybt atlthfkmysö jrheéysö celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb, yfghfdkzñncz d jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF. Bp ybö ltkf vjuen gthtlfdfnmcz d Dthöjdysq cel CIF. Åjkmieñ xfcnm gjkyjvjxbq gj celtåyjve yflpjhe Dthöjdysq cel jceotcndkztn gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ, ghbybvfz htitybt kbim gj ytåjkmijq xfcnb ltk, ghtlcnfdktyysö yf tuj hfccvjnhtybt. Jrheéyst atlthfkmyst cels CIF – cels gthdjq bycnfywbb jåotq ñhbclbrwbb, nj tcnm jyb ghjdjlzn ckeifybt ltk gj hfpkbxysv eujkjdysv b uhfélfycrbv djghjcfv. Ceotcndetn 94 atlthfkmysö celtåysö jrheuf CIF, ghbxtv d rféljv infnt yföjlbncz gj rhfqytq vtht jlby jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq cel. D yfbåjktt rhegysö b uecnjyfctktyysö infnfö ceotcndetn ytcrjkmrj jrheujd, ghb änjv uhfybws jrheujd yt gthtctrfñn uhfybws infnjd. Xbckj celtq pfdbcbn jn hfpvthf nthhbnjhbb b xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz – b, cjjndtncndtyyj, pfuheétyyjcnb – rféljuj jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf gthdjq bycnfywbb. Öjnz d rféljv jrheéyjv atlthfkmyjv celt gthdjq bycnfywbb 7 hfåjnftn ytcrjkmrj celtq, ckeifybt ltkf ghjöjlbn gjl ghtlctlfntkmcndjv njkmrj jlyjuj celmb. Jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF – atlthfkmyst cels chtlytuj ehjdyz. Änb fgtkkzwbjyyst cels cxbnfñncz jcyjdyjq ≤hfåjxtq kjiflrjq≥ atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs, gjcrjkmre åjkmifz xfcnm ltk htiftncz bvtyyj d ybö. Fgtkkzwbb yfghfdkzñncz bp jrheéysö atlthfkmysö celjd CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb d jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF, tckb ghjbuhfdifz cnjhjyf cxbnftn, xnj celmz jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf gthdjq bycnfywbb ljgecnbk celtåyeñ jibåre d ghbyznbb htitybz. Fgtkkzwbb yt vjuen gjlfdfnmcz lkz bcghfdktybz ghtlgjkfuftvsö jibåjr d jwtyrt afrnjd, tckb njkmrj ytn zdyjuj yfheitybz pfrjyf. Yfghbvth, ghjbuhfdifz cnjhjyf vjétn pfzdbnm, xnj celmz ljgecnbk jibåre, ghbyzd rfrjq-ybåelm ljrevtyn d rfxtcndt dtotcndtyyjuj ljrfpfntkmcndf, yj ghjbuhfdifz cnjhjyf yt vjétn jcgjhbnm htitybt celf bkb éñhb ghbczéysö, bcöjlz bp njuj, xnj jyb ghbikb r ytdthyjve htitybñ, jcyjdsdfzcm njkmrj yf änjv ljrevtynt. Jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF jödfnsdfñn 12 htubjyjd: 11 ghjyevthjdfyysö htubjyjd, rfélsq bp rjnjhsö drkñxftn nthhbnjhbñ gj rhfqytq vtht nhtö infnjd, b atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF d jrheut Rjkevåbz, ult pfckeibdfñncz nfrét ltkf, pfnhfubdfñobt atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj. Rfélsq jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF hfccvfnhbdftn fgtkkzwbb, gjlfyyst bp jrheéysö atlthfkmysö celjd CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb, yföjlzoböcz yf tuj nthhbnjhbb. Xbcktyyjcnm celtq d hfpkbxysö jrheéysö atlthfkmysö fgtkkzwbjyysö celfö CIF ceotcndtyyj hfpkbxftncz b pfdbcbn jn xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz b hfpvthf htubjyf. Rféljt ltkj pf- 8 ckeibdftncz celjv d cjcnfdt nhtö celtq, dsåhfyysö gj éhtåbñ, ghbxtv cjcnfd celf ljkéty åsnm d rféljv ckexft hfpysv. Jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF vjuen ghbybvfnm htitybz gj ltkfv yf jcyjdt hfccvjnhtybz pfgbcjr gj ltke, ghtlcnfdkztvsö cnjhjyfvb, bkb ghjdjlz ecnyst ckeifybz. Htitybt gjlujnfdkbdftncz jlybv bp celtq d gbcmvtyyjv dblt b hfplftncz ldev lheubv xktyfv cjcnfdf celf. Pfrkñxtybt celf ljkéyj åsnm gjlgbcfyj gj rhfqytq vtht ldevz xktyfvb cjcnfdf celf. Kñåjq celmz, döjlzobq d cjcnfd celf, bvttn ghfdj yfgbcfnm ≤cjukfcyjt, yj yt cjdgflfñott≥ vytybt, d rjnjhjv celmz cjukfiftncz c htitybtv åjkmibycndf, yj gj lheubv bkb ljgjkybntkmysv ghbxbyfv. Celmz, ytcjukfcysq c vytybtv celf, vjétn gbcmvtyyj pfzdbnm j cdjtv jcjåjv vytybb, jåüzcybd, gjxtve jy ghbitk r lheujve dsdjle. Öjnz rfr ≤cjukfcyjt, yj yt cjdgflfñott≥, nfr b jcjåjt vytybt yt bvttn ñhblbxtcrjq cbks, jyb vjuen bvtnm ceotcndtyyjt pyfxtybt d ghbyznbb gjcktleñobö celtåysö htitybq. Gjckt njuj, rfr cel d cjcnfdt nhtö celtq dsytc htitybt, e cnjhjy tcnm ytcrjkmrj dfhbfynjd ltqcndbq: jyb vjuen ljåbdfnmcz ≤gjdnjhyjuj hfccvjnhtybz≥ ghbyznjuj htitybz ntv ét cfvsv cjcnfdjv celf, kbåj ljåbdfnmcz ghjdtltybz ≤gjdnjhyjuj ckeifybz≥ htitybz celf dctvb celmzvb änjuj jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj fgtkkzwbjyyjuj celf CIF yf cjdvtcnyjv pfctlfybb, kbåj ét ljåbdfnmcz hfccvjnhtybz ltkf Dthöjdysv celjv CIF, yfghfdbd öjlfnfqcndj jå jnlfybb ghbrfpf jå bcnhtåjdfybb ltkf (d ckexft, tckb cels ybétcnjzobö bycnfywbq ghbyzkb htitybt gj bö ltke b hfpjikbcm dj vytybzö). Rféljt bp änbö öjlfnfqcnd eljdktndjhztncz, jlyfrj, gj ecvjnhtybñ celf, b ghjbcöjlbn änj ytxfcnj. Dthöjdysq cel CIF yföjlbncz yf dthibyt atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs b cjcnjbn bp ltdznb celtq, rjnjhst ghjdjlzn ckeifybz ltk b ghbybvfñn htitybz gj ybv. Rfr b d jrheéysö atlthfkmysö fgtkkzwbjyysö celfö CIF, celmb Dthöjdyjuj celf vjuen ghbcjtlbybnmcz r vytybñ åjkmibycndf bkb gbcmvtyyj pfzdbnm j bkb ghbcjtlbybnmcz r ≤cjukfcyjve, yj yt cjdgflfñotve≥ bkb jcjåjve vytybzv. Jåofz ñhbclbrwbz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF d jcyjdyjv jceotcndkztncz d lbcrhtwbjyyjv gjhzlrt gjchtlcndjv ghjwtccf bcnhtåjdfybz ltk bp ybétcnjzobö celjd. D cjjndtncndbb c nfr yfpsdftvsv ghfdbkjv xtnshtö, tckb xtnsht bp ltdznb xktyjd Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF dscrfpsdfñncz d gjkmpe ghjdtltybz ckeifybq rfrjuj-kbåj ltkf, nj öjlfnfqcndj jå bcnhtåjdfybb änjuj ltkf eljdktndjhztncz. Dthöjdysq cel xfcnj ghbybvftn r hfccvjnhtybñ ltkf, d rjnjhsö gthtrhtobdfñncz gjkyjvjxbz ytcrjkmrbö jrheéysö atlthfkmysö fgtkkzwbjyysö celjd CIF bkb ltkf, pfnhfubdfñobt dféyst rjycnbnewbjyyst bkb lheubt ñhblbxtcrbt ghbywbgs. Jnrfp d dslfxt ghbrfpf jå bcnhtåjdfybb ltkf yt cdbltntkmcndetn j cjukfcbb c htitybzvb ybétcnjzobö celjd, yj ghjcnj jpyfxftn, xnj jghtltktyyjt xbckj celtq gj rfrbv-kbåj ghbxbyfv yt pföjntkj hfccvfnhbdfnm änj ltkj. Gjvbvj ghbrfpjd jå bcnhtåjdfybb ltk, Dthöjdysq cel CIF vjétn ghjdjlbnm hfccvjnhtybt ltk gj fgtkkzwbzv atlthfkmysö celjd bkb dthöjdysö celjd infnjd, dsytcibö htitybz yf jcyjdt atlthfkmysö pfrjyjd (yfghbvth, rjulf jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF ghbybvftn htitybt jå jnvtyt pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj frnf rfrjuj-kbåj infnf bkb rjulf cel infnf jåüzdkztn ytltqcndbntkmysv atlthfkmysq pfrjyjlfntkmysq frn). Dthöjdysq cel nfrét bvttn ghfdj ghbybvfnm htitybt gj rjyrhtnysv ñhblbxtcrbv djghjcfv gj jåhfotybzv ybétcnjzobö atlthfkmysö celjd. Ñhbclbrwbz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF nfrét drkñxftn ghfdf celf gthdjq bycnfywbb gj juhfybxtyyjve rheue rjyrhtnysö ltk: cgjhs vtéle ldevz infnfvb, cgjhs vtéle Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb Fvthbrb b jnltkmysv infnjv, ltqcndbz infnf ghjnbd ébntkz lheujuj infnf bkb byjcnhfywf, f nfrét ltkf, djpåeéltyyst gj bybwbfnbdt bkb ghjnbd gjckf bkb rjycekf byjcnhfyyjq lthéfds. Cgtwbfkmyst cels Rfr ghfdbkj, d hfvrfö atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs yt cjplftncz cgtwbfkmysö celjd lkz hfccvjnhtybz rfrbö-kbåj jcjåsö djghjcjd. Ceotcndetn, jlyfrj, ldf ceotcndtyysö bcrkñxtybz: atlthfkmysq Ghtntywbjpysq cel CIF, rjnjhsq hfccvfnhbdftn abyfycjdst bcrb ghjnbd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, b Cel CIF gj Vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, hfccvfnhbdfñobq b dsyjczobq htitybz gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv ghjnbd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, atlthfkmysö dtljvcnd b bö cjnhelybrjd, jcyjdfyysv yf kñåsö pfrjyfö, cdzpfyysö c vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktq. Ceotcndetn nfrét jlby cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel – Fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF d cbcntvt atlthfkmysö celjd. Änjn cel jåkflftn ñhbclbrwbtq gj fgtkkzwbzv bp dctö atlthfkmysö jrheéysö celjd gj ltkfv, jcyjdsdfñobvcz yf gfntynyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt, f nfrét gj fgtkkzwbzv bp atlthfkmyjuj Ghtntywbjpyjuj celf b Atlthfkmyjuj celf CIF gj Vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt. Atlthfkmyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf nfrét drkñxftn ytcrjkmrj celjd, yfpsdftvsö pfrjyjlfntkmysvb celfvb, bkb ≤celfvb gthdjq cnfnmb≥, bvtz d dble Cnfnmñ 1 Rjycnbnewbb CIF. Änb cels ltqcndeñn d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjlfntkmysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb Rjyuhtccf b bvtñn ghfdj ghbybvfnm htitybz gj afrnbxtc- 9 rbv djghjcfv, jnyjczobvcz r rjyrhtnysv ltkfv. D rfxtcndt ghbvthjd ≤celjd gthdjq cnfnmb≥ vjéyj ghbdtcnb atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel Djjheétyysö cbk CIF, atlthfkmysq Cel CIF gj fgtkkzwbzv dtnthfyjd, atlthfkmysq Yfkjujdsq cel CIF b atlthfkmysq Cel CIF gj åfyrhjncndfv. Fgtkkzwbb bp änbö celjd vjuen gjlfdfnmcz d jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF. F l v b y b cn h fn b d y s t c e l s Atlthfkmyst dtljvcndf buhfñn juhjvyeñ hjkm d hfphfåjnrt b ghbvtytybb atlthfkmysö pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd CIF gj åjkmijve rheue djghjcjd – jn eghfdktybz ghbhjlysvb htcehcfvb lj djghjcjd jöhfys pljhjdmz b åtpjgfcyjcnb hfåjxbö. Xfcnj änj jpyfxftn, xnj atlthfkmyjt dtljvcndj dsgjkyztn hjkm jhufyf flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ghfdjcelbz gj ecnfyjdktybñ afrnjd d njv, xnj rfcftncz ghbvtytybz atlthfkmysö yjhvfnbdysö frnjd. Rjulf djpybrfñn hfpyjukfcbz, cnjhjys ghtlcnfdkzñn cdjb ljrfpfntkmcndf celmt gj djghjcfv flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ghfdf (CDFG), rjnjhsq dsgjkyztn aeyrwbñ ecnfyjdktybz afrnjd. Rfélfz bp cnjhjy vjétn gjlfnm fgtkkzwbñ yf htitybt celmb, jåsxyj rjvbntne bkb rjvbccbb, jåhfpjdfyyjq atlthfkmysv dtljvcndjv, bplfdibv änjn yjhvfnbdysq frn. Gjcrjkmre r änjve vjvtyne CDFG eét dsgjkybk pflfxe ecnfyjdktybz afrnjd, rjnjhjq jåsxyj pfybvftncz jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq cel gthdjq bycnfywbb, fgtkkzwbb yf htitybz rhegysö atlthfkmysö dtljvcnd (yfghbvth, Yfwbjyfkmyjuj eghfdktybz gj ehtuekbhjdfybñ nheljdsö jnyjitybq bkb Atlthfkmyjq rjvbccbb gj djghjcfv njhujdkb) yfghfdkzñncz ytgjchtlcndtyyj d jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF. Öjnz nfrbt fgtkkzwbb vjuen yfghfdkznmcz d kñåjq jrheu cel, yf ghfrnbrt åjkmibycndj fgtkkzwbq bp atlthfkm- 10 ysö dtljvcnd hfccvfnhbdftncz atlthfkmysv fgtkkzwbjyysv celjv jrheuf Rjkevåbz. C e l s i n fn j d Rfélsq infn, f nfrét jrheu Rjkevåbz b Geähnj-Hbrj bvttn cdjñ ytpfdbcbvj ltqcndeñoeñ celtåyeñ cbcntve. C njxrb phtybz infnf, cel dscituj ehjdyz infnf ckeébn dthöjdyjq dkfcnmñ d jnyjitybb bynthghtnfwbb pfrjyjd cjjndtncndeñotuj infnf. Cbcntvf celjd infnjd, nfr ét rfr b atlthfkmysö celjd, gjcnhjtyf gj ghbywbge gbhfvbls. D åjkmibycndt infnjd ceotcndetn nhtöcnegtyxfnfz celtåyfz cbcntvf, cjcnjzofz bp celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb (byjulf yfpsdftvsö gthdsvb celfvb, jrheéysvb celfvb bkb htubjyfkmysvb celfvb), fgtkkzwbjyyjuj celf b celf gjcktlytq bycnfywbb (jåsxyj yfpsdftvjuj dthöjdysv celjv). D ytrjnjhsö infnfö bvttncz kbim jlby ehjdtym hfccvjnhtybz fgtkkzwbq. Rfr b d atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvt, celtåyst ckeifybz ghjdjlzncz gjl ghtlctlfntkmcndjv jlyjuj celmb (xfcnj d ghbcencndbb éñhb ghbczéysö), fgtkkzwbb gj htitybzv celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb hfccvfnhbdfñncz cjcnfdjv celf bp nhtö celtq, f d dthöjdysö celfö infnjd ltkf hfccvfnhbdfñncz dctvb xktyfvb celf, jåsxyj yfcxbnsdfñobvb ctvm bkb ltdznm celtq. Nfr ét, rfr b d atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt, celtåyst ltkf infnjd hfccvfnhbdfñncz cyfxfkf d celt gthdjq bycnfywbb. Änb cels xfcnj hfpltktys yf ldf ehjdyz: cels jåotq ñhbclbrwbb b cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cels. Ltkf, gj rjnjhsv ghbyzns htitybz celjv gthdjq bycnfywbb, vjuen åsnm ghtlvtnjv fgtkkzwbb, yfghfdkztvjq b hfccvfnhbdftvjq fgtkkzwbjyysv celjv. Rfr jnvtxfkjcm dsit, d ytrjnjhsö infnfö ceotcndetn njkmrj jlby ehjdtym fgtkkzwbq bp celf gthdjq bycnfywbb. D infnfö, ult tcnm ldf ehjdyz fgtkkzwbjyysö celjd, ecnfyjdktys hfpkbxyst ghfdbkf jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, gthtqltn kb ltkj fdnjvfnbxtcrb d fgtkkzwbjyysq cel bkb d dthöjdysq cel infnf. D ytrjnjhsö infnfö fgtkkzwbb bp celf gthdjq bycnfywbb yfghfdkzñncz d fgtkkzwbjyysq cel infnf chtlytuj ehjdyz b vjuen d gjcktleñotv åsnm hfccvjnhtys dthöjdysv celjv infnf d lbcrhtwbjyyjv gjhzlrt. D lheubö infnfö cnjhjys vjuen gjlfdfnm fgtkkzwbb bp celf gthdjq bycnfywbb yfghzveñ d dthöjdysq cel, rjnjhsq ghbybvftn htitybt j ghbtvt ltkf r hfccvjnhtybñ bkb yfghfdkztn ltkj d fgtkkzwbjyysq cel chtlytuj ehjdyz. D kñåjv ckexft dthöjdysq cel infnf jåsxyj hfccvfnhbdftn ltkf, pfnhfubdfñobt ceotcndtyyst djghjcs pfrjyjlfntkmcndf bkb gjkbnbrb infnf. Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cels infnjd – änj cels gthdjq bycnfywbb juhfybxtyyjq ñhbclbrwbb, rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñn ltkf, jnyjczobtcz njkmrj r jghtltktyyjve rheue ñhblbxtcrbö djghjcjd bkb cgjhjd. Öjnz yfåjh änbö celjd hfpkbxftncz jn infnf r infne, dj vyjubö infnfö tcnm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cels gj djghjcfv ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz, ctvtqyjuj ghfdf, ltkfv j yfcktljdfybb ytldbébvjuj bveotcndf b vtkrbv éfkjåfv (ltkf gj ltytéysv cevvfv vtymit jghtltktyyjq dtkbxbys). Htitybz änbö cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö celjd vjuen åsnm jåéfkjdfys d cels infnjd jåotq ñhbclbrwbb. vb vfubcnhfnfvb, nj tcnm uhfélfycrbvb jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb, jceotcndkzñobvb celtåyeñ dkfcnm, gthtlfyyeñ bv d cjjndtncndbb c vtcnysvb pfrjyjlfntkmysvb frnfvb. Bö gjkyjvjxbz vjue drkñxfnm ghfdj ghbybvfnm htitybz gj pfrjyfv j pjybhjdfybb ptvktgjkmpjdfybz, cåjht vtcnysö yfkjujd b bö hfcöjljdfybb bkb j cjplfybb b jåtcgtxtybb ltzntkmyjcnb jåotcndtyysö irjk. Pfrkñxtybt Jlyf bp yfbåjktt ckjéysö, yj b jlyjdhtvtyyj yfbåjktt bynthtcysö jcjåtyyjcntq fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs cjcnjbn d ceotcndjdfybb hfpltkmysö celtåysö cbcntv yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt b d rféljv infnt. Änb celtåyst cbcntvs hfpkbxfñncz gj jhufybpfwbb cdjtq hfåjns. Åjktt njuj, cbnefwbz jckjéyztncz toç b gthtrhtobdfybtv ñhbclbrwbq, xnj ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj rfélsq cel vjétn ghbybvfnm r ghjbpdjlcnde ltkf, pfnhfubdfñobt rfr atlthfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, nfr b pfrjys infnf. Yf ybéytv cdjtv ehjdyt dct celtåyst cbcntvs CIF bvtñn aeylfvtynfkmyjt cöjlcndj. D åjkmibycndt cdjtv fvthbrfycrbt cels – cels jåotq ñhbclbrwbb. Rhjvt njuj, rfélfz cbcntvf gjcnhjtyf gj bthfhöbxtcrjve ghbywbge gbhfvbls, ghtlecvfnhbdfz lkz celjd åjktt dscjrbö ehjdytq ghfdj yflpjhf b, ghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb, gthtcvjnhf ltk. V t cn y s t c e l s Rfélsq bp 50 infnjd bvttn nthhbnjhbfkmyjt ltktybt yf flvbybcnhfnbdyst hfqjys b veybwbgfkbntns, yfpsdftvst rhegysvb ujhjlfvb, uhfacndfvb, vtkrbvb ujhjlfvb b lthtdyzvb. Vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb, fyfkjubxyj dkfcnzv infnjd, hfcgjkfufñn cdjbvb cjåcndtyysvb celtåysvb cbcntvfvb, djpukfdkztvsvb vtcnys- Djghjcs ltvjrhfwbb. Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. 11 Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Exfcnybrb celtåyjuj ghjwtccf C n ñ f hn U j h b y b Å h ñ c R ä h b Gjvbvj jndtnxbrf d celtåyjv hfpåb- G h j re h j h hfntkmcndt exfcndeñn b lheubt Atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs gjlhfpltkzñn celtåyst ltkf yf ldt jcyjdyst rfntujhbb – gj nbge ≤htfubhjdfybz≥ b ≤bybwbfnbdyst≥, ujdjhbn gjvjoybr atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf Hjcf Hjlhbutc Vthf, d xmb jåzpfyyjcnb döjlbn dtltybt cdzpfyysö c yfhrjnbrfvb ltk d ñéyjq xfcnb in. Akjhbls. ≤Ltkf gj nbge ≤htfubhjdfybz≥ yjczn jlyjvjvtynysq öfhfrnth: yfghbvth, ghbdktxtybt r cele pf cjdthityyjt d fähjgjhne ghtcnegktybt, cdzpfyyjt c yfhrjnbrfvb≥, – gjzcyztn Hjlhbutc Vthf. D ckexft ≤bybwbfnbdysö≥ ltk, rjnjhst vjuen gjnhtåjdfnm ljkujuj dhtvtyb, ghjdjlbncz åjkmijq jåütv cktlcndtyyjq hfåjns, ghtélt xtv njn bkb byjq xtkjdtr åeltn fhtcnjdfy. Gjljåyst ltkf jåsxyj dtlencz d cjnhelybxtcndt c nfrbvb atlthfkmysvb futyncndfvb, rfr Flvbybcnhfwbz gj rjynhjkñ pf cjåkñltybtv pfrjyjd j yfhrjnbrfö, Atlthfkmyjt åñhj hfccktljdfybq b Nfvjétyyfz ckeéåf CIF, ljåfd- ltqcndeñobt kbwf, ghbdyjczobt d ghjwtcc cdjb eybrfkmyst njxrb phtybz. D jnltkmysö bynthdmñ yfib htlfrnjhs Cnñfhn Ujhby b Åhñc Rähb åtctleñn c gjvjoybrjv atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf bp ñéyjuj jrheuf in. Akjhblf Hjcjq Hjlhbutc Vthjq j hjkb ghjrehjhf, c yfpyfxftvsv celjv pfobnybrjv bp CfyAhfywbcrj Vfhnbyjv Cfåtkkb jå jnyjcbntkmyj yjdjv lkz CIF uhfélfycrjv ghfdt gjlcelbvjuj yf fldjrfnf d eujkjdyjv ghjwtcct, c ghjrehjhjv bp Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Cnbdjv Vfqj, pfybvfñotv ljkéyjcnm lbhtrnjhf Bycnbnenf bccktljdfybq ghfdjdsö cbcntv j ghjwtleht jnåjhf ghbczéysö, f nfrét c celmtq infnf Ymñ-Qjhr Kjhjq Ctqath Äcgbyjcf, rjnjhfz gjzcyztn, rfr ghjbcöjlbn celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj. 12 Gjvjoybr atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf Hjcf Hjlhbutc Vthf kztn Hjlhbutc Vthf. Rjulf ghjrehjhs ghjdjlzn jghjcs cdbltntktq bp ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, enjxyztn jyf, futyns ljkéys lfdfnm hfpüzcytybz gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr, yfghbvth, bcgjkmpjdfdibtcz bvb vtnjls dtltybz yfåkñltybz. Vfuybnjajyyst pfgbcb b cntyjuhfvvs nfrét fyfkbpbheñncz c exfcnbtv cdbltntktqjcdtljvbntktq, rjnjhst åelen lfdfnm gjrfpfybz gj ltke. D kñåjv ckexft, gj ckjdfv Hjlhbutc Vths, ≤bvtyyj eghfdktybt atlthfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf ljkéyj ghbdktrfnm r celtåyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb yfheibntktq atlthfkmysö pfrjyjd≥. Tckb cjdthityj ghtcnegktybt b gjljphtdftvsq pflthéfy, futyn edtljvkztn ltéehyjuj ghjrehjhf, rjnjhsq jghtltkztn, rfrbt jcyjdfybz bvtñncz lkz fhtcnf. Futynfv, ghjbpdtlibv pflthéfybt, pflfñncz djghjcs nbgf ≤Ult yföjlbkbcm yfhrjnbrb?≥ b ≤Jnrelf vs pyftv, xnj jndtnxbre åskj bpdtcnyj j njv, xnj d xtvjlfyt åskb yfhrjnbrb?≥ Pfntv ghjrehjh cdzps- dftncz c ltéehysv celmtq-vfubcnhfnjv, rjnjhsq dslftn jhlth yf fhtcn b htiftn, rfrjq ltytéysq pfkju yfpyfxbnm pf jcdjåjéltybt jndtnxbrf lj celf. Jndtnxbr d ntxtybt 48 xfcjd ghtlcnftn gthtl vfubcnhfnjv. Dj dhtvz änbö ckeifybq jndtnxbre yfpyfxftncz fldjrfn, tckb jy d ytv yeélftncz, jndtnxbr cnfdbncz d bpdtcnyjcnm j dsldbyensö ghjnbd ytuj jådbytybzö b ecnfyfdkbdftncz hfpvth ltytéyjuj pfkjuf pf jcdjåjéltybt lj celf. Gj ckjdfv Hjlhbutc Vths, tckb htxm bltn j rhegyjq gfhnbb yfhrjnbrjd, kbåj ceotcndetn hbcr gjåtuf jådbyztvjuj bkb euhjpf lkz jåotcndf, dkfcnb nhtåeñn yt jcdjåjélfnm jndtnxbrf gjl pfkju lj celf. D ghjnbdyjv ckexft celmz vjétn yfpyfxbnm pfkju b dsgecnbnm jndtnxbrf lj yfxfkf ghjwtccf. Gjckt ghtlüzdktybz jndtnxbre jådbytybz b d ckexft, tckb jy htibn yfcnfbdfnm yf cdjtq ytdbyjdyjcnb, cel vjétn åsnm jnkjéty d cdzpb c wtksv hzljv ghjwtccefkmysö ltqcndbq, drkñxfz öjlfnfqcndf pfobns jå enfqrt ekbr, htitybt gj rjnjhsv dsyjcbn celmz, f nfrét nhtåjdfybz j ghtljcnfdktybb ljrfpfntkmcnd – rjulf ghjrehjh ljkéty gthtlfnm fldjrfne pfobns rjgbb pfzdktybq, ghjnjrjks kfåjhfnjhysö bccktljdfybq, vfuybnjajyyst gktyrb b lheubt ljrfpfntkmcndf. Hjlhbutc Vthf ujdjhbn, xnj d rféljv rjyrhtnyjv ckexft d hfvrfö ecnfyjdktyysö ghjwtccefkmysö yjhv ceotcndetn yt jxtym åjkmifz cdjåjlf ltqcndbq gj ≤pfrkñxtybñ cltkrb j ghbpyfybb dbys≥. Yfghbvth, d jåvty yf ghbpyfybt dbys dkfcnb vjuen öjlfnfqcndjdfnm j yfpyfxtybb jådbyztvjve vtymituj chjrf nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz, tckb njn jrfétn ≤ceotcndtyyeñ gjvjom d hfccktljdfybb ltkf, yfghbvth, åeltn cjnhelybxfnm cj cktlcndbtv ghjnbd jlyjuj bp cdjbö cjjåoybrjd≥, – ljåfdkztn jyf. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf Hjlhbutc Vthf ghbdtkf ltkj j yfkbxbb 10 rbkjuhfvv rjrfbyf, pf xnj 13 ghtlecvfnhbdftncz jåzpfntkmyjt yfrfpfybt d dblt nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz chjrjv yf 10 ktn. Gj tt ckjdfv, tckb pfobnf jrfétn ceotcndtyyeñ gjvjom, jådbytybt vjétn öjlfnfqcndjdfnm j cvzuxtybb ghbujdjhf. Jlyfrj, jyf jnvtxftn, xnj celmz yt jåzpfy eljdktndjhbnm änj öjlfnfqcndj. Yfpyfxftvsq celjv pfobnybr Ghfdj gjlcelbvjuj yf fldjrfnf d eujkjdyjv ghjwtcct – ≤jnyjcbntkmyj yjdjt lkz CIF uhfélfycrjt ghfdj≥, ujdjhbn yfpyfxftvsq celjv pfobnybr Vfhnby Cfåtkkb – ñhbcn, rjnjhsq gj hjle cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb jåzpfy pfobofnm kñltq, jådbyztvsö d cjdthitybb atlthfkmysö ghtcnegktybq. ≤Gj rhfqytq vtht, yf ehjdyt infnf, – ghjljkéftn Cfåtkkb, – d lkbyyjv gthtxyt ghfd, rjnjhst åskb dsdtltys celfvb bp Rjycnbnewbb b ljåfdktys r gthdjyfxfkmyj bpkjétyysv tt cjplfntkzvb, lfyyjt ghfdj vjéyj ghjcktlbnm njkmrj yfxbyfz c 1960-ö ujljd, f lkz tuj afrnbxtcrjuj cnfyjdktybz gjnhtåjdfkjcm gjxnb 30 ktn≥. Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf åthtn cdjt yfxfkj c ltkf Rkfhtycf Ubltjyf (1963 u.) – åtlyjuj b vfkjuhfvjnyjuj xtkjdtrf bp in. Akjhblf, rjnjhjuj jådbybkb d cjdthitybb vtkrjuj ghtcnegktybz. Ubltjy ghtlcnfk gthtl celjv åtp ltytu b åtp fldjrfnf b gjghjcbk cel yfpyfxbnm tve fldjrfnf. Yj celmz jnrfpfkcz cltkfnm änj, gjnjve xnj njulfiytt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj in. Akjhblf gjpdjkzkj cele yfpyfxfnm fldjrfnf njkmrj ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk, jådbyztvst gj rjnjhsv vjukb åsnm ghbujdjhtys r cvthnyjq rfpyb. Ubltjy åsk jceélty b ghbujdjhty r nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ, yj gjlfk fgtkkzwbb xthtp dct ehjdyb celtåyjq cbcntvs in. Akjhblf b, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, jåhfnbkcz d Dthöjdysq cel CIF. 14 ≤Eét jlyj änj ljcnjqyj djcöbotybz, – ujdjhbn Cfåtkkb. – Änjn ckexfq, rjulf åtlysq, vfkjjåhfpjdfyysq xtkjdtr jceotcndbk cdjt ghfdj jåéfkjdfybz htitybz celf ybpitq bycnfywbb d celfö dctö dsitcnjzobö bycnfywbq dgkjnm lj Dthöjdyjuj celf d cdzpb c ytcghfdtlkbdjcnmñ, jn rjnjhjq jy gjcnhflfk, rhfcyjhtxbdj gjrfpsdftn, yfcrjkmrj dféyf pfobnf cdjåjls kbxyjcnb d yfitq ghfdjdjq cbcntvt≥. Ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltkf Ubltjyf Dthöjdysq cel tlbyjleiyj gjcnfyjdbk, xnj rfélsq jådbyztvsq, xmt ltkj ckeiftncz d celfö atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz b ehjdyz infnf, bvttn ghfdj yf fldjrfnf, f tckb jy yt vjétn gjpdjkbnm ctåt yfyznm gkfnyjuj fldjrfnf, cel ljkéty yfpyfxbnm tve nfrjdjuj. Ubltjye åsk yfpyfxty fldjrfn b yjdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj dj Akjhblt. Åkfujlfhz gjvjob yfpyfxtyyjuj celjv fldjrfnf Ubltjy åsk ghbpyfy ytdbyjdysv. Htitybt gj ltke Ubltjyf cxbnftncz dféyjq dtöjq d ytghthsdyjv ghjwtcct hfphfåjnrb b cjdthitycndjdfybz cbcntvs ghfd xtkjdtrf, ujdjhbn Cfåtkkb. ≤Ltkj Ubltjyf ghbdtkj r ddtltybñ ljkéyjcnb yfpyfxftvjuj celjv pfobnybrf rfr d atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvt, nfr b dj dctö 50 infnfö, – ghjljkéftn jy. – Ghb jghtltktyysö jcjåsö jåcnjzntkmcndfö cel yfpyfxftn jådbyztvjve fldjrfnf bp xfcnyjq abhvs. Yj åjkmifz xfcnm jåsxysö vfkjbveobö jndtnxbrjd gjkmpetncz eckeufvb hfåjnfñotuj ghb celt pfobnybrf≥. Yfpyfxftvsq celjv pfobnybr ghfrnbxtcrb döjlbn d cjcnfd celf rfr nfrjdjuj. ≤Vs ghtlcnfdkztv cjåjq xfcnm celtåyjq cbcntvs, b celmb jceotcndkzñn yflpjh pf yfitq ltzntkmyjcnmñ, c njxrb phtybz cjåkñltybz yflktéfobö yjhv änbrb b äaatrnbdyjcnb hfåjns≥, – jnvtxftn Cfåtkkb. Yj yb jlby celmz – b, gj cenb ltkf, yb jlby xtkjdtr – yt dghfdt dvtibdfnmcz d ghbdbktubhjdfyyst jnyjitybz vtéle yfpyfxftvsv celjv pfobnybrjv b tuj rkbty- nfrét ghfdj yf yflktéfott celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj, ufhfynbhjdfyyjt 6-q gjghfdrjq ghfdj yf åtpjnkfufntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt eujkjdysö ltk d jnrhsnjv pfctlfybb celf, ghfdj yf ghjdtltybt jxyjq cnfdrb cj cdbltntkzvb b ghfdj yf gjkextybt ekbr d cdjñ gjkmpe. Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf ltkftn djpvjéysv htfkbpfwbñ dctö jcnfkmysö ghfd≥, – ujdjhbn jy. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, ≤jyj jåtcgtxbdftn kexieñ cbcntve ghfdjcelbz b ljdthbt r ujcelfhcnde≥. G h b cz é y s t Pfobnybr Vfhnby Cfåtkkb njv. Yfpyfxftvst celjv pfobnybrb hfåjnfñn åjktt ecthlyj, pyfz, xnj cfvj bö ghbcencndbt gjåelbn ghjrehjhf nfrét ghbkjébnm åjkmit ecbkbq, gjlxthrbdftn Cfåtkkb. Pf ujls cdjtq hfåjns d celtåyjq cbcntvt tve yt hfp ghböjlbkjcm yfåkñlfnm, rfr ghjnbdjgjkjéyfz cnjhjyf – atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs – nofntkmytt ujnjdbkb ltkf b jnyjcbkbcm r jådbyztvsv åjktt cghfdtlkbdj b edfébntkmyj, pyfz, xnj bv ghjnbdjcnjbn yfpyfxtyysq celjv pfobnybr. ≤Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf – änj yfbåjktt jcyjdjgjkfufñott bp dctö ghfd, – pfrkñxftn Cfåtkkb. – Åtp ytuj åskj ås ytdjpvjéyj ufhfynbhjdfnm lheubt lhfujwtyyst ghfdf – ufhfynbhjdfyyjt 4-q gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb ghfdj yf pfobne jn ytjåjcyjdfyysö jåscrjd b rjyabcrfwbq, ufhfynbhjdfyyjt 5-q gjghfdrjq ghfdj yf pfobne jn hbcrf ldféls gjytcnb eujkjdyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jlyj b nj ét ghtcnegktybt b ghfdj yt lfdfnm ytdsujlyst lkz ctåz gjrfpfybz, f D jåzpfyyjcnb ghbczéysö d fvthbrfycrjv celtåyjv ghjwtcct ≤döjlbn jghtltktybt afrnjd≥, – ujdjhbn ñhbcn bp Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Cnbd Vfqj, pfybvfñobq gjcn lbhtrnjhf Bycnbnenf bccktljdfybq ghfdjdsö cbcntv. Jy jnvtxftn, xnj, tckb ås bycnbnenf ghbczéysö yt ceotcndjdfkj, dct htitybz gj pfrjyfv b gj afrnfv ljkéty åsk ås ghbybvfnm celmz. Dvtcnj änjuj ghbczéyst dsyjczn htitybz yf jcyjdfybb ghtlcnfdktyysö dj dhtvz celtåyjuj ghjwtccf afrnjd, lfyysö gjl ghbczujq gjrfpfybq ébdsö cdbltntktq, ljrevtynjd b ghtybq vtéle ghtlcnfdktyysvb d celt cnjhjyfvb. Jnåjh cjcnfdf éñhb ghbczéysö bp cjuhfélfy gjlcelbvjuj – cnhjuj ckexfqysq ghjwtcc, ghjljkéftn Vfqj. Htubcnhfnjhs vtcnysö celtåysö cbcntv yfåbhfñn bvtyf bp hzlf cgbcrjd, drkñxfz, d xfcnyjcnb, htubcnhfwbjyyst cgbcrb bpåbhfntktq, lfyyst j htubcnhfwbb fdnjvjåbktq b djlbntkmcrbö eljcnjdthtybzö. Kñåjq uhfélfyby CIF yt vjkjét 18 ktn, yt bvtñobq celbvjcnb pf cjdthitybt nzérbö ghtcnegktybq, bvttn ghfdj b jåzpfy zdbnmcz d cel d yfpyfxtyysq ltym lkz exfcnbz d hfåjnt éñhb ghbczéysö. D ytrjnjhsö infnfö ghbczéyst ljkéys rfélsq ltym ghböjlbnm yf celtåyst pfctlfybz d ntxtybt jghtltktyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb, d lheubö infnfö bcgjkmpetncz 15 ghbywbg ≤jlby ltym bkb jlby celtåysq ghjwtcc≥, gj bcntxtybb rjnjhjuj uhfélfyby jcdjåjélftncz jn lfkmytqituj bcgjkytybz jåzpfyyjcntq ghbczéyjuj. D kñåjv ckexft xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq bcgjkybk jåzpfyyjcnb ghbczéyjuj, jåsxyj yt dspsdftncz dyjdm d ntxtybt hzlf ktn. Vfqj hfccrfpsdftn, xnj rfélsq ltym ytcrjkmrj cjn gjntywbfkmysö ghbczéysö ghbukfifñncz d plfybt celf, ult jyb jndtxfñn yf djghjcs celmtq, ghjrehjhjd b fldjrfnjd pfobns lkz jghtltktybz bö ghfdjvjxyjcnb rfr ghbczéysö. Bv pflfñncz djghjcs nbgf: ≤Dkflttnt kb ds fyukbqcrbv zpsrjv?≥ b ≤Ghböjlbkjcm kb dfv åsnm éthndjq ghtcnegktybz?≥ D cbcntvt eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf ñhbcns c jåtbö cnjhjy yfltktys ghfdjv jndjlbnm rfylblfnehs jghtltktyyjuj xbckf gjntywbfkmysö ghbczéysö åtp erfpfybz rjyrhtnysö ghbxby. D rjytxyjv cxtnt jyb jnåbhfñn 12 veéxby b étyoby, rjnjhst åelen exfcndjdfnm d celtåyjv ghjwtcct, f nfrét nhtö pfgfcysö ghbczéysö, rjnjhst åelen djcnhtåjdfys d njv ckexft, tckb jlby bp 12 jcyjdysö ghbczéysö dj dhtvz celtåyjuj ghjwtccf yt cvjétn dsgjkyznm cdjb jåzpfyyjcnb. Lkz uhfélfycrbö ltk byjulf nhtåetncz njkmrj itcnm ghbczéysö. Byjulf – jåsxyj d ckexft yfievtdibö eujkjdysö ltk – ghbczéyst yf ghjnzétybb dctuj celtåyjuj ghjwtccf ≤bpjkbheñncz≥, ujdjhbn Vfqj. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj xktys éñhb ghbczéysö yt vjuen ébnm ljvf b dsyeéltys ébnm d ujcnbybxysö yjvthfö, yt bvtz ljcnegf r hflbj, ntktdbltybñ b ufptnfv c ntv, xnjås CVB cdjbvb rjvvtynfhbzvb gj hfccvfnhbdftvjve ltke yt vjukb jrfpsdfnm yf ybö dkbzybt. Gj ckjdfv Vfqj, ytgjchtlcndtyyj gthtl celjv ghjrehjh b fldjrfns pfobns – gj cjukfcjdfybñ c celmtq – ljkéys htibnm, rfrbt ekbrb ljgecrftncz ghtlüzdbnm ghbczéysv. Jy ljåfdkztn, xnj jyb nfrét ajhvekbheñn ≤djghj- 16 cs, rjnjhst ghtlcnjbn pflfnm xktyfv éñhb ghbczéysö c ntv, xnjås, rjulf jyb elfkzncz lkz cjdtofybz, e ybö åskb rjyrhtnyst djghjcs, yf rjnjhst jyb ljkéys jndtnbnm gj afrnfv≥. Nbgbxysq ghbvth gjljåyjuj djghjcf d uhfélfycrjv ltkt pdexbn nfr: ≤Ljgecnbk kb lfyysq xtkjdtr ytåhtéyjcnm ghb cnjkryjdtybb eghfdkztvjuj bv fdnjvjåbkz c lheubv fdnjvjåbktv?≥ D ckexft eujkjdyjuj ltkf ñhbcn vjétn pflfnm ghbczéysv cktleñobq djghjc: ≤Ghtlyfvthtyyj kb jndtnxbr cnhtkzk d änjuj xtkjdtrf?≥ Ghjrehjhs, fldjrfns pfobns b celmz nfrét ljkéys hfphfåjnfnm lkz éñhb ghbczéysö rjyrhtnyst bycnherwbb gj ghfdjdsv ghjwtlehfv. Gj ckjdfv Vfqj, änb bycnherwbb vjuen drkñxfnm d ctåz, d xfcnyjcnb, jghtltktybt bcgjkmpetvsö dj dhtvz celtåyjuj ghjwtccf nthvbyjd, pyfxtybt rjcdtyysö ekbr b gjlöjl r gjrfpfybzv cdbltntktq-ärcgthnjd. Rjulf éñhb elfkztncz yf cjdtofybt, jyj dsåbhftn bp cdjtuj cjcnfdf cnfhibye ghbczéysö. ≤Änjn xtkjdtr dscnegftn d hjkb jhufybpfnjhf jåceéltybq≥, – ujdjhbn Vfqj, pfvtxfz ghb änjv, xnj ≤ythtlrj kñlb cnfyjdzncz jxtym ndthlsvb d cdjbö eåtéltybzö b yt étkfñn ghbckeibdfnmcz r vytybñ lheubö≥. Cnfhibyf ghbczéysö lftn djpvjéyjcnm dscrfpfnmcz rféljve ghbczéyjve b herjdjlbn öjljv jåceéltybz. Cjdtofybt ghbczéysö vjétn ghjlkbnmcz ytcrjkmrj xfcjd bkb lfét lytq, gjnjve xnj htitybt ljkéyj åsnm ghbyznj tlbyjukfcyj. Tckb éñhb ghbczéysö yt ghbltn r tlbyjve vytybñ, vjétn åsnm jåüzdktyj j ytghfdbkmyjv celtåyjv hfpåbhfntkmcndt. D ckexft eujkjdyjuj ltkf, tckb dsytcty dthlbrn j ghbpyfybb gjlcelbvjuj dbyjdysv, ghbujdjh jåsxyj jåüzdkztncz celmtq gjplytt. Gj pfdthitybb celtåyjuj ghjwtccf, ytpfdbcbvj jn dsytctyyjuj htitybz, ghbczéyst jcdjåjélfñncz jn cdjbö jåzpfyyjc- Ñhbcn Cnbd Vfqj ntq b bv dshféftncz åkfujlfhyjcnm celf pf bcgjkytybt uhfélfycrjuj ljkuf. Pf jxtym ytvyjubvb bcrkñxtybzvb, pfrkñxftn Vfqj, cbcntvf ghbczéysö aeyrwbjybhetn yflktéfobv jåhfpjv, f dsyjcbvst éñhb htitybz gjxnb dctulf cjdgflfñn c htitybtv, rjnjhjt celmz dsytc ås cfv, tckb ås tve yt gjvjufkb ghbczéyst. Celmz ≤Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtq bvttn åjkmijt pyfxtybt≥ d CIF, f jnrhsnjcnm gthtl ghtccjq b jåotcndtyyjcnmñ ≤ckeébn öjhjibv chtlcndjv rjynhjkz yfl celtåyjq dkfcnmñ≥, – ujdjhbn celmz infnf Ymñ-Qjhr Kjhf Ctqath Äcgbyjcf. D hfvrfö cbcntvs ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf d CIF hjkm celmb cjcnjbn d ≤ytqnhfkmyjv, åtcghbcnhfcnyjv dszcytybb afrnjd, f d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö – tot b d dszcytybb pfrjyyjcnb≥. Gj ckjdfv Äcgbyjcs, d änjv tt jnkbxbt jn cbcntvs uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf, ghfrnbreñotqcz dj vyjubö lheubö cnhfyfö, ult celmz ≤dscnegftn d hjkb cktljdfntkz b kbwf, ajhvekbheñotuj jådbytybt, f nfrét celmb yf ghjwtcct≥. Jlyfrj jyf erfpsdftn, xnj d jåtbö cbcntvfö d ckexft dsytctybz jådbybntkmyjuj ghbujdjhf jy jåsxyj dsyjcbncz celmtq. D eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt CIF, ljåfdkztn Äcgbyjcf, gjlcelbvst bvtñn ghfdj ghtlcnfnm gthtl jådbybntktv, ñhbcn ghjnbdyjq cnjhjys bvttn ghfdj gjldthuyenm cdbltntktq gthtrhtcnyjve ljghjce, b dct änj ghjbcöjlbn d ghbcencndbb celmb b (bkb) éñhb ghbczéysö, rjnjhst dsyjczn ≤ytpfdbcbvst jghtltktybz afrnjd≥ gj ltke. Celmt yt hfphtiftncz ghjdjlbnm jlyjcnjhjyybt bkb dytceltåyst åtctls dyt ghbcencndbz ñhbcnjd jåtbö cnjhjy, ljåfdkztn jyf. ≤Nfrjdj nhtåjdfybt yfituj rjltrcf änbxtcrbö yjhv, b änj xhtpdsxfqyj dféyj lkz jåtcgtxtybz xtcnyjcnb b ecnhfytybz djpvjéyjcntq lkz rjhhegwbb d cbcntvt≥. Ujdjhz j ghfdbkfö hfåjns pfkf celf, Äcgbyjcf jnvtxftn, xnj celtåyst ghjwtccs jnrhsns lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb, b ≤kñåjq uhfélfyby bvttn ghfdj yfåkñlfnm pf ghjbcöjlzobv≥. Jyf ljåfdkztn, xnj celmt ghböjlbncz jlyjdhtvtyyj gjllthébdfnm gjhzljr rfr chtlb phbntktq, nfr b d jnyjitybzö vtéle jåtbvb cnjhjyfvb ghjwtccf, b dtcnb ghjwtcc. Tckb ñhbcns dtlen ctåz ytghjatccbjyfkmyj, ujdjhbn Äcgbyjcf, celmz bvttn ghfdj pfrkñxbnm bö gjl cnhfée pf ytedfétybt r cele, b d änjv ckexft bv vjétn uhjpbnm inhfa kbåj ytghjljkébntkmyjt nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt, öjnz änj ckexftncz htlrj. D gjcktlybt ujls d CIF hfpujhtkfcm jétcnjxtyyfz gjktvbrf gj djghjce j njv, cktletn kb hfphtifnm nhfyckbhjdfnm celtåyst pf- 17 hjxyeñ rjvbccbñ d cjcnfdt ghtlcnfdbntktq ñhblbxtcrbö DEPjd, rjkktubq ñhbcnjd b jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq. Gjckt änjuj rjvbccbb gthtlfñn bvtyf rfylblfnjd lkz drkñxtybz d bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb yf hfccvjnhtybt jndtncndtyysv pf jhufybpfwbñ dsåjhjd xbyjdybrfv kbåj jndtncndtyyjve pf jnåjh xbyjdybre, tckb bcgjkmpetncz cbcntvf yfpyfxtybq. Chjr gjkyjvjxbq celtq d in. Ymñ-Qjhr cjcnfdkztn 10 ktn lkz celjd ybpibö bycnfywbq b 14 ktn lkz celjd dscibö bycnfywbq. Gjckt bcntxtybz chjrf, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn htpekmnfnjd hfåjns, celmb vjuen åsnm gthtbpåhfys b yfpyfxtys gjdnjhyj bkb ytn. Celmz Kjhf Ctqath Äcgbyjcf ctlfybz gj ntktdbltybñ. Änj cgjh j åfkfyct vtéle ghfdjv jåotcndtyyjcnb pyfnm jå jåcnjzntkmcndfö ltkf b ghfdjv jådbyztvjuj yf jghtltktyyjt edfétybt r tuj xfcnyjq ébpyb. Äcgbyjcf cxbnftn, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkb gtxfnb bvtñn ghfdj yföjlbnmcz d pfkt celf, yj gjkfuftn, xnj ntktrfvths ≤vjuen ghbdtcnb r yfheitybñ celtåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd≥, jcjåtyyj d ckexft uhjvrbö ltk. Gj tt ckjdfv, pfrjyjlfntkmyst cjåhfybz hfpkbxysö infnjd ddjlzn ghfdbkf ghbcencndbz ntktrfvth d pfkt celf, yj lfét d ntö infnfö, ult änj hfphtityj, celmz d jghtltktyysö ckexfzö vjétn yfkjébnm pfghtn yf ntktnhfyckzwbñ. D jnkbxbt jn änjuj, d atlthfkmysö celfö ntktdbpbjyyst cütvrb pfghtotys. Ghjwtlehf jnåjhf celtq d CIF pfdbcbn jn infnf, yj jåsxyj bcgjkmpetncz jlby bp ldeö jcyjdysö cgjcjåjd – dctyfhjlyst dsåjhs kbåj yfpyfxtybt ueåthyfnjhjv bkb vähjv. D hjlyjv lkz Äcgbyjcs infnt Ymñ-Qjhr rfylblfn d celmb ljkéty åsnm ghfrnbreñobv ñhbcnjv c jgsnjv hfåjns yt vtytt 10 ktn b ghjqnb jnåj18 Djghjcs ltvjrhfwbb. Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Uhfélfycrjt b eujkjdyjt celjghjbpdjlcndj d CIF Ä. Jcåjhy Fqcrmñ-vk D cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq d CIF ceotcndeñn ldt hfpkbxyst celtåyst cbcntvs – atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz b ehjdyz infnf. Rfélfz celtåyfz cbcntvf bvttn ldt fåcjkñnyj jnltkmysö lheu jn lheuf ajhvs celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf – eujkjdyeñ b uhfélfycreñ. Ä. Jcåjhy Fqcrmñ-vkflibq, fldjrfn c ghfdjv dscnegktybz d celfö ghb hfccvjnhtybb uhfélfycrbö ltk bp u. Ifhkjnns (in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf), pfybvfñobq d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjcn ghtpbltynf Fvthbrfycrjq rjkktubb celtåysö fldjrfnjd, hfpüzcyztn änb hfpkbxbz, rjnjhst ckeéfn rkñxjv r gjybvfybñ dctq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz CIF. D ntxtybt vyjubö vtczwtd d pfujkjdrfö ufptn b éehyfkjd, d byajhvfwbjyysö dsgecrfö yt njkmrj d CIF, yj b dj dctv vbht ljvbybhjdfk jlby tlbycndtyysq celtåysq ghjwtcc – ltkj jå bcrt in. Rfkbajhybz ghjnbd pyfvtybnjuj cgjhncvtyf J. Lé. Cbvgcjyf gj jådbytybñ d cjdthitybb eåbqcndf gthdjq cntgtyb. Vbkkbjys fvthbrfywtd åskb åerdfkmyj pfubgyjnbpbhjdfys änbv ghjwtccjv, tétlytdyj ghbybrfz r ärhfyfv cdjbö ntktdbpjhjd d yfltélt ecksifnm yjdjcnb j ytv. Jlyfrj, pfheåtéysö ntktphbntktq jy ythtlrj ghbdjlbk d pfvtifntkmcndj. Gjxtve ltkj Cbvgcjyf ckeifkjcm d celt infnf, f yt d atlthfkmyjv celt? Gjxtve jn jndtnxbrf yt gjnhtåjdfkb lfnm gjrfpfybz? Yfrjytw, gjxtve gjckt njuj, rfr Cbvgcjy åsk ghbpyfy ytdbyjdysv, jy dyjdm ghtlcnfk gthtl uhfélfycrbv celjv, ult yf ctq hfp jn ytuj gjnhtåjdfkb lfnm gjrfpfybz? Hfpdt änj yt jpyfxftn gjdnjhyjt ghbdktxtybt r celtåyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb pf jlyj b nj ét ghtcnegktybt? 19 Ä. Jcåjhy Fqcrmñ-vk Jndtns yf änb djghjcs pfkjétys d ckjéyjv öfhfrntht celtåyjq cbcntvs CIF b tt gfhfkktkmyjq cbcntvs celjd atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz b ehjdyz infnf. Rjycnbnewbz CIF yfltkztn atlthfkmyst dkfcnb rjyrhtnysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb, drkñxfz jghtltktyyst pfrjyjlfntkmyst gjkyjvjxbz, cjöhfyzz dct ghjxbt gjkyjvjxbz pf dkfcnzvb infnjd. Cjjndtncndtyyj, ceotcndeñn cels atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz lkz ckeifybz ltk j yfheitybzö atlthfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b cels ehjdyz infnf lkz ckeifybz ltk j yfheitybzö pfrjyjlfntkmcndf infnjd. Åjkmibycndj ghtcnegktybq cdzpfyj c yfheitybzvb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf infnjd. Lfét nfrjt cthmtpyjt ghtcnegktybt, rfr eåbqcndj, d åjkmibycndt ckexftd ghtlcnfdkztn 20 cjåjq yfheitybt pfrjyjd jlyjuj bp infnjd CIF. Bvtyyj gjänjve ltkj J. Lé. Cbvgcjyf ckeifkjcm d celt infnf Rfkbajhybz, yf nthhbnjhbb rjnjhjuj åskj cjdthityj ghtcnegktybt, f yt d atlthfkmyjv celt. Jn Cbvgcjyf yt gjnhtåjdfkb lfnm gjrfpfybz yf celtåyjv ghjwtcct, gjnjve xnj d cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq jy bvtk gjkyjt ghfdj yt lfdfnm gjrfpfybq, tckb yt öjntk. Jndtnxbrb d CIF jåkflfñn ytcvtnysv xbckjv ghfd, rjnjhst jghtltktys ytgjchtlcndtyyj Rjycnbnewbtq, ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, d celt rfrjuj ehjdyz – infnf bkb atlthfkmyjuj – ckeiftncz bö ltkj. R ghbvthe, njn ét Cbvgcjy bvtk ås fyfkjubxyjt ghfdj yt cdbltntkmcndjdfnm ghjnbd cfvjuj ctåz b d atlthfkmyjv celt. Yj rfr vjukj ckexbnmcz, xnj ltkj Cbvgcjyf ckeifkjcm ldféls – gthdsq hfp d eujkjdyjv celt, d rjnjhjv jy åsk ghbpyfy ytdbyjdysv d eåbqcndt cdjtq étys Ybrjkm Cbvgcjy b tt lheuf Hjyf Ujklvfyf, f dnjhjq hfp – d uhfélfycrjv celt, ult jy åsk ghbpyfy jndtncndtyysv pf bö ubåtkm b ult jn ytuj gjnhtåjdfkb pfgkfnbnm bcnwfv? Jndtn pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj eujkjdyst b uhfélfycrbt celtåyst cbcntvs CIF fåcjkñnyj ytpfdbcbvs lheu jn lheuf, b d ybö ghbvtyzñncz hfpkbxyst dbls yfrfpfybq b hfpkbxyst ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs. Yf uhfélfycrjv ghjwtcct gj ltke Cbvgcjyf jn jndtnxbrf gjnhtåjdfkb lfnm gjrfpfybz, b rhbnthbq ljrfpfyyjcnb dbys åsk ybét. D uhfélfycrjv ltkt dvtcnj dsytctybz dthlbrnf ≤dbyjdty dyt dczrbö hfpevysö jcyjdfybq lkz cjvytybq≥ éñhb ghbczéysö ljkéyj åskj ecnfyjdbnm kbim yfkbxbt åjktt dtcrbö ljrfpfntkmcnd dbys Cbvgcjyf, ytétkb tuj ytdbyjdyjcnb. D uhfélfycrjv celt jndtnxbr jåkflftn vtymibvb ghjwtccefkmysvb ghfdfvb, f ghbujdjh xfot dctuj cdjlbncz r djpvtotybñ vfnthbfkmyjuj eothåf. C j g j cn f d k t y b t u h f é l f y c r j uj b e uj k j d y j uj c e l j g h j b p d j l cn d f Ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs uhfélfycrjuj b eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf d atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvt b d celtåyjq cbcntvt ehjdyz infnf ytcrjkmrj hfpkbxfñncz, yj d jcyjdyjv cöjéb, gjcrjkmre d cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq yf dctö ghjwtccfö jndtnxbrfv ljkéys åsnm ghtljcnfdktys cnhjuj jghtltktyyst ghfdf, f nfrét gjcrjkmre d jåjbö ckexfzö ghfdbkf ljrfpsdfybz dbys d wtkjv cöjlys. Jlyfrj, ceotcndeñn pyfxbntkmyst hfpkbxbz d ghjwtlehfö uhfélfycrjuj b eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf: – Pfzdktybt jcyjdfybq bcrf bkb jådbytybz. Bcrjdjt pfzdktybt bkb jådbytybt d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt yjcbn åjktt njxysq b ltnfkmysq öfhfrnth. – Hfcrhsnbt ekbr. Djpvjéyjcnb rféljq bp cnjhjy – jådbytybz b pfobns – cjåbhfnm byajhvfwbñ d gjllthére cdjtq gjpbwbb d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt åjktt juhfybxtys. – Åjkmitt åhtvz ljrfpfntkmcndf dbys. D eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt dbyf jndtnxbrf ljkéyf åsnm ljrfpfyf ≤dyt dczrbö hfpevysö jcyjdfybq lkz cjvytybq≥. Jlyfrj, d uhfélfycrjv celjghjbpdjlcndt bcntw b djpåelbdifz ltkj cnjhjyf ljkéys ljrfpfnm njkmrj yfkbxbt åjktt dtcrbö ljrfpfntkmcnd dbys jndtnxbrf, ytétkb tuj ytdbyjdyjcnb. R ghbvthe, ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltkf Cbvgcjyf d uhfélfycrjv celt éñhb cjxkj änj eckjdbt dsgjkytyysv. – Åjkmifz pfobotyyjcnm. D cbke gjntywbfkmyjq djpvjéyjcnb ghbvtytybz åjktt cthmtpysö yfrfpfybq jndtnxbre gj eujkjdyjve ltke ghtljcnfdkztncz åjkmit ghjwtccefkmysö ghfd b ufhfynbq, xtv d uhfélfycrjv celjghjbpdjlcndt. – Ghfdj yf jåéfkjdfybt ghbujdjhf. Tckb jndtnxbr gj eujkjdyjve ltke jghfdlfy, nj ghfdf jådbytybz yf jåéfkjdfybt ghbujdjhf ghfrnbxtcrb yt ceotcndetn, gjcrjkmre jndtnxbr yt vjétn ldféls ghtlcnfnm gthtl celjv gj jådbytybñ d cjdthitybb jlyjuj b njuj ét ghtcnegktybz. D uhfélfycrjv ltkt ghjbuhfdibq bvttn ghfdj jåéfkjdfnm ghbujdjh. – Åtpjnkfufntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf. Nfv, ult ltqcndeñott pfrjyjlfntkmcndj nhtåetn åtpjnkfufntkmyjuj hfccvjnhtybz ltkf d celt, eujkjdyst ltkf vjuen hfccvfnhbdfnmcz åscnhtt, xtv uhfélfycrbt. E uj k j d y s t g h j w t c c s b g h f d f jn d t n x b r j d Ghtlcnfdktybt vbhjdjq jåotcndtyyjcnb jå fvthbrfycrbö eujkjdysö ghjwtccfö dj vyjujv cajhvbhjdfkjcm gjl dkbzybtv ujkkbdelcrbö ntktdbpbjyysö lhfv – yfxbyfz jn cthbfkf j Gthhb Vtqcjyt, rjnjhsq ghfrnbxtcrb dctulf ljåbdftncz jghfdlfntkmyjuj ghbujdjhf lkz cdjbö rkbtynjd, b pfrfyxbdfz gthtlfxtq ≤KjcFylétktccrjt ghfdj≥. Änb ntktgthtlfxb yt dctulf njxyj jnhféfñn hfåjne fvthbrfycrjuj celf d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb eujkjdyst ghjwtccs d CIF htlrj yjczn cnjkm lhfvfnbxysq öfhfrnth, rfr änj bpjåhféftncz d abkmvfö, b jåsxyj åjktt jåcnjzntkmys b rhjgjnkbds. Celmz herjdjlbn celtåysv ghjwtccjv b buhftn hjkm jrjyxfntkmyjuj fhåbnhf jnyjcbntkmyj ghbvtybvjcnb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf. Éñhb ghbczéysö htiftn, ljcnfnjxyj kb ekbr ghtlcnfdbkj jådbytybt lkz njuj, xnjås jndtnxbrf vjéyj åskj ghbpyfnm dbyjdysv ≤dyt dczrbö hfpevysö jcyjdfybq lkz cjvytybq≥. Jådbytybt b pfobnf bpkfufñn cdjb fhuevtyns d cjjndtncndbb c ghfdbkfvb celjghjbpdjlcndf d cjcnzpfntkmyjq vfytht. Xnj ythtlrj elbdkztn pfheåtéysö yfåkñlfntktq, nfr änj vyjétcndj ghfd, rjnjhsvb yfltkztncz jndtnxbr gj eujkjdyjve ltke gjckt ghtlüzdktybz tve jådbytybz d cjdthitybb njuj bkb byjuj ghtcnegktybz. D CIF änj yfps- 21 dftncz ≤yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehjq≥. R änbv ghfdfv jnyjczncz cktleñobt: – Celtåyjt ghtcktljdfybt djpvjéyj njkmrj gjckt njuj, rfr d öjlt ghtldfhbntkmyjuj celtåyjuj ckeifybz åeltn ecnfyjdktyj ljcnfnjxyjt jcyjdfybt lkz änjuj, bcöjlz bp pfckeébdfñobö ljdthbz ekbr, ghtlcnfdktyysö jådbytybtv. – Ghfdj yf ghjdtltybt jnrhsnjuj celtåyjuj pfctlfybz, rjulf gjlcelbvjve pfxbnsdfñncz jådbytybz, gjckt xtuj jy ljkéty cltkfnm pfzdktybt j cdjtq dbyjdyjcnb bkb ytdbyjdyjcnb. – Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf, pf bcrkñxtybtv celtåysö ghjwtccjd j ytpyfxbntkmysö ghfdjyfheitybzö. Cñlf jnyjcbncz ghfdj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz eckeufvb yfpyfxtyyjuj celjv åtcgkfnyjuj fldjrfnf, tckb jndtnxbr yt vjétn gjpdjkbnm ctåt yfyznm fldjrfnf. Jndtnxbr nfrét bvttn ghfdj nhtåjdfnm ghbcencndbz yf ghjwtcct cdbltntktq b ghjdtltybz jxysö cnfdjr c ybvb xthtp cdjtuj fldjrfnf. – Ghfdj yf jnrhsnsq cel ghbczéysö bp xbckf tuj cjuhfélfy. D åjkmibycndt celjd CIF ghbujdjhs gj eujkjdysv ltkfv ljkéys dsyjcbnmcz gj tlbyjleiyjve htitybñ éñhb ghbczéysö, b, d jnkbxbt jn lheubö cnhfy, ult ceotcndeñn cels ghbczéysö, ghjrehjh b fldjrfn pfobns bvtñn juhfybxtyyjt ghfdj lfdfnm jndjl ntv ghbczéysv, rjnjhst, gj bö vytybñ, yt åelen cghfdtlkbdsvb d cdjbö htitybzö. – Gj jlyjve b njve ét ghfdjyfheitybñ vjétn åsnm ghjdtlty njkmrj jlby celtåysq ghjwtcc. Änj nf cfvfz pyfvtybnfz pfobnf jn hbcrf åsnm ldféls ghbdktxtyysv r cele pf jlyj b nj ét ghtcnegktybt, rjnjhfz pfoboftn jndtnxbrjd jn xhtpvthyj htnbdsö jådbybntktq, bcgjkytyysö htibvjcnb d rjywt rjywjd yfqnb nfrbö ghbczéysö, rjnjhst dsytcen jådbybntkmysq dthlbrn. – Ghfdj djplthébdfnmcz jn lfxb ytdsujlysö lkz ctåz gjrfpfybq. D CIF jndtnxbrf yt- 22 kmpz pfcnfdbnm cdbltntkmcndjdfnm ghjnbd cfvjuj ctåz. R ghbvthe, änbv ghfdjv djcgjkmpjdfkcz J. Lé. Cbvgcjy yf eujkjdyjv ghjwtcct ghjnbd ytuj. Tckb, jlyfrj, jndtnxbr htibn lfdfnm gjrfpfybz, jy ljkéty jndtnbnm yf djghjcs rfr jådbytybz, nfr b pfobns. – Ñhblbxtcrfz lttcgjcjåyjcnm. Jndtnxbr ljkéty åsnm gcböbxtcrb cgjcjåysv gjyznm, d cjdthitybb rfrjuj ghfdjyfheitybz jy jådbyztncz. – Åtpjnkfufntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf. Rjycnbnewbz ufhfynbhetn åtpjnkfufntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf celjv åtcghbcnhfcnysö ghbczéysö njq ñhbclbrwbb, yf nthhbnjhbb rjnjhjq åskj cjdthityj ghfdjyfheitybt. Jlyfrj, ltkj vjétn åsnm gthtlfyj yf hfccvjnhtybt d lheujq cel, tckb djpybrytn vytybt, xnj yt elfcncz gjljåhfnm åtcghbcnhfcnysö ghbczéysö. – Ljceltåyst hfpåbhfntkmcndf. Jndtnxbr dghfdt nhtåjdfnm ghtljcnfdktybz tve ljcnfnjxyjuj dhtvtyb lkz gjlujnjdrb r pfobnt b jnrfpfnmcz jn cdjtuj ghfdf yf åtpjnkfufntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf celjv. Jy nfrét bvttn ghfdj jpyfrjvbnmcz c kñåsvb bvtñobvbcz d hfcgjhzétybb jådbytybz ekbrfvb, rjnjhst vjukb ås ljrfpfnm tuj ytdbyjdyjcnm. Rhjvt njuj, jy bvttn ghfdj jghjcbnm cdbltntktq lj yfxfkf celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Ö j l d t l t y b z e uj k j d y j uj ghjwtccf Eujkjdysq ghjwtcc yfxbyftncz cj dcnegbntkmysö htxtq. Gthdsv dctulf dscnegftn ghtlcnfdbntkm jådbytybz, dnjhsv – ghtlcnfdbntkm pfobns. Gjckt änjuj jådbytybt ghtlcnfdkztn ekbrb b dspsdftn cdbltntktq, rjnjhst gjldthufñncz gthtrhtcnyjve ljghjce cj cnjhjys pfobns. Yf änjv änfgt cel – gj cenb ltkf, celmz – dghfdt ghtrhfnbnm ltkj, tckb jy cj- xntn, xnj bvtñobtcz ekbrb yt ljrfpsdfñn afrnf cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybz gjlcelbvsv. Gjckt änjuj pfobnf bvttn djpvjéyjcnm ghtlcnfdbnm cdjb ekbrb b dspdfnm cdbltntktq. Gjckt njuj rfr pfobnf bpkjébn cdjb fhuevtyns, jådbytybt vjétn ghtlcnfdbnm jghjdthufñobt bö ekbrb. Rfr b d uhfélfycrjv celjghjbpdjlcndt, celmz rjynhjkbhetn öjl celtåyjuj ghjwtccf b dsyjcbn htitybz gj cgjhfv j ljgecnbvjcnb ekbr. Celtåysq ghjwtcc pfdthiftncz pfrkñxbntkmysvb htxfvb jåtbö cnjhjy b elfktybtv éñhb ghbczéysö yf cjdtofybt gjckt gjkextybz bycnherwbq celmb. Gj rféljve bp ghtlüzdktyysö gjlcelbvjve jådbytybq éñhb ljkéyj ghbpyfnm tuj dbyjdysv bkb ytdbyjdysv. D ckexft dsytctybz dthlbrnf j ytdbyjdyjcnb ghjwtcc ghtrhfoftncz, f jndtnxbr jcdjåjélftncz. Tckb ét jndtnxbr åeltn ghbpyfy dbyjdysv bkb cfv pfzdbn j cdjtq dbyjdyjcnb, ecnhfyzz ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghjljkétybz celtåyjuj ghjwtccf, yfxbyftncz änfg dsytctybz ghbujdjhf. Änj yt jnyjcbncz r ltkfv, gj rjnjhsv gjlcelbvsq vjétn åsnm ghbujdjhty r cvthnyjq rfpyb: d änjv ckexft ghbczéyst ljkéys cltkfnm dsåjh vtéle cvthnyjq rfpymñ b vtytt cehjdsv yfrfpfybtv. Ghjwtlehf dsytctybz ghbujdjhf drkñxftn d ctåz ljghbujdjhyjt hfccktljdfybt b cjcnfdktybt jnxtnf gj dctv djghjcfv, cdzpfyysv c dsyjcbvsv gjlcelbvjve ghbujdjhjv. Gjlcelbvsq dghfdt jpyfrjvbnmcz c änbv jnxtnjv b dscrfpfnm gj ytve cdjb pfvtxfybz. Gjlcelbvsq nfrét bvttn ghfdj yf ghbcencndbt fldjrfnf ghb pfxbnsdfybb dsytctyyjuj ghbujdjhf. Gjckt änjuj cel pfxbnsdftn ghbujdjh, d rjnjhjv ljkéyf åsnm jghtltktyf ecnfyjdktyyfz lkz gjlcelbvjuj vthf yfrfpfybz b cgjcjå tt htfkbpfwbb. Celmz ajhvekbhetn ghbujdjh d cnhjujv cjjndtncndbb c ghtlgbcfyysvb pfrjyjv yjhvfvb, tckb nfrjdst bvtñncz. Jxtym dféyj nj, xnj dct gjlcelbvst gj eujkjdysv ltkfv bvtñn ghfdj jåéfkjdfnm dsytctyysq bv ghbujdjh d celt åjktt dscjrjq bycnfywbb dgkjnm lj – d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö – Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF. Ghbujdjh celf vjétn åsnm jnvtyty, tckb åskb ljgeotys ñhblbxtcrbt jibårb bkb yfheitys ghfdf jndtnxbrf. Ghjwtlehf jåéfkjdfybz ghbujdjhf cjcnfdkztn ytjnütvktveñ xfcnm celtåyjq cbcntvs CIF. Ytvfkj gjlcelbvsö ljåbkbcm jnvtys bkb cvzuxtybz dsytctyysö bv ghbujdjhjd fgtkkzwbjyysvb celfvb. Jlybv bp cfvsö bpdtcnysö ghbvthjd jnvtys ghbujdjhf yf jcyjdfybb fgtkkzwbb cnfkj ltkj ljrnjhf Cävf Itggfhlf, rjnjhsq d 1954 u. åsk jceélty pf eåbqcndj cdjtq étys. Gthdjyfxfkmyst fgtkkzwbb Itggfhlf, d njv xbckt d Dthöjdysq cel, åskb jnrkjytys. Yj d 1966 u. Dthöjdysq cel jnvtybk ghbujdjh b gjcnfyjdbk, xnj Itggfhl bvttn ghfdj yf ghjdtltybt gjdnjhyjuj celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Gjplytt d njv ét ujle jy åsk jghfdlfy yjdsv éñhb ghbczéysö. Ltkj Itggfhlf dspdfkj åjkmijq jåotcndtyysq htpjyfyc, yj tot åjkmieñ bpdtcnyjcnm jyj gjkexbkj gjckt njuj, rfr yf tuj jcyjdt åskj cjplfyj gjgekzhyjt d itcnbltcznsö ujlfö b ljkujt dhtvz yt cöjlbditt c ntktärhfyjd ije ≤Åtuktw≥. Ytvfkjve xbcke vtytt bpdtcnysö gjlcelbvsö elfkjcm dsbuhfnm ltkj bkb ljåbnmcz jnvtys dsytctyyjuj bv ghbujdjhf d htpekmnfnt ghjwtlehs tuj jåéfkjdfybz. Ö j l d t l t y b z u h f é l f y c r j uj ghjwtccf D uhfélfycrbö celtåysö ghjwtccfö jndtnxbr bvttn vyjubt, yj yt dct ghfdf, ghtlecvjnhtyyst lkz eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf. Uhfélfycrjt ltkj yfxbyftncz c cjcnfdktybz bcnwjv gbcmvtyyjuj pfzdktybz – yfpsdftvjuj ≤bcrjv≥ – c bpkjétybtv cenb tuj bcrjdjuj nhtåjdfybz b 23 chtlcndf celtåyjq pfobns, rjnjhjuj jy ljåbdftncz. Gjckt änjuj cel yfghfdkztn jndtnxbre celtåyeñ gjdtcnre, d rjnjhjq tve ghtlgbcsdftncz lfnm jndtn yf bcr d ntxtybt jghtltktyyjuj chjrf gjckt tuj gjkextybz. Jndtnxbr ljkéty ghbpyfnm bkb jndthuyenm rféljt bp jådbytybq b ghtlcnfdbnm fhuevtyns d cdjñ pfobne. Jy nfrét dghfdt dscrfpfnm ghtntypbb r bcnwe, cjjndtnxbre bkb kñåjve kbwe, gthdjyfxfkmyj yt abuehbhjdfditve d ltkt. Rhjvt njuj, jy vjétn öjlfnfqcndjdfnm jå jnrkjytybb bcrf pf ytltqcndbntkmyjcnmñ cajhvekbhjdfyyjq ghtntypbb r ytve. Jy bvttn ghfdj gjghjcbnm cel jnrkjybnm bcr yf jcyjdfybb jncencndbz ñhbclbrwbb d jnyjitybb ghtlvtnf bcrf kbåj cfvjuj jndtnxbrf. Jy nfrét vjétn dsldbyenm ghtlgjkjétybt j njv, xnj bcntw gjlfk bcr ≤yt d njn≥ cel bkb xnj jndtnxbr yt åsk ljkéysv jåhfpjv gjcnfdkty d bpdtcnyjcnm jåj dctö jåcnjzntkmcndfö ltkf. Dcktl pf änbv yfxbyftncz ibhjrj gjybvftvsq ≤ghjwtcc hfcrhsnbz ljrfpfntkmcnd≥, d rjnjhjv cel jåsxyj yt exfcndetn. Jlyfrj cnjhjyf, ljåbdfñofzcz hfcrhsnbz ljrfpfntkmcnd, jåhfoftncz pf gjvjomñ r cele, xnjås pfcnfdbnm ytcujdjhxbdjuj jggjytynf bkb lheujt kbwj ghtljcnfdbnm cjjndtncndeñoeñ byajhvfwbñ. Cnjhjyf, jn rjnjhjq ljåbdfñncz ytjåjcyjdfyyjuj hfcrhsnbz ljrfpfntkmcnd, nfrét vjétn jåhfnbnmcz d cel pf pfobnjq. Hfcrhsnbt ljrfpfntkmcnd vjétn drkñxfnm d ctåz: gbcmvtyyst djghjcs, jndtns yf rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvj lfnm gjl ghbczujq, ecnyst gjrfpfybz gjl ghbczujq, pfghjcs j ghtljcnfdktybb cjjndtncndeñobö ljrevtynjd, vtlbwbycreñ bkb gcböbxtcreñ ärcgthnbpe, tckb endthélftncz, xnj jndtnxbr yfytc bcnwe ntktcyjt gjdhtéltybt, f nfrét pfghjcs j ghbpyfybb afrnjd, yt jnyjczoböcz r ghtlvtne cgjhf. Gthtl yfxfkjv celtåyjuj ghjwtccf kñåfz bp cnjhjy vjétn öjlfnfqcndjdfnm j dsytctybb cevvfhyjuj htit- 24 ybz d gjhzlrt eghjotybz celjghjbpdjlcndf gj kñåjve yt gjlrhtgktyyjve ekbrfvb djghjce. Tckb hfccvjnhtybt ltkf åeltn ghjljkétyj d celtåyjv gjhzlrt, cel vjétn dsytcnb ljceltåyjt gjcnfyjdktybt, jghtltkbd djghjcs, rjnjhst yflktébn htibnm d öjlt celtåyjuj ghjwtccf, b ghtlecvjnhtd lheubt vths lkz ecrjhtybz hfccvjnhtybz ltkf. Byjulf uhfélfycrbt ltkf cdzpfys c nzérbvb ghtcnegktybzvb, rfr d ckexft ltkf Cbvgcjyf. Jlyfrj, ythtlrj jyb cdzpfys c vtytt cthmtpysvb ghfdjyfheitybzvb dhjlt cgjhjd vtéle fhtyljlfntktv b fhtylfnjhjv. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jndtxfnm gj cele ghböjlbncz nhtnmbv kbwfv. Yfghbvth, d ltkt j ytlfdytq gthtcnhtkrt d Fnkfynt (in. Léjhlébz), dj dhtvz rjnjhjq ghtlgjkfuftvsq ghtcnegybr åsk eåbn, hjlcndtyybr jlyjq bp tuj éthnd ghtlüzdbk bcr bydtcnbwbjyyjq rjvgfybb, yf nthhbnjhbb rjnjhjq ghjbpjikf gthtcnhtkrf, dkfltkmwfv plfybz, rjvgfybb, jndtxfñotq pf jåtcgtxtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb yf vtcnt bywbltynf, f nfrét r yfcktlcnde gjubåituj åfylbnf. Uhfélfycrbt ltkf jåsxyj ckeifñncz d jnrhsnjv lkz jåotcndtyyjcnb celtåyjv ghjwtcct d ghbcencndbb celmb b éñhb ghbczéysö xbcktyyjcnmñ jn 6 lj 12 xtkjdtr, dsåhfyysö d ghjwtcct ckexfqyjuj jnåjhf, tckb cnjhjys yt ljujdjhzncz j ghjdtltybb celtåyjuj ghjwtccf d ghbcencndbb jlyjuj kbim celmb. Rfr b d eujkjdyjv ltkt, cnjhjys bvtñn ghfdj lfnm jndjl jghtltktyysv ghbczéysv. Celmz herjdjlbn celtåysv ghjwtccjv b jghtltkztn ghbvtybvjcnm pfrjyjd. Gjckt dcnegbntkmysö htxtq bcntw, yf rjnjhjv ktébn åhtvz ljrfpsdfybz dbys, ghtlcnfdkztn cdjb ekbrb. Tckb ekbrb t dslthébdfñn rhbnbrb, bcr jnrkjyztncz eét yf änjv änfgt. Tckb ekbrb cjxntys ljcnfnjxysvb, yfcnftn xthtl jndtnxbrf bpkjébnm cdjb fhuevtyns. Gjckt njuj rfr jåt cnjhjys ghtlcnfdzn cdjb ljrfpfntkmcndf, celmz vjétn jnrkjybnm kñ- åjt bkb dct jådbytybz, yt gjlrhtgktyyst ekbrfvb. Pfntv rféljq bp cnjhjy ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm cltkfnm pfrkñxbntkmyjt pfzdktybt, gjckt xtuj celmz hfpüzcyztn ghbczéysv yjhvs ghfdf. Tckb ltkj gthtöjlbn r éñhb, njkmrj jyj ljkéyj jghtltkbnm bvtñobtcz afrns b dsytcnb gj ltke cjjndtncndeñobq dthlbrn. Jlyfrj, d uhfélfycrbö celtåysö ghjwtccfö éñhb xfot hfphtiftncz dsyjcbnm dthlbrns åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjd, xtv d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt. Tckb ltkj ckeiftncz åtp exfcnbz éñhb, htitybt gj ytve ghbybvftn celmz. Gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv jåsxyj ghbvtyzñncz pyfxbntkmyj åjktt vzurbt vths yfrfpfybz, xtv gj eujkjdysv ltkfv. Yfghbvth, d uhfélfycrjv ltkt Cbvgcjyf jndtnxbr åsk ghbujdjhty r inhfae d 8,5 vky. ljkk. Öjnz änj yfrfpfybt vjétn gjrfpfnmcz ljcnfnjxyj cehjdsv, dct ét jyj pyfxbntkmyj vzuxt, xtv gjébpytyyjt nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt, rjnjhjt uhjpbkj Cbvgcjye, tckb ås tuj dbyf åskf ghbpyfyf d eujkjdyjv celt. Ghbujdjh Cbvgcjye d uhfélfycrjv celt åsk dsytcty ghbczéysvb tlbyjukfcyj, öjnz gj pfrjyjlfntkmcnde in. Rfkbajhybz lkz änjuj dgjkyt ödfnbkj ås 9 ujkjcjd ghjnbd 3. D eujkjdyjv ét celt lkz dsytctybz ghbujdjhf nhtåetncz tlbyjukfcyjt htitybt ghbczéysö. Gjvbvj dpscrfybz ltytéysö cevv d uhfélfycrbö ltkfö ghbvtyzñncz nfrbt vths yfrfpfybz, rfr ghbrfp jlyjq bp cnjhjy cjdthibnm bkb djplthéfnmcz jn cjdthitybz njuj bkb byjuj rjyrhtnyjuj ltqcndbz, kbåj lheubt cjjndtncndeñobt vths celtåyjq pfobns. Celmz vjétn nfrét jåzpfnm ghjbuhfdieñ cnjhjye djpvtcnbnm celtåyst bplthérb. Änb bplthérb yjczn yjvbyfkmysq öfhfrnth b jåsxyj yt drkñxfñn d ctåz fldjrfncrbö ujyjhfhjd. Rfr b d ckexft eujkjdysö ltk, ghjbuhfdifz cnjhjyf bvttn ghfdj jåéfkjdfnm ghbujdjh celf. Pfrkñxtybt Celtåyfz cbcntvf CIF vjétn gjrfpfnmcz ytrjnjhsv byjcnhfyysv yfåkñlfntkzv xthtcxeh ckjéyjq. Änj cjcnzpfntkmyfz gj cdjtve öfhfrnthe cbcntvf, jcyjdfyyfz yf hfccvjnhtybb ltk d celt ghbczéysö, rjnjhfz jnyñlm yt cjdthityyf. Yj jyf bvttn jlyj dféyjt ghtbveotcndj – ytpfdbcbvjcnm jn dkfcntq. Yb jlby uhfélfyby Fvthbrb yt gjgfltn d nñhmve njkmrj gjnjve, xnj tuj öjnzn pfcflbnm nelf dkfcnb. Nfrjt htitybt ghbybvftncz éñhb ghbczéysö bp xbckf tuj cjuhfélfy, rjnjhst dsyjczn dthlbrn yf jcyjdfybb jåütrnbdysö ghfdbk ljrfpsdfybz dbys, ghbpdfyysö ufhfynbhjdfnm, yfcrjkmrj änj djpvjéyj, xnjås jceéltybñ b yfrfpfybñ gjldthufkcz njkmrj njn, rnj ltqcndbntkmyj dbyjdty. Djghjcs ltvjrhfwbb. Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. 25 Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Chfdybntkmysq fyfkbp cbcntv ghtwtltynyjuj b uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf Celmz Gbnth Lé. Vtccbnn Yfbåjktt öfhfrnthyfz jcjåtyyjcnm ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs CIF cjcnjbn d ytpfdbcbvjcnb jhufyjd celtåyjq dkfcnb. Åelexb hfdyjghfdyjq dtndmñ dkfcnb, cels ltqcndeñn d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb dyt rjynhjkz cj cnjhjys pfrjyjlfntkmyjq b bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb, åtcghbcnhfcnyj ghbybvfz htitybz gj ltkfv, yt gjldthufzcm dkbzybñ cj cnjhjys jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz. Fvthbrfycrbq yfhjl edféftn cdjb cels b celtq, öjnz b gjldthuftn bö byjulf rhbnbrt. D ghbdjlbvjv ybét chfdybntkmyjv fyfkbpt cbcntv ghtwtltynyjuj b uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf celmz jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf CIF Gbnth Vtccbnn bp infnf Vähbktyl hfccvfnhbdftn jcyjdyst jcjåtyyjcnb jåtbö cbcntv b gjzcyztn, xtv jnkbxftncz fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf jn cbcntvs uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. 26 Ctujlyz d vbht ceotcndetn ldt jcyjdyst ñhblbxtcrbt cbcntvs: uhfélfycrjt ghfdj b ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj. Cnhfys rjynbytynfkmyjq Tdhjgs, Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, åjkmifz xfcnm Fahbrb b vyjubt wtynhfkmyjtdhjgtqcrbt b fpbfncrbt ujcelfhcndf bcgjkmpeñn cbcntve uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb, Dtkbrjåhbnfybb b lheubö cnhfyfö, hfytt döjlbdibö d cjcnfd Åhbnfycrjq bvgthbb, ltqcndetn cbcntvf ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf. Rjhyb cbcntvs uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf ktéfn d hbvcrjv ghfdt, jåyjdktyyjv d itcnjv dtrt bvgthfnjhjv Ñcnbybfyjv b gjpét dbljbpvtytyyjv ñhbcnfvb Ahfywbb b Uthvfybb. Cbcntvf ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf yfxfkf cjplfdfnmcz d Fyukbb gjxnb nsczxtktnbt yfpfl. Rj dhtvtyb cjplfybz åhbnfycrjuj Gfhkfvtynf rjhjktdcrbt celmb eét jcyjdsdfkb cdjb htitybz yf ecnjzdiböcz ≤ghbyznsö≥ jåsxfzö. Gjcntgtyyj ckjébkcz dtcmvf jåibhysq yfåjh ghbyznsö htitybq. Rdfkbabwbhjdfyyst ñhbcns gjvjufkb änjve ghjwtcce. Yf tdhjgtqcrjv dtyyjq djkb yf dtcm chjr bö gjkyjvjxbq≥, b xnj jy kbibk kñltq ≤ghtbveotcnd celf ghbczéysö≥. Gjckt Fvthbrfycrjq htdjkñwbb fyukbqcrjt ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj åskj c hfljcnmñ djcghbyznj ytpfdbcbvsvb infnfvb Fvthbrb. Pf åjktt xtv 200 ktn, ghjitlibö c njuj dhtvtyb, ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj ghtnthgtkj d Fvthbrt vyjétcndj bpvtytybq ärjyjvbxtcrjuj, gjkbnbxtcrjuj b cjwbfkmyjuj öfhfrnthf b ghtdhfnbkjcm d cbcntve, bvtñoeñ jnkbxbz rfr d cgjcjåfö, nfr b d cnbkt dtltybz celjghjbpdjlcndf. Xtv jnkbxftncz fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf jn cbcntvs uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf? ≤Ghfdj, cjplfdftvjt celmzvb≥ Celmz jrheéyjuj atlthfkmyjuj celf CIF Gbnth Vtccbnn rjynbytynt djccnfyjdktyyst cåjhybrb pfrjyjd Ñcnbybfyf b ñhblbxtcrfz cbcntvf rfnjkbxtcrjq wthrdb buhfkb rkñxtdeñ hjkm d egjhzljxbdfybb nsczx vtcnysö pfrjyjd. D cjplfybb cdjtq ubårjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs Fyukbz åskf vtytt gjldthétyf dkbzybñ änbö bcnjxybrjd. Pltcm ybrjulf yt hfpltkzkb bltñ Ahfywepcrjq htdjkñwbb jå juhfybxtybb dkfcnb celtq b j njv, xnj bö gjkyjvjxbz ljkéys åsnm cdtltys kbim r ghbvtytybñ pfrjyjd, ghbyznsö pfrjyjlfntkmysvb jhufyfvb. Åhbnfycrbt rjkjybcns d Fvthbrt ghjljkéfkb nhflbwbb cdjtq cnhfys. Åjktt njuj, jlybv bp jådbytybq d flhtc åhbnfycrjuj rjhjkz, gthtxbcktyysö d Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb CIF, åskj nj, xnj rjhjkm kbibk rjkjybcnjd bö ghfd ébntktq Åhbnfybb, cltkfd rjkjybfkmyst cels ≤pfdbcbvsvb kbim jn cdjtq cjåcn- Xfcnj ujdjhzn, xnj cbcntvf ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf cjcnjbn bp ytgbcfyyjuj ≤ghfdf, cjplfdftvjuj celmzvb≥, d nj dhtvz rfr uhfélfycrjt ghfdj jcyjdfyj yf rjltrcfö pfrjyjd. Ctujlyziytt ghfdj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö cjplftncz gj åjkmitq xfcnb pfrjyjlfntkmyjq dkfcnmñ. Yj ntv yt vtytt dsitghbdtltyyjt jghtltktybt ≤ghfdf, cjplfdftvjuj celmzvb≥ lj ytrjnjhjq cntgtyb dthyj. Bcnjhbxtcrb pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf cnfkf htpekmnfnjv celtåysö htitybq, jcjåtyyj d nfrbö dféysö jåkfcnzö, rfr ghfdj cjåcndtyyjcnb, rjynhfrns b uhfélfycrbt ghfdjyfheitybz, bpdtcnysö d cnhfyfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf gjl jåobv yfpdfybtv ≤xfcnysö ghfdjyfheitybq≥. D cnhfyfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf, yfghjnbd, åskb hfphfåjnfys b ghbyzns jåibhyst rjltrcs pfrjyjd gj nfrbv hfpltkfv, rfr ghfdf kbxyjcnb, dtotcndtyyjt ghfdj, ñhblbxtcrbt jåzpfntkmcndf b ghfdj yfcktljdfybz, f nfrét eujkjdyst, ghjwtccefkmyst rjltrcs b cdjls pfrjyjd gj rjvvthxtcrjve ghfde. 27 Yj åskj ås ytghfdbkmyj crfpfnm, xnj ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj – änj ytgbcfyyjt ghfdj. Celtåyst htitybz, bynthghtnbheñobt pfrjys, ceotcndeñn d gbcmvtyyjv dblt b dctulf åskb ljcnegys lkz gjkmpjdfybz. C cfvjuj hfyytuj dhtvtyb (öjhjibv ghbvthjv ckeébn Dtkbrfz Öfhnbz djkmyjcntq) ceotcndjdfkj ≤pfrjyjlfntkmcndj≥ – nj, xnj d cbcntvt uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf yfpsdftncz ≤ghbyznsvb pfrjyfvb≥. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö r ytve jnyjczncz rjycnbnewbb (rfr atlthfkmyfz, nfr b jnltkmysö infnjd), f nfrét pfrjyjlfntkmyst frns, ghbyznst Rjyuhtccjv CIF b pfrjyjlfntkmysvb cjåhfybzvb infnjd. Rhjvt njuj b yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, b yf ehjdyt infnjd pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm ghfdf eét cdtltyf d rjltrcs. Yfghbvth, yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt ceotcndetn Atlthfkmysq yfkjujdsq rjltrc. Pfrjyjlfntkmyst cjåhfybz infnjd ghbyzkb tlbyst rjltrcs d cathfö eujkjdyjuj b rjvvthxtcrjuj ghfdf. Nfrét ceotcndeñn tlbyst ghfdbkf ghjdtltybz uhfélfycrbö b eujkjdysö ghjwtccjd, b öjnz jyb rfr ghfdbkj ghbybvfñncz dscibvb celtåysvb jhufyfvb atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz bkb infnjd, d rjytxyjv cxtnt jyb gjkexfñn jljåhtybt pfrjyjlfntkmysö jhufyjd. Ntv yt vtytt cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj vyjubt pfrjyjlfntkmyst b ghfdjdst frns ghjcnj pfrhtgkzñn htitybz, ghbyznst d cbcntvt ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf. Celtåyst htitybz, lfñobt njkrjdfybz rjycnbnewbzv b pfrjyjlfntkmysv frnfv, nfrét cfvb gj ctåt cnfyjdzncz bcnjxybrfvb ghfdf, nfr xnj ghtlcnfdktybt jå fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt rfr j ≤ghfdt, cjplfdftvjv celmzvb≥, jcnftncz d wtkjv dthysv. D nj ét dhtvz d cnhfyfö c uhfélfycrbv ghfdjv yt dct ghfdj rjlbabwbhjdfyj d cvsckt jhufybpfwbb d tlbyst dctjåütvkñobt pfrjyjlfntkmyst frns gj dctv jåkfcnzv. Byjulf ghbybvfñncz jnltkmyst pfrjys gj rjyrhtnysv djghjcfv åtp dytctybz bö d cjjndtncndeñobt 28 rjltrcs. Änb pfrjys ghjcnj ltqcndeñn gfhfkktkmyj c åjktt jåobv uhfélfycrbv bkb eujkjdysv rjltrcfvb ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs. B öjnz d uhfélfycrjv ghfdt htitybz dsitcnjzobö celjd yt bvtñn cbks pfrjyf lkz gjcktleñobö cöjébö ltk (rfr änj bvttn vtcnj d ghtwtltynyjv ghfdt), yf ghfrnbrt dj vyjubö cnhfyfö c uhfélfycrbv ghfdjv ybétcnjzobt cels jåsxyj cktleñn htitybzv dsitcnjzobö dcktlcndbt eåtlbntkmyjq fhuevtynbhjdfyyjcnb bö htitybq. Ntv yt vtytt, cjukfcyj ghbywbgfv uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf, celmz ñhblbxtcrb yt cdzpfy ghtlsleobv htitybtv dsitcnjzotuj celf gj nfrjve ét bkb fyfkjubxyjve ltke b gjkyjvjxty gjkyjcnmñ ghjbuyjhbhjdfnm änj htitybt. Rjywtgwbz ghtwtltynf D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö celtåyst htitybz bvtñn cbke pfrjyf b ljkéys cjåkñlfnmcz uhfélfyfvb, ñhbcnfvb b, rjytxyj ét, cfvbvb celfvb. Änj jnhféftncz d ≤rjywtgwbb ghtwtltynf≥, dshfétyyjq d kfnbycrjq ahfpt stare decisis – ≤htitybt ljkéyj jcnfdfnmcz d cbkt≥. Htitybz, ghbyznst dsitcnjzobv celjv, bvtñn jåzpfntkmyeñ cbke lkz ybétcnjzotuj celf njq ét ñhbclbrwbb gj jlbyfrjdsv bkb cöjébv ltkfv. Änf nhflbwbz, eyfcktljdfyyfz Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb jn Fyukbb, jcyjdsdftncz yf ytcrjkmrbö ghfrnbxtcrbö cjjåhfétybzö. D bö xbckj döjlzn ghtlcrfpetvjcnm htpekmnfnjd, cnhtvktybt r hfdyjve jåhfotybñ cj dctvb kñlmvb, cnjkryedibvbcz c jlbyfrjdsvb bkb cöjébvb ñhblbxtcrbvb ghjåktvfvb, ghtbveotcndf ghbyznbz nfrjuj htitybz gj djghjce, rjnjhjt pfnhfubdftn dct gjcktleñobt ltkf, f nfrét edfétybt r yfrjgktyyjq ñhbcnfvb b celmzvb velhjcnb. Ghb änjv, jlyfrj, gjybvftncz, xnj jcyjdyst pfrjyjndjhxtcrbt jåzpfyyjcnb ktéfn yf pfrjyjlfntkmyjq dkfcnb, f celmb lfñn njkrjdfybt pfrjyfv, d rhfqytv ckexft pfgjkyzz ghjåtks, rjulf rjycnbnewbb bkb pfrjys yt cjlthéfn rjyrhtnysö gjkjétybq bkb gjkyjcnmñ jåöjlzn rfrbt-kbåj djghjcs. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, d rjywtgwbb ghtwtltynf cjlthéfncz dféyst juhfybxtybz. Ghtélt dctuj, htitybt rfrjuj-kbåj celf åeltn jåzpfntkmysv lkz ybétcnjzotuj celf, tckb ghbyzdibq htitybt cel cnjbn dsit d njq ét cfvjq bthfhöbb. Yfghbvth, htitybt Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF gj djghjce rjycnbnewbjyyjuj bkb atlthfkmyjuj pfrjyf jåzpfntkmyj lkz dctö fvthbrfycrbö celjd, gjcrjkmre gj änbv djghjcfv dct cels cxbnfñncz ybétcnjzobvb b döjlzn d ne ét celtåyeñ dthnbrfkm, xnj b Dthöjdysq cel CIF. Yj htitybz, ghbyznst jlybv bp ytcrjkmrbö jrheéysö atlthfkmysö fgtkkzwbjyysö celjd (celjd chtlytuj ehjdyz), jåzpfntkmys kbim lkz jrheéysö atlthfkmysö celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb, hfcgjkjétyysö d cjjndtncndeñotv htubjyt. Htitybz dthöjdyjuj celf infnf gj njkrjdfybñ pfrjyf änjuj infnf jåzpfntkmys yf dctq nthhbnjhbb infnf, tckb jyb yt ghjnbdjhtxfn Rjycnbnewbb b atlthfkmysv pfrjyfv. Fvthbrfycrbt celmb ghjzdkzñn åjkmieñ jcnjhjéyjcnm d ghbyznbb htitybq. Rfr ghfdbkj, jyb ghbybvfñn r hfccvjnhtybñ kbim htfkmyst celtåyst ltkf bkb cgjhs, djpåeéltyyst cnjhjyfvb, xmb bynthtcs ytgjchtlcndtyyj pfnhjyens. Rhjvt njuj celmb jåsxyj ghbybvfñn htitybz gj ltkfv, bcöjlz bp yfbåjktt eprbö djpvjéysö jcyjdfybq, yfghbvth, jåöjlz rjycnbnewbjyyst djghjcs, rjulf ltkj vjétn åsnm htityj yf jcyjdfybb jåsxysö pfrjyjd. Gjvbvj änjuj, ≤ghfdj, cjplfdftvjt celmzvb≥, cjcnfdkztn xfcnm bö htitybq kbim d ckexft, rjulf änj fåcjkñnyj ytjåöjlbvj lkz ghbyznbz htitybz gj ltke. Kñåst lheubt njkrjdfybz pfrjyf cxbnfñncz ytjabwbfkmysvb. Tot jlybv juhfybxtybtv rjywtgwbb ghtwtltynf dscnegftn nj, xnj gjcktleñott ltkj ljkéyj åsnm nfrbv ét bkb åkbprj cöjébv c ghtlsleobv. Tckb jåcnjzntkmcndf ltkf yt jrfpsdfñncz d njxyjcnb cjdgflfñobvb bkb ceotcndtyyj cöjébvb, cel, ghbybvfñobq htitybt gj ltke gjckt cjcnjzditujcz ghtwtltynf, cvjétn erfpfnm yf jnkbxbz b yt åeltn cdzpfy ghtlsleobv celtåysv htitybtv. Dscibq celtåysq jhufy rfrjq-kbåj ñhbclbrwbb, yfghbvth, lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – Dthöjdysq cel CIF bkb lkz infnf – tuj dthöjdysq cel, vjétn jnvtybnm ghtwtltyn, lfét tckb jåcnjzntkmcndf ltkf cjdgflfñn bkb ceotcndtyyj cöjéb c jåcnjzntkmcndfvb ghtlsleotuj ltkf. Yfghbvth, d 1954 u. d ghbyznbb htitybz gj pyfvtybnjve ltke j hfcjdjq byntuhfwbb irjk ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥ Dthöjdysq cel CIF jnvtybk htitybt, ghbyznjt bv gj fyfkjubxyjve ltke d 1896 u. Yj nfrjt ghzvjt bpvtytybt hfytt ghbyznsö htitybq ckexftncz ytxfcnj. Åjktt dthjznyj, xnj ghb ghbyznbb htitybq gj gjcktleñobv ltkfv dsitcnjzobq cel erfétn yf jnkbxbz yjdsö ltk, jnöjlz jn ghtwtltynjd, cnfdibö ytétkfntkmysvb. Gj åjkmitq xfcnb ceotcndeñobt ljkujt dhtvz ghtwtltyns dsitcnjzobö celjd jcnfñncz d cbkt. C b cn t v fn b p f w b z p f r j y j d Rfr yfqnb pfrjy d Fvthbrt? Vjéyj gjlevfnm, xnj, exbnsdfz jlyjdhtvtyyjt ceotcndjdfybt pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj ghfdf b celtåysö htitybq, cjcnfdkzñobö ghfdj, änjn gjbcr jrfétncz pfnhelybntkmysv. Yj yf cfvjv ltkt änf pflfxf chfdybntkmyj ghjcnf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm fvthbrfycrjuj ghfdf yt cdtltyf d rjltrcs pfrjyjd, jyf ntv yt vtytt cbcntvfnbpbhjdfyf b jhufybpjdfyf gj ghtlvtnfv. Ñhblbxtcrbt äywbrkjgtlbb b nhfrnfns, yfgbcfyyst extysvb ghjatccjhfvb b ghfrnbreñobvb ñhbcnfvb, bpkfufñn ghfdj d kjubxtcrjq 29 gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb, rfr ghfdbkj, lfdfz bcnjhbxtcreñ gthcgtrnbde. Änb fdnjhbntnyst rybub cjlthéfn cghfdjxyeñ byajhvfwbñ jå jcyjdfö b rjyrhtnysö ghbywbgfö ghfdf gj hfpkbxysv ghfdjdsv hfpltkfv, f nfrét ccskrb yf cjjndtncndeñobt pfrjys b ñhblbxtcrbt htitybz. Ghjcvjnh cdjljd pfrjyjd b jgeåkbrjdfyysö d dblt rybu ltk, yfpsdftvsö cåjhybrfvb celtåysö htitybq, ceotcndeñobö ctqxfc b d äktrnhjyyjv ajhvfnt – ljdjkmyj ytckjéyjt ltkj. Dféyj jnvtnbnm, xnj d cbcntvt ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf fdnjhs nhfrnfnjd bvtñn vtymibq dtc, ytétkb d cbcntvt uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. D cnhfyfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf bö hfåjns xfcnj cxbnfñncz bcnjxybrfvb ghfdf b bcgjkmpeñncz lkz hfphfåjnrb ljrnhby gj rjyrhtnysv ghfdjdsv djghjcfv. D cbcntvt uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf celmb ghblfñn cjjåhfétybzv fdnjhjd nhfrnfnjd åjkmijt pyfxtybt. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfghjnbd, ljrnhbys, hfphfåjnfyyst fdnjhfvb nhfrnfnjd, yt jåkflfñn jåzpfntkmyjq cbkjq, öjnz yf ybö vjuen ltkfnmcz ccskrb d cbke bö eåtlbntkmyjcnb. C j g j cn f d k t y b t g h t w t l t y n y j uj b u h f é l f y c r j uj g h f d f Gjvbvj erfpfyysö jcjåtyyjcntq d cbcntvt ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf ceotcndetn vyjuj bycnbnenjd, jncencndeñobö d cbcntvfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. Yfbåjktt dféysv bp ybö ckeébn éñhb ghbczéysö, rjnjhjt c cjukfcbz cnjhjy exfcndetn d hfpåbhfntkmcndfö gj uhfélfycrbv b eujkjdysv ghjwtccfv. Éñhb ghbczéysö ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dsåhfyyeñ gj éhtåbñ uhegge uhfélfy, jåsxyj d xbckt 12 xtkjdtr, rjnjhst ecnfyfdkbdfñn afrns gj ltke. Rjulf ghjdjlbncz ghjwtcc c exfcnbtv éñhb ghbczéysö, celmz hfpüzcyztn éñhb jcyjds ghfdf, yj ecnfyjdktybt afrnjd jcnftncz ghthjufnbdjq ghbczéysö. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj jåsxyst uhfélfyt htifñn, 30 rfrfz cnjhjyf jlthébn dthö d uhfélfycrjv ghjwtcct, f d ckexft eujkjdyjuj ltkf – dbyjdty bkb ytdbyjdty jådbyztvsq d cjdthitybb ltqcndbq gj ghtlcnfdktyysv jådbytybzv. Bycnbnen celf ghbczéysö jrfpfk pyfxbntkmyjt jghtltkzñott djpltqcndbt yf ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj. Gjcrjkmre xktys éñhb exfcndeñn d tuj hfåjnt yf dhtvtyyjq jcyjdt c wtkmñ ecnfyjdktybz afrnjd, pfctlfybz celjd d cbcntvt ghtwtltynyjuj ghfdf jåsxyj juhfybxtys gj dhtvtyb b byjulf pfybvfñn kbim ytcrjkmrj lytq (öjnz byjulf ckexfñncz pfctlfybz ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ b d ytcrjkmrj ytltkm bkb lfét vtczwtd). Egjh ltkftncz yf ecnysq jghjc cdbltntktq, öjnz ljrevtyns nfrét ghtlcnfdkzñncz d rfxtcndt ljrfpfntkmcnd. Ñhbcns jndtxfñn pf ghtlcnfdktybt ltkf, f celmz, ghjdjlzobq ckeifybz, yt ghjdjlbn hfccktljdfybt ltkf lj celf. Ñhbcns, ghtlcnfdkzz ghjnbdjgjkjéyst cnjhjys, jghfibdfñn cdbltntktq d öjlt ckeifybq, d nj dhtvz rfr celmz gj cenb dsgjkyztn aeyrwbñ htathb. Gjrfpfybz cdbltntktq pfgbcsdfñncz ljckjdyj ctrhtnfhtv celf bkb pfgbcsdfñobvb ecnhjqcndfvb. Cel gthdjq bycnfywbb, n. t. cel, d rjnjhjv ghjdjlbncz gthdjyfxfkmyjt ckeifybt gj ltke, d fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt ckeébn ntv vtcnjv, ult jajhvkztncz dcz ljrevtynfwbz gj ltke. Djjåot ujdjhz, fgtkkzwbjyyst cels juhfybxbdfñn cdjt hfccvjnhtybt htitybq ybétcnjzotuj celf dszdktybtv ñhblbxtcrbö, f yt afrnbxtcrbö jibåjr. Ghb gjlfxt fgtkkzwbb yt vjétn åsnm ghtlcnfdktyj yjdsö ljrfpfntkmcnd. Dct änj cjcnfdkztn pyfxbntkmysq rjynhfcn c celjghjbpdjlcndjv d cbcntvt uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf, ult éñhb ghbczéysö gj åjkmitq xfcnb yt ceotcndetn. D änjq cbcntvt dvtcnj ghjdtltybz tlbyjuj ytghthsdyjuj celtåyjuj ghjwtccf vjétn åsnm ghjdtltyf cthbz celtåysö ckeifybq d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb. Ljrevtyns bvtñn åjkmitt pyfxtybt, ytétkb gjrfpfybz cdbltntktq. Celmz frnbdyj exfcndetn d hfccktljdfybb ltkf b nfrét ghjdjlbn jghjc cdbltntktq. Dvtcnj ljckjdyjuj ghjnjrjkf ckeifybq ljrevtynfwbz gj ltke cjcnjbn bp pfgbctq celmb b ljrevtynjd hfccktljdfybz. Vjuen gjlfdfnmcz fgtkkzwbb rfr gj afrnfv, nfr b gj ñhblbxtcrbv jibårfv, b fgtkkzwbjyysq cel vjétn b byjulf ghbybvftn r hfccvjnhtybñ yjdst ljrfpfntkmcndf. Ytcvjnhz yf ceotcndeñobt hfpkbxbz, rfr ghtwtltynyjt, nfr b uhfélfycrjt ghfdj bvtñn cdjtq wtkmñ cghfdtlkbdjt, åscnhjt b ytljhjujcnjzott hfphtitybt celtåysö cgjhjd. D gjcktlybt ujls fvthbrfycrbt cels cnfkb eltkznm jcjåjt dybvfybt ghjdtltybñ gjcnjzyyjq jwtyrb ehjdyz jhufybpfwbb celtåyjuj ghjwtccf, c wtkmñ gjdsitybz rfxtcndf ghfdjcelbz. D htpekmnfnt änjuj d ltzntkmyjcnb fvthbrfycrbö celjd gjzdbkjcm vyjuj yjdsö cnjhjy. Jyb drkñxfñn åjkmijq cgtrnh fkmnthyfnbdysö vtöfybpvjd hfphtitybz cgjhjd (drkñxfz fhåbnhfé b gjchtlybxtcndj), f nfrét nfrbt ghjwtlehyst vtöfybpvs rfr cdjlyst htitybz, dsyjcbvst d gjhzlrt eghjotybz celjghjbpdjlcndf, b celtåyst htitybz d gjkmpe bcnwf dcktlcndbt ytzdrb jndtnxbrf. Dct änb bycnhevtyns bcgjkmpeñncz celmzvb lkz ghbyznbz htitybq gj ltkfv yf hfyytq cnflbb hfccvjnhtybz åtp ghjdtltybz ajhvfkmyjuj celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Djghjcs ltvjrhfwbb. Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. 31 CELTÅYSQ YFLPJH Eybrfkmyfz aeyrwbz fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs, yfpsdftvfz celtåysv yflpjhjv, yt egjvbyftncz d Rjycnbnewbb. Ntv yt vtytt jyf cxbnftncz pfrjyysv ghfdjv, hfphtifñobv cele ≤jåüzdkznm ytltqcndbntkmysvb ltqcndbz pfrjyjlfntkmysö bkb bcgjkybntkmysö dkfcntq, rjnjhst åskb cjxntys ghjnbdjhtxfobvb≥ pyfxtybñ bkb njkrjdfybñ Rjycnbnewbb. Rjywtgwbz celtåyjuj yflpjhf dgthdst åskf hfphfåjnfyf d ltkt ≤Vfhåehb ghjnbd Vtlbcjyf≥ (1803 u.), jlyjv bp yfbåjktt hfyybö b yfbåjktt bpdtcnysö ltk, hfccvjnhtyysö Dthöjdysv celjv, rjulf Ebkmzv Vfhåehb åsk yfpyfxty vbhjdsv celmtq Ghtpbltynjv Léjyjv Flfvcjv, chjr ghtåsdfybz d ljkéyjcnb rjnjhjuj gjlöjlbk r rjywe. Vfhåehb, jlyfrj, yt dcnegbk d ljkéyjcnm gj ghbxbyt cnjkryjdtybz vytybq Flfvcf b yjdjuj Ghtpbltynf Njvfcf Létaathcjyf. Vfhåehb gjlfk ghjitybt d Dthöjdysq cel CIF, rjnjhjt gjcktlybq eljdktndjhbk, j ghbyznbb celtåyjuj gjcnfyjdktybz j dsgjkytybb nhtåjdfybq bcnwf, pfcnfdbditt xbyjdybrjd atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf dsgjkybnm cdjb jåzpfyyjcnb, öjnz bv b yt yhfdbkbcm htpekmnfns bö ltqcndbq. D tlbyjukfcyjv htitybb Dthöjdyjuj celf ukfdysq celmz Léjy Vfhifkk pfkjébk jcyjds åeleobö gjkyjvjxbq Dthöjdyjuj celf, erfpfd, xnj celtåyfz dtndm dkfcnb ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ≤jghtltktybt njuj, d xtv cjcnjbn 32 pfrjy... D änjv pfrkñxftncz ceotcndj ljkuf celtåysö jhufyjd≥. Öjnz Pfrjy j celfö 1789 u. eét hfphtibk Dthöjdyjve cele ghbybvfnm gjcnfyjdktybz, jåzpsdfñobt ghfdbntkmcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd dsgjkybnm nhtåjdfybq bcnwf, hfytt celmb cxbnfkb bö ghjnbdjhtxfobvb leöe Rjycnbnewbb CIF. D htpekmnfnt d öjlt ltkf Vfhåehb ghjnbd Vtlbcjyf åskf ecnfyjdktyf dféyfz aeyrwbz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, f nfrét dctö lheubö atlthfkmysö celjd. Öjnz bp änjuj ltkf yt cktljdfkj, xnj celmb vjuen ljgjkyznm pfrjys bkb Rjycnbnewbñ – jyb vjuen njkmrj lfdfnm bö njkrjdfybz – ghfdj celtåyjuj yflpjhf lfkj Dthöjdyjve cele b, cktljdfntkmyj, dctq fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvt pyfxbntkmyj åjkmibt gjkyjvjxbz. Ltåjhf V. C. Åhfey Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Celtåyfz änbrf d eckjdbzö ghfdjdjuj ujcelfhcndf C e l m z D t h ö j d y j uj c e l f C I F Ä y n j y b R t y y t l b D jcyjdt rjycnbnewbjyyjq ltvjrhfnbb ktébn dkfcnm pfrjyf, f jlybv bp rkñxtdsö rjvgjytynjd dkfcnb pfrjyf d eckjdbzö rjycnbnewbjyyjq ltvjrhfnbb ckeébn tuj ytghtldpznjcnm. Yf jhufybpjdfyyjq lkz ckjdtycrbö celtq ntktdbpbjyyjq ghtcc-rjyathtywbb celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Äynjyb Rtyytlb hfccrfpsdftn, rfrbv jåhfpjv celtåyfz dkfcnm ljkéyf ufhfynbhjdfnm ytghtldpznjcnm ghbywbgf dkfcnb pfrjyf, gjllthébdfz ghb änjv njyrjt hfdyjdtcbt vtéle celtåyjq änbrjq b ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ celf. Celtåyfz änbrf ntcyj cdzpfyf c ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ celf, b nhelyj ujdjhbnm jå jlyjv, yt egjvbyfz j lheujv. Pfrjy ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jåtn. Änjn jåtn cjcnjbn d ytghtldpznjcnb. Tckb jåtn yfheiftncz, tckb jncencndetn ytghtldpznjcnm ghb cjåkñltybb, jnghfdktybb b njkrjdfybb pfrjyf, nj ghfdj d njv dblt, rfr vs tuj pyftv, gthtcnftn ceotcndjdfnm... Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celf ntcyj cdzpfyf c tuj ytghtldpznjcnmñ. Jåzpfyyjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb – yfcnfbdfnm yf njv, xnjås lheubt dtndb dkfcnb ghtljcnfdkzkb tq htcehcs, gjllthére b pfobne, ytjåöjlbvst lkz dsgjkytybz celjv tuj aeyrwbq. Jlyfrj, eåtlbnm d änjv lheubt dtndb dkfcnb nhelyj, jnxfcnb gjnjve, xnj ytrjnjhst pfrjyjlfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj e celtq kturfz hfåjnf. Pfrjyjlfntkb ytjöjnyj gjdsifñn celmzv pfhgkfne bkb yfpyfxfñn åjkmit celtq. Änj nhelyj tot b gjnjve, xnj htcehcs crelys, f 33 Celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Äynjyb Rtyytlb pfrjyjlfntkb ljkéys pfåjnbnmcz j cnhjbntkmcndt åjkmybw, irjk b ljhju... Jlyfrj, ltqcndtyyfz ghfdjdfz cbcntvf nfr ét dféyf lkz hfcneotq ärjyjvbrb b ghjuhtccbdyjuj jåotcndf, rfr b åjkmybws, irjks b ljhjub. Gjänjve ljku celmb – jåüzcyznm, xnj cels b pfrjyyjcnm ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq dféyeñ cjcnfdyeñ xfcnm åfpjdjq byahfcnhernehs kñåjuj jåotcndf. Rjywtgwbz celtåyjq änbrb Ntcyj cdzpfyf c ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ celjd dcz rjywtgwbz celtåyjq änbrb. Tckb ås rjuj-nj bp dfc gjghjcbkb hfccrfpfnm cdjbv rjkktufv j ghtlvtnt celtåyjq änbrb, gjyfxfke ds djpvjéyj yt pföjntkb ås änjuj ltkfnm bkb gjcntcyzkbcm... Yj ujdjhbnm j celtåyjq änbrt jxtym dféyj. Änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj cfv jhfnjh åtpeghtxty. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj vs ljcnfnjxyj jpfåjxtys ntv, xnjås celtåyfz dkfcnm bvtkf htgenfwbñ xtcnyjq b 34 ytghtldpznjq dj dctö cdjbö ltqcndbzö, b xnjås jyf åskf nfrjdjq yf ghfrnbrt. Celtåyfz änbrf, hfdyj rfr b ytpfdbcbvjcnm celjd, rfcftncz rfr dgtxfnktybz, nfr htfkmyjcnb. Tckb ceotcndetn dgtxfnktybt, ghtlcnfdktybt j ytxtcnyjcnb, yf celtåyeñ dkfcnm kjébncz ntym. Vjéyj hfccvfnhbdfnm änbxtcrbq rjltrc celtq rfr cjcnjzobq bp nhtö xfcntq. Gthdfz xfcnm pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj rfélsq celmz ljkéty cxbnfnm cdjbv gthcjyfkmysv rjltrcjv rfr vjéyj åjktt dscjrbt cnfylfhns kbxyjuj b ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj gjdtltybz. Dfif kbxyfz ébpym, nj, rfr ds jnyjcbntcm r cdjtq ctvmt b jåotcnde, ytbpåtéyj cnfyjdbncz bpdtcnysv jåotcndtyyjcnb, b ds ljkéys ltvjycnhbhjdfnm nfrjt gjdtltybt, cghfdtlkbdjcnm, xtcnyjcnm, ghzvjne, rjnjhsö vs éltv jn yfibö cfvsö jndtncndtyysö uhfélfy. C njxrb phtybz ghjatccbjyfkmyjq, celmz ljkéty dtcnb ctåz nfr, rfr gjljåftn dscjrjve celtåyjve ljkéyjcnyjve kbwe. Vfyths b ntvgthfvtyn jxtym dféys. Yfghbvth, gjhjq celmt åsdftn nhelyj clthéfnmcz, rjulf fldjrfn evsiktyyj pfntdftn cgjh c celjv... Yj celmz ljkéty yfcnfbdfnm yf njv, xnjås fldjrfn edféfk yt kbxyjt ljcnjbycndj celmb, yj ljcnjbycndj njuj exhtéltybz, rjnjhjt celmz ghtlcnfdkztn. Änj wtkjt bcreccndj – yfexbnmcz eghfdkznm fldjrfnfvb d dfitv celtåyjv pfkt. Ytrjnjhst bp kexibö celtq d atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt CIF, c rjnjhsvb z pyfrjv, ybrjulf yt ghbdktrfkb fldjrfnf pf ytedfétybt r cele, ybrjulf yt yfrfpsdfkb fldjrfnf. Yj cdjbv vfythfvb, jåkbrjv, dctv cdjbv gjdtltybtv jyb ghbdyjczn d pfk pfctlfybq nfreñ fnvjcathe edfétybz, xnj yb jlby fldjrfn ybrjulf yt jcvtkbncz dsqnb bp uhfybw gjljåfñotuj gjdtltybz gthtl kbwjv änjuj celmb... Rfélfz nzéeofzcz cnjhjyf öjxtn åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj hfccvjnhtybz ltkf. B nfrjt hfccvjnhtybt åsnm åtcghbcnhfcnysv b yt dsps- dfnm ybrfrbö cjvytybq d änjv... Celmz ljkéty jåtcgtxbdfnm ytghtldpznjcnm celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf hfpysvb cgjcjåfvb. Jy ljkéty ghtljcnfdkznm hfdyjt dhtvz dctv cnjhjyfv. Jy ljkéty ltqcndjdfnm åscnhj. Tckb nzéeofzcz cnjhjyf ljåbdftncz åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj ckeifybz, jyf xfot dctuj cxbnftn, xnj ghfdjcelbt jceotcndbkjcm. Åjkmibycndj kñltq, jåhfofñoböcz d cel pf hfphtitybtv ltkf, eåtéltys d njv, xnj tckb bö dsckeiftn ytqnhfkmyjt, ytghtldpznjt kbwj, nj ghfdjcelbt åeltn jceotcndktyj. Å b n d f p f y t g h t l d p z n j cn m D hfvrfö cdjtuj kbxyjuj b ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj rjltrcf celmb ljkéys bpåtufnm cnjkryjdtybz bynthtcjd. Djpvjéyj, e ytrjnjhsö bp dfc hjlcndtyybrb hfåjnfñn d ctkmcrjv öjpzqcndt, åbpytct bkb ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Dkbztn kb änj yf dfit evjyfcnhjtybt? Dkbztn kb änj yf dfit jnyjitybt r hfpkbxysv djghjcfv? Crfpsdftncz kb yf dsyjcbvjv dfvb htitybb nj, xnj ds ehjétytw jghtltktyyjuj hfqjyf cnhfys? Dct änj crfpsdftncz yf dfitq gjpbwbb. Yj ctrhtn, gjpdjkzñobq cnfnm celmtq c dscjrbvb änbxtcrbvb yjhvfvb, cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås ybrjulf yt ghtrhfofnm bpexfnm ctåz. Z hfåjnfñ celmtq åjktt 20 ktn, b vtyz gjhféftn, rfr xfcnj vyt ghböjlbncz djpdhfofnmcz r cfvjve yfxfke b pflfdfnm ctåt djghjc: ≤Yt dkflttn kb vyjñ ytrfz crhsnfz ghtldpznjcnm, ytrfz ghtlhfcgjkjétyyjcnm, ytrfz ghbcnhfcnyjcnm, ytrbq ghtlhfcceljr, rjnjhst lfét vyt yt dblys? Xnj rjyrhtnyj gjåeélftn vtyz hfphtifnm ltkj bvtyyj nfrbv jåhfpjv?≥ Vyt ghböjlbncz fyfkbpbhjdfnm cjåcndtyyjt ghjikjt, cjåcndtyyeñ byntkktrnefkmyeñ gjpbwbñ, lfås ufhfynbhjdfnm cdjñ åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm. Åbndf pf ytqnhfkbntn, åbndf pf åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm d cjpyfybb celmb bltn åtcrjytxyj. E dfc ljkéys åsnm ytrbt dytiybt jhbtynbhs, gjpdjkzñobt cnhtvbnmcz r fåcjkñnyjq åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb... yj ds ybrjulf tt yt ljcnbuytnt, gjnjve xnj dct vs – ghjlern yfibö cjåcndtyysö ghtlhfccelrjd b ghjikjuj. Änbxtcrbt rfyjys Dvtcnt c ntv ceotcndeñn jghtltktyyst jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdbkf lkz åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj ckeifybz ltkf. Dj-gthdsö, e dfc yt vjétn åsnm abyfycjdjq bkb kbxyjq pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb d ltkt, rjnjhjt ds ckeiftnt. Pdexbn ljcnfnjxyj ghjcnj, yj xnj åeltn, tckb xkty dfitq ctvmb dkflttn frwbzvb rjhgjhfwbb bkb rnj-nj bp lheptq dfv crfpfk, xnj yflttncz yf jghtltktyysq bcöjl ltkf? Yfkbwj cnjkryjdtybt bynthtcjd, b ds ljkéys änjve djcghjnbdbnmcz. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, tckb ujdjhbnm j atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq dkfcnb, kbxysq rjltrc gjdtltybz gjlrhtgkztncz gbcfysvb änbxtcrbvb rfyjyfvb. Yf vjq dpukzl, kbxysq rjltrc gjdtltybz ljkéty yföjlbnm jnhfétybt d gbcfyjv rjltrct änbrb, b celmb ljkéys jåceélfnm änjn rjltrc. Rjulf ds ckeiftnt bkb xbnftnt fvthbrfycrbq rjltrc änbrb, jy pdexbn nfr ghjcnj, nfr äktvtynfhyj, xnj vjétn gjrfpfnmcz, xnj c ybv cjukfcbncz rfélsq. Jy pdexbn gjxnb ckbirjv eghjotyysv, åfyfkmysv. Gjpdjkmnt pfxbnfnm dfv ctvm änbxtcrbö rfyjyjd. Änb ghtlgbcfybz ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ghbywbgs, rjnjhst ybrnj yt vjétn jcgjhbnm. – Celmz ljkéty cjöhfyznm xtcnyjcnm b ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåyjq dkfcnb. – Celmz yt ljkéty cjdthifnm ytgjljåfñobö ltqcndbq dj dctö dblfö ltzntkmyjcnb b yt ljgecrfnm cjvybntkmyjuj gjdtltybz. – Celmz ljkéty dsgjkyznm ljkéyjcnyst jåzpfyyjcnb åtcghbcnhfcnyj b ghbktéyj. 35 – Celmz vjétn pfybvfnmcz dytceltåyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ c wtkmñ cjdthitycndjdfybz pfrjyf, ghfdjdjq cbcntvs b ghjwtccf jnghfdktybz ghfdjcelbz. – Celmz ljkéty htuekbhjdfnm dytceltåyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, cdjlz r vbybveve hbcr rjyakbrnf c celtåysvb jåzpfyyjcnzvb. – Celmz ljkéty htuekzhyj gjlfdfnm jnxtns j ljöjlfö, gjkextyysö pf ghfdjdeñ b dytceltåyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm. – Celmz ljkéty djplthébdfnmcz jn gjkbnbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst bp änbö rfyjyjd, d njv xbckt gj jåyfhjljdfybñ cdjbö ljöjljd, jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ celtåyjq dkfcnb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, d jcyjdyjv lkz bpåtéfybz abyfycjdsö rjyakbrnjd. Vs gj pfrjye jåzpfys gjlfdfnm geåkbxysq jnxtn c gthtxbcktybtv dctuj kbxyjuj bveotcndf, dctö frnbdjd, frwbq b dctö ljöjljd... Vs nfr cnhtvbkbcm jåtcgtxbnm jncencndbt jcyjdfybq lkz djpybryjdtybz cjvytybq d åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb, xnj yfcnjzkb yf ltrkfhbhjdfybb dctö frwbq, rjnjhsvb dkflttn celmz. Yfghbvth, tckb celmz dkflttn öjnz ås jlyjq frwbtq rjvgfybb bkb tckb cegheu (cegheuf) bkb xkty ctvmb celmb dkflttn jlyjq frwbtq, nj celmz d jåzpfntkmyjv gjhzlrt jndjlbncz jn exfcnbz d ltkt, cdzpfyyjv c lfyyjq rjvgfybtq... Bkb tckb celmz cxbnftn, xnj bvttn ljcnfnjxyeñ pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm d ltkt b xnj åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnm yt vjétn åsnm ufhfynbhjdfy, celmz yt ljkéty exfcndjdfnm d pfctlfybb, gecnm lfét tuj jå änjv ghjczn fldjrfns... Rjvbntn celtq D atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq dkfcnb CIF tcnm rjvbntn celtq, jndtxfñobq yf djghjcs dctö xktyjd celtåyjq dkfcnb, cdzpfyyst c celtåyjq änbrjq.... Rjvbntn lftn celmt yt njkmrj cjdtn b jghtltktyyst ghbywbgs lkz jålevsdfybz b 36 ghbyznbz dj dybvfybz, yj b ghtljcnfdkztn celmt jghtltktyyeñ pfobne. Tckb gjplytt celmñ gjldthuyen rhbnbrt pf ckeifybt ltkf, jy vjétn crfpfnm: ≤Z yfgbcfk jå änjv d rjvbntn, b rjvbntn cj vyjq cjukfcbkcz≥. Gjpdjkmnt ghbdtcnb ghbvth. Åsk e yfc celmz, vyjuj dhtvtyb hfåjnfdibq yfl hfccvjnhtybtv jxtym ckjéyjuj fynbnhtcnjdcrjuj ltkf. D gthbjl celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf gj ltke jy gjpyfrjvbkcz c lfvjq, b jyb gjétybkbcm. Jrfpfkjcm, xnj tuj étyf dkflttn pyfxbntkmysv xbckjv frwbq rjhgjhfwbq, rjnjhsvb jy pfybvfkcz, b gjänjve jy gbcmvtyyj jåhfnbkcz d rjvbntn c djghjcjv j njv, rfr tve cktletn gjcnegbnm... Nfrbv jåhfpjv, änbxtcrfz cbcntvf ljkéyf drkñxfnm d ctåz kbxysq b ghjatccbjyfkmysq rjltrcs, jyf ljkéyf bvtnm gbcfyeñ cbcntve änbxtcrbö yjhv b vtöfybpv, jåtcgtxbdfñobq bö dsgjkytybt. G h b p y f y b t c e l t å y j uj r j l t rc f Dhtvz jn dhtvtyb njn bkb byjq celmz åtcxtcnbn celtåyeñ ghbczue b celtqcrjt vtcnj. Änj åhjcftn ntym yf ghfdjcelbt d wtkjv. Änj gtxfkmyj, yj celmb njét kñlb, b, hfpevttncz, jyb gjldthétys xtkjdtxtcrbv gjhjrfv... D atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd celmz vjétn åsnm jnhtity jn ljkéyjcnb njkmrj gentv bvgbxvtynf Ctyfnjv CIF. Pf yfie 200-ktnyññ bcnjhbñ åskj dctuj ctvm ckexftd, rjulf Ctyfne ghböjlbkjcm jncnhfyznm celmñ. Tot ytrjnjhst celmb eöjlbkb d jncnfdre gjl lfdktybtv... d cbke rjhhegwbb, dpznjxybxtcndf, fkrjujkbpvf bkb gcböbxtcrjq ytecnjqxbdjcnb. Rhjvt jncnhfytybz celmb gentv bvgbxvtynf, d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö bvttncz lbcwbgkbyfhysq vtöfybpv, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj celmzv dsyjcbncz pfvtxfybt bkb jåüzdkztncz dsujdjh pf ytgjljåfñott gjdtltybt. Änj rjynhjkbhetn- cz cfvjq celtåyjq dkfcnmñ, b z cxbnfñ jxtym dféysv, xnjås kñåjq vtöfybpv lkz jåüzdktybz gjhbwfybz bkb dsujdjhf celmzv, gjvbvj jncnhfytybz jn ljkéyjcnb, yföjlbkcz d dtltybb celtåyjq dkfcnb. Jlyfrj, d cdjñ jxthtlm, celtåyfz dkfcnm ljkéyf bvtnm ljcnfnjxyj ndthleñ änbre, ljcnfnjxyj ghjxyeñ nhflbwbñ åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb b ytpfdbcbvjcnb lkz njuj, xnjås jyf vjukf htifnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst ghjåktvs... Änj – cjcnfdyfz xfcnm ytpfdbcbvjcnb celf. Änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj vs ljkéys erhsdfnm bkb pfobofnm xktyjd yfitq cjåcndtyyjq ubkmlbb. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj vs ljkéys ltqcndjdfnm ghzvj b äythubxyj, ghbpyfdfz, xnj änbxtcrbq rjltrc celtq ytjåöjlbv, xnj jy ljkéty åsnm rjyrhtnysv, xnj vs ljkéys gjybvfnm, d xtv jy cjcnjbn, b jåtcgtxbdfnm tuj dsgjkytybt. Z ujdjhbk ljdjkmyj ljkuj, f ntgthm öjntk ås jndtnbnm yf dfib djghjcs. DJGHJC: D rjycnbnewbb Ckjdtybb tcnm cgtwbfkmyjt gjkjétybt, ghtlecvfnhbdfñott, xnj celmz vjétn åsnm xktyjv gjkbnbxtcrjq gfhnbb, yj yt ljkéty pfybvfnm rfreñ-kbåj ljkéyjcnm d gjkbnbxtcrjq jhufybpfwbb. D öjlt vtcnysö b ujcelfhcndtyysö bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq djpybrkb cthmtpyst djghjcs j njv, vjétn kb celmz bltynbabwbhjdfnm ctåz rfr xktyf gjkbnbxtcrjq gfhnbb b vjétn kb celmz geåkbxyj gjllthébdfnm yt jnyjczotujcz r celtåyjq cbcntvt rfylblfnf yf ujcelfhcndtyyeñ ljkéyjcnm. Vjétn kb, gj-dfitve, gjljåyfz gjkbnbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm cxbnfnmcz ytevtcnyjq? CELMZ RTYYTLB: D cnherneht Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd tcnm atlthfkmyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf, d rjnjheñ z döjée, b 50 jnltkmysö celtåysö cbcntv infnjd. Xfcnm jndtnjd, rjnjhst z lfv dfv ctujlyz, jnhféftn atlthfkmyeñ nhflbwbñ – åjktt étcnreñ, åjktt jncnhfyty- yeñ, åjktt yfcnfbdfñoeñ yf hfpltktybb dkfcntq. Gjänjve z lfv dfv ldf jndtnf – c njxrb phtybz infnf b c njxrb atlthfkmyjq phtybz. Cktlez atlthfkmyjq nhflbwbb, vs ghbikb ås d eéfc, tckb ås celmz gjllthéfk gjkbnbxtcrjuj rfylblfnf. Yf yfi dpukzl, änj yt cjjndtncndetn ghbywbge hfpltktybz dkfcntq, rjnjhsq ljkéty cjåkñlfnmcz d yfitq rjycnbnewbjyyjq cbcntvt. Vs cxbnftv, xnj celmb yt ljkéys jnjéltcndkznmcz c njq bkb byjq gjkbnbxtcrjq gfhnbtq. D cbcntvt infnjd hzl celtq bpåbhftncz yf cdjñ ljkéyjcnm. Bp-pf änjuj yfib lhepmz bp vyjubö tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy cjvytdfñncz, vjétn kb nfrjq celmz djjåot åsnm ytpfdbcbvsv, ghböjlz yf cdjñ ljkéyjcnm d htpekmnfnt dsåjhjd. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö änj njét yfxbyftn dspsdfnm ytvfkj lbcreccbq, gjnjve xnj e yfc tcnm ghjåktvf, cdzpfyyfz c juhjvysvb ltytéysvb pfnhfnfvb yf ntktdbpbjyyst rfvgfybb, d öjlt rjnjhsö byjulf dtltncz fubnfwbz pf rfylblfnjd yf gjcn celmb. Gjänjve pflfyysq dfvb djghjc j celmzö b gjkbnbrt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yjcbn jxtym ébdjnhtgtoeobq öfhfrnth. Tckb celtåyfz dkfcnm yfvthtyf åsnm ytpfdbcbvjq, jyf ljkéyf jnvtétdfnmcz jn gjkbnbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Celtåyfz dkfcnm yt vjétn jrfpfnmcz dnzyenjq d gfhnbqyst ltåfns, rjnjhst jåzpfntkmyj ghjbcöjlzn d frnbdyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvt. Gjänjve yt levfñ, xnj hfpevyj ljåfdkznm r bvtyb celmb nt bkb byst celtåyst b gjkbnbxtcrbt zhksrb, b eé njxyj yt levfñ, xnj celmt cktletn gjllthébdfnm gjkbnbxtcrjuj rfylblfnf. Jlyf bp éthnd, rjnjhst ds ghbyjcbnt, blz d celtåyeñ dkfcnm, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj ceotcndeñn jghtltktyyst cnjhjys jåotcndtyyjq b xfcnyjq ébpyb, d rjnjhsö ds åjkmit yt vjétnt exfcndjdfnm, b d rjytxyjv cxtnt ds dspjdtnt ytedfétybt r ytghtldpznjcnb celtåyjq dkfcnb, tckb pfqvtntcm ltkfvb gjkbnbxtcrbvb... 37 Yf vjq dpukzl, ghjldbétybt celtq b jwtyrf bö hfåjns ljkéys jcyjdsdfnmcz yf bö ghjatccbjyfkmysö pfckeufö b ghbdthétyyjcnb ghbywbge ytghtldpznjcnb pfrjyf. Nfr xnj d njq cntgtyb, d rfrjq änj gjpdjkzñn dfib rekmnehf b gjkbnbxtcrfz cbcntvf, z ås ghtlghbyzk dct djpvjéyst ifub lkz njuj, xnjås gjcnfdbnm celmñ dyt gjkbnbxtcrbö ghbcnhfcnbq b gjkbnbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. DJGHJC: Ctqxfc d Ckjdtybb d cfvjv hfpufht ltåfns jå bpvtytybzö d rjycnbnewbb. Dblbnt kb ds rfrbt-nj ghtgzncndbz r njve, xnjås fccjwbfwbz celtq cgjcjåcndjdfkf cjdthitycndjdfybñ rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, jhufybpez lbcreccbb bkb exfcndez d gjlujnjdrt ghjtrnf rjycnbnewbb? CELMZ RTYYTLB: Celmb jceotcndkzñn dkfcnm d hfvrfö ujcelfhcndtyyjuj fggfhfnf. Gjänjve ytjåöjlbvj, xnjås celmb c bö ghjatccbjyfkmysv jgsnjv b ghbdthétyyjcnmñ ytghtldpznjcnb pfrjyf exfcndjdfkb d ntö lbcreccbzö b vthjghbznbzö, rjnjhst gjpdjkzn ekexibnm pfrjyjlfntkmcndj. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö tcnm rjyrhtnyst ghfdbkf d yfibö rfyjyfö, yt njkmrj hfphtifñobt, yj b gjåeélfñobt celtq ghtgjlfdfnm, exfcndjdfnm d vthjghbznbzö gj cjdthitycndjdfybñ ghfdjdjq cbcntvs... Rjulf fvthbrfycrbt celmb boen cjñpybrjd, vs xfcnj jåhfoftvcz r yfibv lhepmzv b åsdibv rjkktufv.... Vs ltkftv änj jnrhsnj, jåüzcyzz d geåkbxyjv gbcmvt, d xtv cjcnjzn yfib celtqcrbt pfåjns. Vs yt vjétv åsnm yfcnjkmrj jncnhfytys jn vbhf, xnjås vs vjukb bkb ljkéys åskb buyjhbhjdfnm ghjåktvs, pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b vths, pfnhfubdfñobt celtåyeñ dkfcnm, b z cxbnfñ dgjkyt evtcnysv lkz celmb exfcndjdfnm d nfrjq ltzntkmyjcnb b lbcreccbzö. 38 Jlyfrj, celmz ljkéty åsnm jxtym jcnjhjéysv, xnjås åskj zcyj, xnj jy pfybvftncz änbv d rfxtcndt dytceltåyjq ltzntkmyjcnb b yt åeltn dcnegfnm d gjljåyst lbcreccbb yf cdjtv hfåjxtv vtcnt bkb drkñxfnm änj d cdjb gbcmvtyyst vytybz bkb gjcnfyjdktybz. DJGHJC: Z ghjxtk dfi rjltrc gjdtltybz celtq... b öjntk ås ytcrjkmrj gjlhjåytt epyfnm j gjkjétybzö gj jåtcgtxtybñ dsgjkytybz änbö ghfdbk b j njv, rfrjds gjcktlcndbz d ckexft yfheitybz, b rnj cktlbn pf bö cjåkñltybtv? CELMZ RTYYTLB: D cbcntvt celtåyjq dkfcnb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d rféljv htubjyt ceotcndetn nfr yfpsdftvsq jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq celjv. Rfélsq infn b atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz jnyjczncz r jlyjve bp 12 nfrbö celjd. D rféljv bp ybö tcnm ukfdysq celmz, b ghb ytv bvttncz rjvbntn, cjcnjzobq yfgjkjdbye bp celtq, hfåjnfñobö d celfö gthdjq bycnfywbb, b yfgjkjdbye bp fgtkkzwbjyysö celtq. Kñåjq uhfélfyby bkb kñåjq lheujq celmz vjuen dytcnb éfkjåe yf njuj bkb byjuj celmñ. Ytrjnjhst bp änbö éfkjå cjdthityyj ytjåjcyjdfyys. Jyb bcöjlzn jn ytljdjkmyjq nzéeotqcz cnjhjys, dsldbufñotq d flhtc celmb ytrbt yflevfyyst jådbytybz. Nfrbt éfkjås åscnhj hfccktleñncz b jnrkjyzñncz. Tckb ét htxm bltn j ghtlgjkfuftvsö åjktt cthmtpysö yfheitybzö, nj jceotcndkztncz hzl ifujd. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö ukfdysq celmz b rjvbntn ghjcnj dspsdfñn celmñ, åtctleñn c ybv yf pfctlfybb rjvbntnf rjyabltywbfkmyj, yfcnfdkzñn celmñ... Gj htpekmnfnfv pfctlfybz rjvbntnf yt ghjbpdjlbncz ybrfrbö pfgbctq, rhjvt pfzdktybz j njv, xnj éfkjåf ghbyznf r cdtltybñ b hfccvjnhtyf... Rjvbntn nhtåetn jn celmb, xnjås gjljåyjt gjdtltybt yt gjdnjhzkjcm d åeleotv, erfpsdftn yf öfhfrnth änbxtcrjuj yfheitybz b eothå, rjnjhsq lfyysq celmz yfyjcbn celtåyjq dkfcnb. Tckb ét yfheitybt gjdnjhztncz, kbåj yjcbn cthmtpysq öfhfrnth, nj lbcwbgkbyfhyst vths vjuen drkñxfnm d ctåz geåkbxyjt gjhbwfybt b ghbrfp ukfdyjuj celmb jnjpdfnm jghtltktyyst ltkf jn celmb-yfheibntkz. Cgbcjr ltk änjuj celmb juhfybxbdftncz, bkb ltkf, gj rjnjhsv jy ljgecnbk yfheitybz, jnpsdfñncz. Tckb ghjcnegjr yjcbn jxtym cthmtpysq öfhfrnth, cjcnfdkzz uheåjt yfheitybt yjhv celtåyjq änbrb bkb ghtcnegktybt, nj ukfdysq celmz ghtlcnfdkztn celmñ-yfheibntkz d Ctyfn CIF yf ghtlvtn bvgbxvtynf. Nfrjt ckexfkjcm, gj-vjtve, ldféls pf gjcktlybt 10 ktn, b d jåjbö ckexfzö celmb åskb jncnhfytys jn ljkéyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst bp änbö ghjåktv djpybrfñn gjnjve, xnj celmz åtphfpkbxty, ytdjcghbbvxbd, f gjhjq b ktybd... Celmb ljkéys exbnmcz. Ytrjnjhst celmb levfñn, xnj, pfyzd vtcnj celmb, jyb vjuen ghtrhfnbnm extåe. Yj änj jibårf. Bvtyyj rjulf ds cnfyjdbntcm celmtq, ds b ljkéys yfxbyfnm exbnmcz. Änj – xfcnm dfibö änbxtcrbö jåzpfyyjcntq. Yj byst fvthbrfycrbt celmb – f dct jyb pfdfktys hfåjnjq b gthtuheétys – gjghjcne gthtcnfñn jå änjv pfåjnbnmcz b pflevsdfnmcz. Djn gjxtve kexibq yfi ghbtv – cjdtn lheubö celtq, b jy gjxnb dctulf chfåfnsdftn. Öjxe tot egjvzyenm, xnj d ytrjnjhsö infnfö CIF ceotcndeñn rjvbccbb gj jnpsde celtq, d rjnjhsö ghtlcnfdktys xfcnyst uhfélfyt, f yt celmb. Änj yt jnyjcbncz r atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt. Vtöfybpvs, ltqcndeñobt d infnfö, dtcmvf jnkbxfñncz jn ntö, rjnjhst z jgbcfk. DJGHJC: Gjpdjkmnt cajhvekbhjdfnm djghjc j ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtq yf cktleñotv ghbvtht. D celjghjbpdjlcndt yföjlbncz ltkj j åfyrhjncndt d jnyjitybb abhvs, dsgecnbditq nfr yfpsdftvst ≤åhjcjdst≥, ytyfltéyst jåkbufwbb. Rjyuhtcc ghjdjlbn hfccktljdfybt jå jndtncndtyyjcnb gjkbnbxtcrbö ltzntktq, ghbxfcnysö r dsgecre änbö jåkbufwbq. Vjétn kb celmz, ckeifñobq ltkj j åfyrhjncndt, ghjöjlbnm cdbltntktv d änjv hfccktljdfybb? B tckb lf, nj rfrbvb chtlcndfvb hfcgjkfuftn celmz ghjnbd djghjcjd cktljdfntktq j htitybzö, dsytctyysö d hfccvfnhbdftvjv ltkt j åfyrhjncndt? CELMZ RTYYTLB: Z yt kñåkñ rjvvtynbhjdfnm rfrjt-kbåj rjyrhtnyjt ltkj, ult yt pyfñ dctq gjljgktrb, yj dfi djghjc gjpdjkztn vyt gjujdjhbnm j ytrjnjhsö jåobö ghbywbgfö... Gj åjkmitq xfcnb yfib ghfdbkf ghzvj pfghtofñn celmt dscnegfnm d hjkb cdbltntkz gj vjhfkmyjve jåkbre xtkjdtrf. Yj tckb celmz hfcgjkfuftn ytrjnjhjq byajhvfwbtq gj gjdjle hfccktletvjq ltzntkmyjcnb, nj, gjljåyj kñåjve lheujve cdbltntkñ, jy ljkéty cjjåobnm bpdtcnyst tve afrns jhufyfv, ghjdjlzobv ljpyfybt. DJGHJC: Dfi rjltrc celtåyjuj gjdtltybz ukfcbn, xnj ≤celmb vjuen gbcfnm, xbnfnm ktrwbb, ghtgjlfdfnm b dscnegfnm gj ytñhblbxtcrbv djghjcfv b pfybvfnmcz bcreccndjv, cgjhnjv b lheubvb dblfvb cjwbfkmyjq b htrhtfwbjyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, yj änj yt ljkéyj dcnegfnm d ghjnbdjhtxbt c bö celtåysvb jåzpfyyjcnzvb≥. Z öjntk ås epyfnm, dj-gthdsö, yeéyj kb bv lkz änjuj xmt-nj cjukfcbt? Yfghbvth, d yfitq cnhfyt vs ljkéys pfhexbnmcz cjukfcbtv ghtlctlfntkz celf, tckb öjnbv pfyznmcz rfrjq-kbåj dytceltåyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ. Dj-dnjhsö, vjuen kb jyb gjkexfnm gkfne pf äne dytceltåyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm? B, d-nhtnmbö, tcnm kb ghtltk lkz nfrjq jgkfns? Yfghbvth, vjétn kb celmz pfhfåfnsdfnm ltymub dytceltåyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ? 39 CELMZ RTYYTLB: D atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt celmb vjuen pfhfåfnsdfnm ltymub ghtgjlfdfybtv b geåkbrfwbtq rybu bkb cnfntq. Änjn pfhfåjnjr juhfybxbdftncz atlthfkmysv pfrjyjv b cjcnfdkztn ghbåkbpbntkmyj 10 ghjwtynjd ljkéyjcnyjuj jrkflf celmb. Yj ghtélt xtv pfybvfnmcz änbv, celmz ljkéty gjkexbnm hfphtitybt ghtlctlfntkz cdjtuj celf, c ntv xnjås ufhfynbhjdfnm, xnj änj yt dcnegbn d ghjnbdjhtxbt c tuj celtåyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ... Vs yt vjétv åhfnm gkfne pf xntybt ktrwbq kñåjq uheggt kbw, bynthtcs rjnjhsö pfnhfubdfñncz celjv. Vs vjétv xbnfnm ktrwbb njkmrj yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö b d ghjatccbjyfkmysö fccjwbfwbzö. Xnj rfcftncz exfcnbz d lheubö vthjghbznbzö nbgf frwbq ghjntcnf, vbnbyujd b nfr lfktt, nj celmb änjuj ltkfnm yt vjuen. D pfrkñxtybt öjntk ås crfpfnm, xnj lkz vtyz änjn xfc ghjitk jxtym bynthtcyj. Vtéle celmzvb dctuj vbhf ceotcndetn hjlcndj, cdzpm, eps ghbdzpfyyjcnb. Vs hfpltkztv jlyb b nt ét ecnhtvktybz, eåtéltybz, bcgsnfybz b åtls, jlyj b nj ét joeotybt ecgtöf b djkytybz, jncnfbdfz dkfcnm pfrjyf. Yf gjhjut yjdjuj dtrf z levfñ, xnj bcnjhbrb cjxnen jlybv bp dtkbrbö ljcnbétybq yfitq wbdbkbpfwbb pf änb gjcktlybt 100 ktn lfhjdfybt pfrjyf kñlzv dj dctv vbht. Dkfcnm pfrjyf gjybvftncz rfr ghfdj, jn hjéltybz lfyyjt rféljve xtkjdtre, f celmb jkbwtndjhzñn rfr htfkmyjcnm, nfr b ecnhtvktybz änjq dkfcnb pfrjyf. Åjkmijt cgfcbåj. Djghjcs ltvjrhfwbb. Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. 40 Rfr hfåjnfñn fvthbrfycrbt cels Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ: htitybt Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, bpvtybditt ébpym cnhfys Lädbl Gbnnc D vft 1954 u Dthöjdysq cel CIF ghbyzk pyfvtyfntkmyjt htitybt gj ltle ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ceotcndjdfybt hfpltkmysö ujcelfhcndtyysö irjk lkz åtksö b wdtnysö åskj jåüzdktyj ghjnbdjhtxfobv Rjycnbnewbb. Djitlifz d yfpdfybt ltkf afvbkbz Åhfey jnyjcbncz r Jkbdthe Åhfeye, fahj-fvthbrfywe, htibditve ljåbdfnmcz celtåyjuj htitybz, rjulf tuj ctvbktnyññ ljxm Kbyle yt ghbyzkb d yfxfkmyeñ irjke lkz åtksö ghjdbywbfkmyjuj ujhjlrf Njgtrb d Rfypfct, ult ébkf bö ctvmz. Yfi htlfrnjh Lädbl Gbnnc ghjcktébdftn bcnjhbñ ghbyznbz jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt dféysö htitybq d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, rjnjhjt bpvtybkj ébpym yt njkmrj Njgtrb, yj b dctq cnhfys. Dtcyjq 1954 u. Jkbdth Åhfey åsk cfvsv bpdtcnysv jnwjv d Fvthbrt. Yj jy åsk yt tlbycndtyysv bcnwjv d ltkt ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥, gjlfyyjv d cel d 1951 u. Tot 12 bcnwjd – ébntktq Njgtrb – ghbcjtlbybkbcm r Åhfeye, ghtlcnfdkzz bynthtcs cdjbö ltntq (dctuj 20 ltntq), jåzpfyysö gj pfrjye gjctofnm hfcjdj hfpltkmyst yfxfkmyst irjks. Gjlfxtq gthdjyfxfkmyjuj bcrf pfybvfkjcm njgtrcrjt jnltktybt Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb cjltqcndbz ghjuhtcce wdtnyjuj yfctktybz (YFCGWY), cnfhtqitq jhufybpfwbb CIF gj pfobnt uhfélfycrbö ghfd. Jnvtnbv, xnj ltkj Åhfeyf yt åskj gthdsv dspjdjv epfrjytyyjve hfcjdj hfpltkmyjve jåhfpjdfybñ d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Tot d 1849 u. gjöjébq bcr åsk gjlfy d u. Åjcnjyt, infn Vfccfxectnc. C 1881 gj 1949 uu. kbim d infnt Rfypfc åskj gjlfyj 11 bcrjd ghjnbd ctuhtufwbb d irjkmyjv jåhfpjdfybb. Rj dhtvtyb ckeifybq bcrf bp Njgtrb d Dthöjdyjv celt 41 C gjpdjktybtv Vjhbns Ltqdbc Vfrrbykb Åthytnn (cghfdf), åsdibq ghtlctlfntkm vtcnyjuj jnltktybz YFCGWY d 50-ö ujlfö. CIF hfcjdfz ctuhtufwbz d jåotcndtyysö irjkfö åskf yjhvjq yf åjkmitq xfcnb nthhbnjhbb cnhfys b åskf hfphtityf bkb jåzpfntkmyf gj pfrjye d 24 infnfö. Ltkj Åhfeyf cnjbn jcjåyzrjv, gjcrjkmre, dj-gthdsö, änj åsk gthdsq dsbuhfyysq bcr nfrjuj hjlf, dj-dnjhsö, d cbke vfcinfåf htitybq Dthöjdyjuj celf b, d-nhtnmbö, bp-pf juhjvyjuj dkbzybz, rjnjhjt änj ltkj jrfpfkj yf fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj cthtlbys 20-uj cnjktnbz. Y t d j c g t n s q ut h j q ≤Ytdjcgtnsv uthjtv njgtrcrjuj ltkf åsk Vfrrbykb Åthytnn≥, – ujdjhbn C. T. (Cjyyb) Crhjuubyc, djpukfdkzñobq Rjvbntn infnf Rfypfc gj edtrjdtxtybñ gfvznb ltkf ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥. Njulf V. Åthytnn åsk ghtlctlfntktv vtcnyjuj jnltktybz YFCGWY. 42 ≤Bvtyyj Åthytnn eujdjhbk Jkbdthf Åhfeyf b lheubö hjlbntktq b c gjvjomñ vtcnysö fldjrfnjd yfxfk ghjwtcc≥, – ljåfdkztn Crhjuubyc. Lheubt bcnjxybrb d Njgtrt gjlndthélfñn änj endthéltybt. Åjktt njuj, Åthytnn c gjvjomñ ctrhtnfhz YFCGWY Kñcbyls Njll b fldjrfnjd Xfhkmpf Crjnnf, Léjyf Crjnnf, Äkbib Crjnn b Xfhkmpf Åktlcj hfphfåjnfk cnhfntubñ njuj, rfr dsbuhfnm änj ltkj. Åthytnn evth d 1970 u. Tuj csy Vfhrec, rjnjhjve yf vjvtyn gjlfxb bcrf åskj 13 ktn, lj cbö gjh ébdeobq d Njgtrt, ujdjhbn, xnj ≤åjhmåf c ctuhtufwbtq åskf ltkjv ébpyb vjtuj jnwf. Jy åsk jåsxysv hfåjxbv xtkjdtrjv, dthbdibv, xnj ctuhtufwbz vjétn åsnm cjrheityf c gjvjomñ celtåyjq cbcntvs. Jy dctulf åsk eåtélty, xnj dsbuhftn≥. C Vfhrecjv cjukfcyf tuj ctcnhf, Vfhbnf Lädbc, ébdeofz ctqxfc d Rfypfc-cbnb. ≤Vjq jntw dctulf åjhjkcz pf cdjb ghfdf, – ujdjhbn jyf. – Z änj gjvyñ, öjnz åskf vfktymrjq. Jy dctulf gbcfk gbcmvf b cjpsdfk cjåhfybz. Åjhmåf ghjnbd ctuhtufwbb d irjkfö ghbjåhtkf lkz ytuj jxtym åjkmijt pyfxtybt≥. B cn w s Cjukfcyj ytrjnjhsv bcnjxybrfv d Njgtrt, Jkbdth Åhfey ghjöjlbk d rfxtcndt ukfdyjuj bcnwf gj ltke d jcyjdyjv gjnjve, xnj jy åsk tlbycndtyysv veéxbyjq chtlb gjlfdibö bcr. Yj gj ckjdfv csyf dtleotuj vtcnyjuj fldjrfnf Xfhkmpf Crjnnf-vk., Jkbdth Åhfey ≤cnfk ukfdysv bcnwjv, gjcrjkmre tuj afvbkbz åskf gthdjq gj fkafdbne. Vjq jntw b lheubt vtcnyst fldjrfns dtkb änj ltkj d cjnhelybxtcndt c u-yjv Åthytnnjv b YFCWGY≥. Kbylt Åhfey Njvgcjy ctqxfc 55 ktn, b jyf gj-ghtéytve ébdtn d Njgtrt. Jyf yt jxtym kñåbn hfccrfpsdfnm j ghjikjv b j hjkb tt jnwf d bpvtytybb cbcntvs jnxfcnb gjnjve, xnj cxb- Lädbl Gbnnc ≤Vyt ghböjlbkjcm djpbnm ldeö cdjbö ltntq yf vfibyt d irjke lkz xthysö xthtp dtcm ujhjl vbvj ldeö åtksö irjk, – ujdjhbn Ötylthcjy. – Vjb ltnb dctulf ujhlbkbcm cdjbv exfcnbtv d änjv bcnjhbxtcrjv ltkt, – ghjljkéftn jyf. – Ljyfkml Äylhñ gj-ghtéytve ébdtn pltcm, d Njgtrt. Tve ctqxfc 55 ktn. F vjz ljxm Dbrb Äyy evthkf jn hfrf d 1984 u.≥. Crtqkp hfccrfpsdftn, xnj jyf njét ljkéyf åskf dtcnb cdjñ ljxm Heam Äyy ≤vbvj åtkjq irjks, rjnjhfz åskf ghzvj yfghjnbd yfituj ljvf. Vjz ljxm, rjnjhjq ctqxfc 57 ktn, ébdtn d yfitv ujhjlt b jxtym hflf yfitve ecgtöe. Gj-vjtve, vs ljåbkbcm jxtym dféyjuj htpekmnfnf≥. Ldevz bcnwfvb bp Njgtrb åskb Ptkvf Ötylthcjy (yf cybvrt) b Dbdbfy Crtqkp. nftn, xnj chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ckbirjv vyjuj dybvfybz eltkzñn kbxyj tq, pfåsdfz j lheubö 12 njgtrcrbö bcnwfö. Ctcnhf Kbyls, Ithbk Åhfey Ötylthcjy, ysyt bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh Ajylf Åhfeyf pf hfdtycndj d jåhfpjdfybb, cjukfcyf c jwtyrjq X. Crjnnf-vk. ≤Vs jxtym ujhlbvcz ntv, xnj cltkfk yfi jntw, – ujdjhbn Ötylthcjy. – Yj jxtym dféyj yt eghjofnm ltkj Åhfeyf: yt pfåsdfnm fldjrfnjd, lheubö bcnwjd Njgtrb, f nfrét bcnwjd d lheubö infnfö, rjnjhst dgjcktlcndbb åskb drkñxtys d ltkj Åhfeyf≥. Tot ldevz bcnwfvb bp Njgtrb åskb Ptkvf Ötylthcjy b Dbdbfy Crtqkp, ébdeobt b ctqxfc nfv ét. D yfxfkt 50-ö ujljd jyb åskb vjkjlsvb vfnthzvb, b jåt jxtym öjntkb åsnm drkñxtyysvb d bcr. Jåt jyb djplfñn ljkéyjt hjkb Vfrrbykb Åthytnnf b vtcnysö fldjrfnjd, ujdjhz, xnj kbim gjl bö herjdjlcndjv åjhmåf pf hfcjdeñ byntuhfwbñ d ltkt jåhfpjdfybz cnfkf djpvjéyjq. Gthdjt htitybt celf Ltkj Åthytnnf b bcnwjd hfccvfnhbdfkjcm 28 atdhfkz 1951 u. d u. Njgtrt d jrheéyjv atlthfkmyjv celt CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb gj jrheue Rfypfc. Htqvjyl Rfhnth, ysyt atlthfkmysq celmz d Ymñ-Qjhrt, njulf åsk fldjrfnjv Ajylf ñhblbxtcrjq pfobns YFCWGY. C gjvjomñ vtcnysö fldjrfnjd jy cltkfk ghtlcnfdktybt gj ltke b öjlfnfqcndjdfk j yfkjétybb celtåyjuj pfghtnf yf hfcjdeñ ctuhtufwbñ jåotcndtyysö yfxfkmysö irjk d Njgtrt. Celmb åkfujétkfntkmyj jnytckbcm r gjpbwbb bcnwjd, jnvtnbd d cdjtv htitybb, xnj hfpltktybt åtksö b wdtnysö ltntq d jåotcndtyysö irjkfö yfyjcbn eothå jåhfpjdfybñ wdtnysö ltntq≥. Jlyfrj, celmb yt eljdktndjhbkb bcr, gjcrjkmre d 1896 u. Dthöjdysq cel CIF ghbyzk htitybt gj ltke ≤Gktccb ghjnbd Athuñcjyf≥ j njv, xnj ceotcndjdfybt ≤hfpltkmysö, yj hfdysö≥ irjkmysö cbcntv lkz xthyjuj b åtkjuj yfctktybz yt ghjnbdjhtxbkj Rjycnbnewbb, b yf vjvtyn ckeifybq änj htitybt jcnfdfkjcm d cbkt. Gjänjve, bcöjlz bp ghtwtltynf Gktccb, cel Rfypfcf cxtk ytjåöjlbvsv ghbyznm htit- 43 ybt d gjkmpe Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ u. Njgtrb b ghjnbd bcnwjd. ≤D ghbywbgt, vjq jntw b lheubt vtcnyst fldjrfns, f nfrét u-y Åthytnn yt åskb hfpjxfhjdfys, – ujdjhbn X. Crjnn-vk. – Jyb pyfkb, xnj tlbycndtyysq cgjcjå ghtrhfnbnm ctuhtufwbñ gj dctq cnhfyt, f yt njkmrj d Njgtrt, åskj ghjbuhfnm ltkj [d celt gthdjq bycnfywbb], f pfntv jåéfkjdfnm htitybt d Dthöjdyjv celt CIF≥. H t i t y b t D t h ö j d y j uj c e l f CIF D öjlt gjlujnjdrb r ckeifybzv d dscitv celtåyjv jhufyt cnhfys 1 jrnzåhz 1951 u. ltkj Åhfeyf åskj jåütlbytyj c lheubvb bcrfvb ghjnbd hfcjdjq ctuhtufwbb d irjkfö, gjlfyysvb d infnfö Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf, Dbhlébybz, Ltkfdäh b d jrheut Rjkevåbz. Jåütlbytyyjt ltkj gjkexbkj jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt ≤Jkbdth K. Åhfey b lh. ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ u. Njgtrb b lh.≥. Nthuel Vfhifkk, gjpét cnfdibq gthdsv xthyjrjébv xktyjv Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, åsk njulf ñhblbxtcrbv cjdtnybrjv wtynhfkmyjuj fggfhfnf YFCWGY b ecgtiyj jncnfbdfk bynthtcs bcnwjd. 17 vfz 1954 u. Ukfdysq celmz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Ähk Ejhhty pfxbnfk tlbyjukfcyj ghbyznjt htitybt celf, jåüzdbditt ceotcndjdfybt hfcjdj hfpltkmysö irjk ytrjycnbnewbjyysv. ≤Vs ghbikb r dsdjle, – pfzdbk Ukfdysq celmz, – xnj d jåkfcnb jåotcndtyyjuj jåhfpjdfybz ljrnhbyf ≤hfpltkmyjuj, yj hfdyjuj≥ jåhfpjdfybz yt ljkéyf bvtnm vtcnf. Hfpltkmyst jåhfpjdfntkmyst exhtéltybz yt hfdys gj ceotcnde. Gjänjve vs cxbnftv, xnj bcnws b lheubt kñlb, yföjlzobtcz d fyfkjubxyjq cbnefwbb b jn bvtyb rjnjhsö djpåeéltyj änj ltkj, d htpekmnfnt ctuhtufwbb, cjcnfdkzñotq ghtlvtn éfkjås, jrfpsdfñncz kbityysvb hfd- 44 yjq pfobns pfrjyf, ufhfynbhjdfyyjq 14-jq gjghfdrjq [r Rjycnbnewbb CIF]≥. Dtkbrfz ñhblbxtcrfz gjåtlf Htitybt gj ltke ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥ åskj ghjdjpukfityj dtkbrjq ñhblbxtcrjq gjåtljq, pyfvtyfntkmysv ltkjv, gjlndthélfñobv nj, xnj d Fvthbrt cels ceotcndeñn yt njkmrj lkz dsytctybz yfrfpfybq pf ghtcnegktybz, yj b lkz gjlndthéltybz ghfd. ≤Änj gjcnfyjdktybt pfybvftn jxtym dscjrjt vtcnj d hzle lheubö htitybq Dthöjdyjuj celf≥, – ujdjhbn Hjåthn Åfhrth, ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbb b ärcgthn gj rjycnbnewbjyyjve ghfde ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf Eybdthcbntnf Lfrdtcy d u. Gbnncåehut, infn Gtycbkmdfybz. Gj tuj ckjdfv, dféyj, xnj d cdjtv htitybb Dthöjdysq cel jgbhfkcz yf ghbywbg hfdyjq pfobns, pfrhtgktyysq d 14-jq gjghfdrt r Rjycnbnewbb CIF. ≤Cel ghbvtybk ghbywbg hfdyjq pfobns bvtyyj nfr, rfr jy b åsk pflevfy – lkz pfobns, d xfcnyjcnb, ghfd fahj-fvthbrfywtd≥. Yj änj htitybt bvtkj b åjktt ibhjrjt pyfxtybt, – ujdjhbn Åfhrth. ≤Htitybt 1954 u. gjdktrkj pf cjåjq åjkmijt xbckj lheubö celtåysö ghjwtccjd, jgbhfdiböcz yf ghbywbg hfdyjq pfobns b ghbdtlibö r ekexitybñ gjkjétybz étyoby b lheubö uhegg yfctktybz, rjnjhst gjkfufkb, xnj bö ghfdf åskb eotvktys≥. Jndtxfz yf djghjc, rfrbv jåhfpjv Dthöjdysq cel vju d jlyjv ltkt – ≤Gktccb ghjnbd Athuñcjyf≥ – ghbyznm htitybt d gjkmpe ctuhtufwbb, f d lheujv – ltkt Åhfeyf – ghjnbd, Åfhrth jndtxftn, xnj e celf åskj åjktt 50 ktn, d öjlt rjnjhsö vjéyj åskj eåtlbnmcz d njv, xnj hfcjdfz ctuhtufwbz d njv dblt, rfr jyf ceotcndjdfkf, åskf yf cfvjv ltkt vtnjljv gjlfdktybz jlyjq hfcjdjq uheggs, f yt jceotcndktybtv ghbywbgf ≤hfpltkmyst, yj hfdyst≥. D cdjtq gjldjlzotq bnjub rybut ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ: åbndf pf byntuhfwbñ≥ Vfhr Nfiytn gjllthébdftn ckjdf Åfhrthf. ≤Lfét ctujlyz, – gbitn jy, – d ltkt Åhfeyf pfrkñxftncz cfvjt ukeåjrjt pfzdktybt celf gj wtynhfkmyjq ghjåktvt bcnjhbb Fvthbrb: rfr fvthbrfyws hfpysö hfc ljkéys jnyjcbnmcz lheu r lheue. D änjv cvsckt änj – nhbeva fvthbrfycrjuj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvf≥. C ybv cjukfcty pfvtcnbntkm Utythfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf infnf Rfypfc Gjk Ebkcjy, rjnjhsq d ltkt Åhfeyf ghtlcnfdkzk jndtnxbrf, n. t. jncnfbdfk ctuhtufwbñ. Htitybt Dthöjdyjuj celf, ujdjhbn jy, ≤hfcibhbkj pyfxtybt gjyznbz åfpjdjq cghfdtlkbdjcnb d jnyjitybzö vtéle hfpkbxysvb uheggfvb yfctktybz≥. D cdjtq rybut jå bcnjhbb änjuj ghjwtccf ≤Dhtvz gjhfétybq: jncnfbdfz bynthtcs Rfypfcf d ltkt ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥ Ebkcjy gbitn, xnj änj htitybt nfrét ≤ghblfkj yjdjt bpvthtybt rjycnbnewbjyyjve ghbywbge hfdyjq pfobns b ljkéyjuj ghfdjghbvtytybz≥. G j c k t c e l t å y j uj h t i t y b z Yt ljéblfzcm htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf, Cjdtn gj jåhfpjdfybñ u. Njgtrb ghjdtk hfcjdjt jåütlbytybt dctö yfxfkmysö irjk ujhjlf. Lj ltkf Åhfeyf pfrjy infnf Rfypfc jåzpsdfk jceotcndkznm hfcjdj hfpltkmyjt yfxfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt d gjctktybzö c yfctktybtv åjktt 15 nsc. xtkjdtr. Chtlybt irjks infnf ybrjulf yt åskb hfcjdj hfpltkmysvb. Yj yf jcnfkmyjq xfcnb cnhfys pflfxf åskf åjktt ckjéyjq. Gjänjve Dthöjdysq cel CIF d 1955 u. ghbyzk vtytt bpdtcnyjt gjcnfyjdktybt, ghbrfpfd ≤ytpfvtlkbntkmyj yfxfnm ltzntkmyjcnm gj gjkyjve dsgjkytybñ≥ ghtlsleotuj htitybz b ljcnbxm hfcjdjq byntuhfwbb d irjkfö ≤rfr vjéyj crjhtt≥. Yj lfét ytcvjnhz yf änj cjghjnbdktybt htitybñ Celf åskj dtcmvf ibhjrbv, b d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö gjnhtåjdfkfcm ujnjdyjcnm ghtlcnfdbntktq bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb bcgjkmpjdfnm cbke lkz tuj dsgjkytybz. Yfbåjktt bpdtcnys d änjv cvsckt cjåsnbz 1957 u., rjulf Ghtpbltyn Lefqn Äqptyöfeäh gjckfk atlthfkmyst djqcrf d u. Kbnnk-Hjr, infn Fhrfypfc, gjckt njuj, rfr ueåthyfnjh infnf Jhdbk Ajåec jnrfpfkcz dsgjkybnm ghbrfp atlthfkmyjuj celf j hfcjdjq byntuhfwbb irjk. D gthdsq hfp cj dhtvty Uhfélfycrjq djqys atlthfkmyst djqcrf åskb bcgjkmpjdfys yf ñut CIF lkz pfobns fahj-fvthbrfywtd. D lheubö hfqjyfö ñuf cnhfys gjkjétybt crkflsdfkjcm gj-hfpyjve. D åjkmibycndt vtcn ltctuhtufwbz irjk ghjntrfkf åtcghtgzncndtyyj, öjnz b yt dctulf åscnhj. Cjukfcyj gjlhjåyjve jgbcfybñ irjkmyjq ltctuhtufwbb, lfyyjve Lädbljv Ujklabkljv d tuj rybut ≤Xthysq, åtksq b ñéfyby≥, r yfxfke 1956–1957 irjkmyjuj ujlf ≤ghjwtcc ltctuhtufwbb jceotcndkzkcz d 723 irjkmysö jrheufö, pfnhjyed 300 nsc. xthysö ltntq≥. C lheujq cnjhjys, gj ckjdfv Ujklabklf, pfrjyjlfntkb ñéysö infnjd ghbyzkb jrjkj 450 pfrjyjd, ≤yfghfdktyysö yf jåöjl gjcnfyjdktybz Dthöjdyjuj celf≥. B lfét d 1960 u. ≤vtytt jlyjuj ghjwtynf irjkmybrjd yf ñut CIF gjctofkb hfcjdj cvtifyyst irjks≥. D Njgtrt b djjåot d infnfö Chtlytuj Pfgflf ghjwtcc itk ujhfplj åscnhtt. D ñéysö infnfö jy pfdthibkcz d rjywt 60-ö – yfxfkt 70-ö ujljd. Öjnz åbndf ghjnbd nhtåetvjq gj pfrjye hfcjdjq ctuhtufwbb åskf dsbuhfyf vyjuj ktn yfpfl, b ctujlyz atlthfkmyst cels pfybvfñncz djghjcfvb ctuhtufwbb d irjkmysö jrheufö, djpybribvb d htpekmnfnt ckjébdiböcz yf ljåhjdjkmyjq jcyjdt cnherneh hfcctktybz. 45 Lädbl Gbnnc Vfhrec Åthytnn (cktdf) b Cjyyb Crhjuubyc Htitybz celjd bpvtyzñn e cn j z d i b t cz d p uk z l s Åjhmåf ghjnbd ctuhtufwbb cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, crjkm nhelyj bpvtybnm ecnjzdibt dpukzls b jåsxfb d kñåjv jåotcndt, jcjåtyyj bvtñobt ukeåjrbt rjhyb d nhflbwbzö b bcnjhbb, ujdjhbn Léjy-Gjk Léjyc, ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbb b ärcgthn gj rjycnbnewbjyyjve ghfde Eybdthcbntnf Hbxvjylf d infnt Dbhlébybz. ≤Ceotcndtyyj dféyj, xnj ghjbpjitlibt bpvtytybz cnfkb htpekmnfnjv ltqcndbq celtåysö jhufyjd gj jöhfyt ytjnütvktvsö ghfd, pfrhtgktyysö d Rjycnbnewbb CIF, f yt cktlcndbtv vth, ghbyznsö jhufyfvb pfrjyjlfntkmyjq bkb bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb≥. Åtp ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq dkfcnb b rjycnbnewbjyysö uf- 46 hfynbq ghfd vtymibycnd, ljåfdkztn jy, åjhmåf pf ltctuhtufwbñ åskf ås ujhfplj åjktt nhelyjq. C ybv cjukfcys Uähb Jhabkl b Cmñpty Bnfy. D cdjtq rybut ≤Ltvjynfé ctuhtufwbb≥ jyb gbien j rkñxtdjq hjkb celjd d chfdytybb c lheubvb dtndzvb dkfcnb. ≤Pf bcrkñxtybtv gthbjlf c 1964 gj 1968 uu., bvtyyj cels, f yt pfrjyjlfntkmyfz bkb bcgjkybntkmyfz dkfcnm jghtltkzkb gjkbnbre d jåkfcnb ltctuhtufwbb≥, – ljåfdkzñn jyb. Öjnz Dthöjdysq cel pfghtnbk ctuhtufwbñ kbim d jåotcndtyysö irjkfö, dkbzybt änjuj htitybz åskj ujhfplj ibht. Änj htitybt gjckeébkj njkxrjv r yfxfke dctjåotuj yfcnegktybz ghjnbd ctuhtufwbb dj dctö cathfö fvthb- rfycrjq ébpyb, drkñxfz jåotcndtyyst eckeub b djpvjéyjcnb nheljecnhjqcndf. D ltrfåht 1955 u., cgecnz kbim gjknjhf ujlf gjckt htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf, l-h Vfhnby Kñnth Rbyuvk. djpukfdbk ecgtiysq åjqrjn fdnjåecjd d Vjynujvthb, infn Fkfåfvf, c wtkmñ ghjntcnf ghjnbd hfcjdjq ctuhtufwbb yf jåotcndtyyjv nhfycgjhnt. D gjcktleñobt ujls d jåcnfyjdrt vfccjdsö frwbq, ghtlghbyznsö juhjvysv xbckjv ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, cajhvbhjdfdibö ldbétybt pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf, cels bplfkb vyjujxbcktyyst hfcgjhzétybz ghjnbd ctuhtufwbb. C ghbyznbtv d 1964 u. Pfrjyf j uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö b Pfrjyf j ghfdfö bpåbhfntktq (1965 u.) ctuhtufwbz åskf ghfrnbxtcrb gjåtéltyf. ≤ V s g j cn e g b k b g h f d b k m y j ≥ Bcnjhbrb gj uhfélfycrbv ghfdfv jcjåtyyj gjlxthrbdfñn dféyjcnm htitybz gj ltke Åhfeyf d ljcnbétybb ghjuhtccf d hfcjdsö jnyjitybzö d wtkjv. ≤Jyj [htitybt] cnfkj vthbkjv hfåjns dythfcjdjq ñcnbwbb, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj fvthbrfyws vjukb bpvthznm cdjt ghjldbétybt gj genb r bltfke hfdysö djpvjéyjcntq≥, – gbitn Hjåthn Dmtcåhjn d rybut ≤Yf genb r cdjåjlt: bcnjhbz ldbétybz pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf d Fvthbrt≥. B cgecnz gjkcnjktnbz änj htitybt jcnftncz bcnjxybrjv uhjvflyjq ujhljcnb lkz bcnwjd. ≤Z gjvyñ änj, rfr åelnj änj åskj dxthf, – ujdjhbn Ptkvf Ötylthcjy. – Z epyfkf j celtåyjv htitybb bp ufptns ≤Njgtrf Cntqn Léjhyäk≥. Rfr ctqxfc dbée juhjvysq pfujkjdjr ≤Ctuhtufwbz d irjkfö pfghtotyf≥. Z ghbikf d djcnjhu. B njulf, b ctqxfc z cxbnfñ, xnj vs gjcnegbkb ghfdbkmyj≥. ≤Dct änj åskj nfr lfdyj, yj änjuj ybrjulf yt pfåsnm, änj dctulf jcnftncz c njåjq≥, – ljåfdkztn Dbdbfy Crtqkp. Vfhrec Åthytnn yt gjvybn njxyj htfrwbñ jnwf yf cjjåotybt j njv, xnj Dthöjdysq cel ghbyzk htitybt j pfghtnt ctuhtufwbb. ≤Yj jy dctulf dthbk d nj, xnj cghfdtlkbdjcnm djcnjhétcndetn, nfr xnj, z edthty, jy åsk jxtym cxfcnkbd, – ujdjhbn Åthytnn. – Vjq jntw åsk edthty, xnj bvtyyj xthtp cels yeéyj åjhjnmcz c ctuhtufwbtq. Jy ybrjulf yt nthzk dths d nj, xnj cels d rjywt rjywjd gjrjyxfn c ctuhtufwbtq d cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq b Åbkktv j ghfdfö≥. 26 jrnzåhz 1992 u. ghtpbltyn Léjhlé Åei gjlgbcfk erfp N 12-525 j cjplfybb d xtcnm htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf jn 1954 u. Yfwbjyfkmyjuj bcnjhbxtcrjuj veptz ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥. Veptq hfcgjkjéty d u. Njgtrt d yfxfkmyjq irjkt Vjyhj, rjnjheñ gjctofkf Kbylf Åhfey gjxnb gjkcnjktnbz yfpfl, lj njuj, rfr irjkf åskf ltctuhtubhjdfyf. D veptt, d cjplfybb rjnjhjuj d xbckt lheubö, ghbybvfñn exfcnbt Ajyl Åhfeyf b Rfypfccrbq rjvbntn gj edtrjdtxtybñ gfvznb ltkf ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥, åelen cjåhfys felbjdbpefkmyst vfnthbfks b jnrhsnf bccktljdfntkmcrfz åbåkbjntrf. Veptq jnrhjtncz lkz gjctnbntktq d 2002 u. ≤Vs yflttvcz, xnj kñlb åelen ghböjlbnm cñlf lkz njuj, xnjås kexit gjyznm vfcinfå b ckjéyst gjcktlcndbz htitybz gj ltke Åhfeyf≥, – ujdjhbn Rtabhb Rjkåthn, ghtlcnfdbntkm Ckeéås yfwbjyfkmysö gfhrjd, d xmtv dtltybb b åeltn änjn veptq. Jkbdthe Åhfeye, Ptkvt Ötylthcjy, Dbdbfy Crtqkp b lheubv hjlbntkzv ktuxt dctuj åskj gjllfnmcz hfpjxfhjdfybñ, yj jyb bcgjkmpjdfkb äythubñ cdjtuj ytujljdfybz lkz rjyrhtnysö ltqcndbq, ujdjhbn Cjyyb Crhjuubyc bp Rfypfccrjuj rjvbntnf gj edtrjdtxtybñ ltkf Åhfeyf. ≤Hjlbntkb njulf ghjzdbkb åjkmieñ cvtkjcnm≥, – ljåfdkztn jy. Rjytxysv htpekmnfnjv åskj yt njkmrj jrjyxfybt ctuhtufwbb, yj b aeylfvtynfkmyjt bpvtytybt d jnyjitybb fvthbrfywtd r hfcfv b r hfdtycnde gthtl pfrjyjv. 47 ≤Z eét jxtym cnfhfz étyobyf, yj tckb ås vyt ghbikjcm cltkfnm änj cyjdf, z ås yt rjktåfkfcm≥, – ujdjhbn Dbdbfy Crtqkp. ≤Tckb pfukzyenm ukeåét, cvsck htitybz gj ltke Åhfeyf b cjplfybz veptz d njv, xnj kñlb dctö hfc cjplfys hfdysvb, – ljåfdkztn Ptkvf Ötylthcjy. – Vs ljikb lj Dthöjdyjuj celf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb lkz njuj, xnjås gjlndthlbnm änjn afrn, b vs dsbuhfkb≥. 48 R FR D T H Ö J D Y S Q CEL C I F JNÅBHFTN LTKF B GHBYBVFTN H T I T Y B Z GJ YBV D gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz 19-uj dtrf d Dthöjdyjv celt CIF yföjlbkjcm yf hfccvjnhtybb jlyjdhtvtyyj cnjkm åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj ltk, xnj djpybrkf jgfcyjcnm pfdfkf hfåjns. Gjänjve d 1891 u. Rjyuhtcc d jndtn yf öjlfnfqcndj Dthöjdyjuj celf cjplfk atlthfkmyst cels chtlytuj ehjdyz, åjktt bpdtcnyst rfr jrheéyst atlthfkmyst fgtkkzwbjyyst cels CIF. Änb cels hfccvfnhbdfñn fgtkkzwbb bp jrheéysö atlthfkmysö celjd CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb. Ctujlyz jrheéyst atlthfkmyst cels CIF gthdjq bycnfywbb utjuhfabxtcrb hfpltktys yf 11 htubjyjd, d rféljv bp rjnjhsö ceotcndetn jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF. Rhjvt njuj, jrheéyjq atlthfkmysq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel CIF gj jrheue Rjkevåbz ghjdjlbn ckeifybz gj ltkfv, cdzpfyysv c atlthfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv. Uhfélfyt vjuen gjlfdfnm bcrb d kñåjq bp jrheéysö atlthfkmysö celjd – gthdjq bycnfywbb bkb fgtkkzwbjyyst, – yj tckb xtkjdtr cxbnftn, xnj ybétcnjzobq cel ghbyzk ytcghfdtlkbdjt bkb ytdthyjt htitybt, jy vjétn gjlfnm ghjitybt d Dthöjdysq cel c ghjcmåjq j hfccvjnhtybb änjuj ltkf. Tckb cel ghbvtn htitybt j ghjdtltybb ckeifybq, tuj htitybt åeltn jrjyxfntkmysv. Gjckt änjuj bcntw yt vjétn ghtlghbyznm ybrfrbö lheubö ñhblbxtcrbö ltqcndbq. Tckb Dthöjdysq cel jnrfpsdftncz ghjdtcnb ckeifybz gj ltke, nj jcnftncz d cbkt gjcktlytt celtåyjt htitybt. Jnrfp celf pfckeifnm ltkj yt jpyfxftn, jlyfrj, cjukfcbt bkb ytcjukfcbt celtq Dthöjdyjuj celf c htitybtv ybétcnjzotuj celf. Dthöjdysq cel vjétn ghjdjlbnm gthdjyfxfkmyst ckeifybz gj ytrjnjhsv dblfv ltk, jghtltktyysv Rjycnbnewbtq CIF. Ñhbclbrwbz Dthöjdyjuj celf hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf cgjhs vtéle ldevz infnfvb, cgjhs vtéle Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb b jnltkmysv infnjv, ltqcndbz rfrjuj-kbåj infnf ghjnbd ébntkz lheujuj infnf bkb byjcnhfywf, f nfrét ltkf, gj rjnjhsv bcnwjv bkb jndtnxbrjv dscnegftn gjcjk bkb rjycek byjcnhfyyjq lthéfds. Bp gjlfdftvsö rfélsq ujl nsczx b nsczx fgtkkzwbq cel jnåbhftn kbim jrjkj 300 ltk, ghbxtv gj ghbvthyj gjkjdbyt bp ybö ghjdjlzncz ecnyst ckeifybz b ghbybvftncz jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt. Celmb jåsxyj jnåbhfñn ltkf ytcrjkmrbö nbgjd. Ltkf vjuen åsnm ≤bcnhtåjdfys bp ybétcnjzotuj celf≥, rjulf ytcrjkmrj ybétcnjzobö celjd ghbyzkb hfpkbxyst htitybz b nhtåetncz htitybt dsitcnjzotuj celtåyjuj jhufyf. Cel nfrét jåhfoftn dybvfybt yf ltkf, gj rjnjhsv ybétcnjzobq cel ghbyzk htitybt b rjnjhst hfytt åskb yfghfdktys yf hfccvjnhtybt Dthöjdyjuj celf, yj yt ghbyzns r ckeifybñ, f nfrét yf nfrbt ltkf, ult gjpbwbz celtq bpvtybkfcm, b jyb öjnzn ghbyznm lheujt htitybt. 49 Cel nfrét bvttn jcjåjt ghfdj jndtxfnm yf nfr yfpsdftvst ≤jabwbfkmyj pfdthtyyst djghjcs≥, pfnhfubdfñobt ltkf, gj rjnjhsv ybétcnjzobq fgtkkzwbjyysq cel yt cvju dsytcnb htitybz. Ybétcnjzobq cel kbåj yfghfdkztn d Dthöjdysq cel pfghjc j gjkextybb bycnherwbq, kbåj ghjcbn Dthöjdysq cel ghbyznm ltkj r ghjbpdjlcnde b dsytcnb jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt. Lkz njuj, xnjås Dthöjdysq cel ghbyzk ltkj r ghjbpdjlcnde, xtnsht bp ltdznb xktyjd celf ljkéys cjukfcbnmcz c ntv, xnj änj ltkj pfckeébdftn dybvfybz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF. Tckb cel cjukfcbkcz ghbyznm ltkj r ghjbpdjlcnde, jy vjétn ghbyznm htitybt yf jcyjdt rhfnrbö gbcmvtyysö ghtlcnfdktybq rféljq bp cnjhjy bkb yfpyfxbnm ecnyst ckeifybz gj ltke yf pfctlfybb celf. Ghjdtltybt ecnysö ckeifybq ghtlgjkfuftn åjktt ltnfkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf, öjnz bcrkñxftncz ghtlcnfdktybt yjdsö afrnbxtcrbö ljrfpfntkmcnd. Byjulf Cel vjétn ghbukfcbnm nfr yfpsdftvjuj ≤lheuf celf≥ (amicus curiae), n. t. yt exfcndeñotuj d ltkt ärcgthnf, rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdkztn cele byajhvfwbñ b ljdjls gj ltke, gjvbvj nzéeoböcz cnjhjy. Tckb cel ghbybvftn htitybt j ghjdtltybb ckeifybq gj ltke, yf pfctlfybb ljkéys ghbcencndjdfnm gj rhfqytq vtht itcnm bp ltdznb xktyjd Dthöjdyjuj celf. Gjckt pfckeibdfybz dctö fhuevtynjd, ltdznm celtq ghjdjlzn pfrhsnjt pfctlfybt. Jyj yfxbyftncz c dscnegkt- 50 ybz ukfdyjuj celmb c rhfnrbv bpkjétybtv ltkf b cdjtq gjpbwbb gj ytve. Gjckt ytuj cj cdjbvb vytybzvb dscnegfñn d gjhzlrt cnféf hfåjns d Dthöjdyjv celt jcnfkmyst djctvm celtq. Xktys Dthöjdyjuj celf vjuen gjgsnfnmcz eåtlbnm ytcjukfcysö c ybvb rjkktu bkb, tckb e ybö ytn xtnrjuj vytybz, ghjljkébnm cåjh byajhvfwbb. Rjulf ukfdysq celmz ghböjlbn r dsdjle, xnj d lfkmytqitv jåceéltybb ytn ytjåöjlbvjcnb, jy ghjdjlbn ujkjcjdfybt. Nfr ét rfr b ghb dscrfpsdfybb vytybq, celmb ujkjceñn gjckt ukfdyjuj celmb gj jxthtlb, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn cnféf hfåjns d Dthöjdyjv celt. Gjckt ghjdtltybz ujkjcjdfybz ghbybvftncz htitybt j yfpyfxtybb jndtncndtyyjuj pf yfgbcfybt vytybz celf. Tckb ukfdysq celmz döjlbn d cjcnfd åjkmibycndf, jy vjétn kbåj lfnm pflfybt lheujve xktye åjkmibycndf yfgbcfnm vytybt, kbåj yfgbcfnm tuj cfv. Tckb ukfdysq celmz jrfpsdftncz d vtymibycndt, cnfhibq xkty Dthöjdyjuj celf bp xbckf yföjlzoböcz d åjkmibycndt lftn pflfybt j yfgbcfybb vytybz. Jy vjétn yfgbcfnm vytybt cfv kbåj gjhexbnm änj lheujve celmt bp cjcnfdf åjkmibycndf. Gjckt njuj, rfr vytybt yfgbcfyj, yfgbcfdibq tuj celmz pyfrjvbn c ybv jcnfkmysö xktyjd Dthöjdyjuj celf, e rjnjhsö tcnm ghfdj dytctybz cdjbö cjåcndtyysö ljgjkytybq bkb ghtlkjétybq – pfxfcneñ gjkyjcnmñ ghjnbdjgjkjéysö. Byjulf ghjbcöjlbn nfr, xnj ghb yfgbcfybb vytybz celmb bpvtyzñn cdjt htitybt, gthtöjlz bp vtymibycndf d åjkmibycndj b yfjåjhjn. Öjnz kbim jlby celmz cjcnfdkztn ntrcn jrjyxfntkmyjuj vytybz Dthöjdyjuj celf, kñåjq lheujq xkty celf bvttn ghfdj bpkjébnm cdjb cjjåhfétybz gj ltke. Lkz njuj, xnjås åsnm ghbyznsv d rfxtcndt jrjyxfntkmyjuj vytybz Dthöjdyjuj celf, jyj ljkéyj gjkexbnm jljåhtybt gj rhfqytq vtht gznb tuj xktyjd. Ltåjhf V. C. Åhfey 51 Åbåkbjuhfabz V fn t h b f k s j å f v t h b r f y c r b ö c e l f ö b ñ h b l b x t c r j q c b cn t v t C I F Amar, Akhil Reed and Vikram David Amar Caplan, Lincoln “Improving the Judicial System: Unlocking the Jury Box.” “Unequal Loyalty: Can Federal Public Defenders Serve Current, no. 384, July 1996, pp. 11-21. Two Masters, When One Is the Judges Who Appoint American Bar Association ABA Journal, vol. 81, July 1995, pp. 54-60. 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Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF. Njv 4, §2, ctynzåhm 1999 u. gloss.htm 56 Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T D É E H Y F K S j B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J U J g h j C I F F U T Y N C N D F c s ltvjrhfnbb R FR HFÅJNFÑN FVTHBRFYCRBT CELS C T Y N Z Å N J V H 1 M 4 Y J V T H 9 2 9 9 U .