07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
Engineering Materials
Ferrous Metals: the meaning of ferrous metal is any material that has iron involved with it.
Low carbon steel {1}
It is made by melting iron and mixing 0.01% carbon all the way to 0.35% carbon. This is done in a blast furnace. Low
carbon steel has a very ductile, machinable and weld easier then high and median carbon steel. Unfortunately, this
material cannot be hardened and strengthen by quenching it. Low carbon steel also has low tensile strength then
high and median carbon steel. Mild steel also has high amount iron and thus this make low carbon steel very
magnetic compared to high and median carbon steel. You can usually use hot rolling or cold drawing to manipulate
the steel. It can conduct electricity.
Uses of low carbon steel:
Structural steel, signs, automobiles, furniture, decorations, wire, fencing and nails.
1010 Alloy steel what contain 0.1% carbon is used for bolts and wire this is because it is a relatively low strength
steel, so it is easier to manufacture bolt and wire as they are only used to hold things together for short periods of
time. 1018 Alloy Steels which contains 0.11%-0.2% carbon. This is used in high volume screw, machines parts,
furniture and decorations. This is because it is on average the most available grade steel in the world. 1020 and 1022
are close to having the same amount of carbon 0.21-0.35% carbon and 0.5%-1% manganese. This increase the
strength of the steel and allows highly ineffective heat treatments. This type of steel is used in structures, signs,
automobiles and fencing. This is because it has a resistance to corrosion and acid decay.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Cheap
Weak
Easy to make
Low tensile strength
Not expensive to make into products
Easily scratched
Corrosion resistant
Bends easily
Median carbon steel {2}
it is made by melting iron and mixing 0.36%-0.6% carbon. This is done in a blast furnace. Median carbon steel has
average ductility, still quite machinable and on average, is harder to weld then low carbon steel but easier then high
carbon steel. This material can be hardened and toughened through heat cycles and heat treatments. Medium
carbon steel has average tensile strength as it not as weak as low but not as strong as high carbon steel. Medium
carbon steel still has a high percentage of iron in it, so this mean that it is very magnetic compared to high carbon
steel. It can conduct electricity.
Uses of Medium Carbon Steel:
Shafts and gearing, Pressured structures, Railway Applications and Structural Steel.
1030 Alloy Steel which contains 0.36% 1.25% manganese. Is used in Shafts and Gearing Machines because they need
a strong and hard material. The Medium Carbon Steel is still useful because it tough, strong, hard and reasonable
ductile. 1040 Alloy Steel contains a high Carbon contain (0.4%). This steel is used in pressured structures because
after it has been quenched and tempered it develop 150 to 250 KSI tensile strength and this make the steel very
suitable to withstand pressure. 1045 has 0.45-0.5% carbon and 1060 has 0.51-0.6% carbon. These steels are used in
railroads and structure as they are strong and can with stand high pressure. Their strength can be improved by
quenching them and tempering them.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Still relatively cheap
Harder to shape
Has more uses then low and hard Carbon Steel Harder to cut
Corrosion resistant
Higher melting point to quench
Longer life value
Can be very brittle sometimes
07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
 Non-Ferrous Metals: Any metal that isn’t made with Iron
Aluminium {3}
Is made by Electrolysis this is the process where Aluminium oxide is melted and electrolysed to remove any
oxide as they go to a graphite anode which makes carbon dioxide. Aluminium is a light durable metal that
can be called one of the key materials of our time. Here are some of the properties of Aluminium light
weight (three time lighter then iron), Durable (almost as much as steel), Ductile (Easy in Processing) and
Corrosion resistant (this is due to a thin layer of Aluminium Oxide). This material is not magnetic. However,
Aluminium is conductive to thermal energy and electrical energy.
Uses of Aluminium:
Kitchen consumables/utensils, windows frames, beer kegs and aeroplanes parts.
Aluminium is used in Kitchen consumables/utensils products because of its low density and how it is nontoxic and can conduct thermal energy quicker then steel. Aluminium is used in aeronautics as it is corrosion
resistant so when the airplane or aircrafts fly the don’t rust in the air due to water vapour also another
benefit is that it not magnetic, so no navigation equipment will be affected by north magnetic repulsion.
Also, it is used in beer keg production as it is one off the most malleable metals and sixth most ductile metal
in the world
Advantages and Disadvantages
This material covers 8% of the earth
Never found pure
Can be recycled
Link with Alzheimer’s disease but not proven
Finding new things out about aluminium
Will run out
Very resistant to corrosion
Must be alloyed to increase strength
{4}
Brass
Brass is a golden coloured metal that is made by melt copper and zinc together and casting them into piece
of equipment or ingots. The copper is melt and left hot while the zinc is then melted and poured in to the
copper cause it to mix together and cause the atomic layer to spiral in atom layers. Brass is 33% zinc and 67%
copper. Brass is very malleable and is has desirable acoustic properties. The metal exhibits low friction, soft
metal, relatively low melting point, resistance to corrosion, easy to cast and is not ferro magnetic. Brass is
also usually mixed up with Bronze as the appear similar. Brass is also a conductor of electric and heat.
Uses of Brass:
Nuts, bolts, threaded parts, Terminals, jets, taps and injectors.
This is because Brass is strong compared to normal iron and copper, zinc but has a low melting point.
However, the low melting point is used in the making of threaded parts because it can be easily shaping to
form those function and since it can conduct electricity we use it in terminals as it can be used to store
electrical data. Brass is also used in jets, taps and injectors because it is very corrosion resistance as liquids
won’t rust the metal.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Cheap
Weak
Can be recycled
Low melting point
Reliable
Weak conductor of heat
Create years ago, so we have improved the
Not a Ferromagnetic material
technique to make Brass

Composite material: {5}
07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
Reinforced Carbon Fibre-Carbon Plastic or Reinforced Carbon-Carbon
Is Carbon fibre that has been compressed 36 time or it can be made by making carbon Nano-tubs treads that are
layered 6 times above each other. Carbon fibre is made by carbon threads being stuck together by resin or
plastic. It is the one of the lightest material in the world and strongest yet the world eighth most brittles at the
same time. It is only used in six thing racing bikes, fuel tank and the other some BMW tops, the rest are use in
space craft’s. They are used because they are strong depending where pressure has built up and weak where the
strands line up. I will say that all this material Advantages are also it Disadvantages as quote
www.CarbonFibre/ReinforcedCarbon-Cabon.carboncarboncarbon.com/ says “ carbon is strong with carbon
connection at set point while carbon is brittle at carbon next carbon cavity”. You can base Reinforced as a egg as
if you, try to squish at the top of this and it won’t break however if you try to squish it from the sides it will
break.
Graphene: {6}
It is made by Graphite which is made by carbons that only have three chemical bonds to each other and after
Graphite is made it will be slice into layers to make Graphene. To this day and age, it has been found to be
indestructible as Graphenea states that nothing in pre-2018 to early 2016 can break it. Another fact is that it gets
stronger as it ages however only two experiments have only ever been done to prove this, so this may be correct
data for now but later it may be proven wrong.
Uses of Graphene
Spinal vertebrate, batteries that have been estimated to last 70 years, super computer that can download 1TB in
a second, a phone charger that can charge a phone in 3 seconds, Earplugs that can go all the way to 20000 Mega
Hertz. This because it is very strong, tough, mailable, ductile, elastic, and has high tensile strength. It apparently
doesn’t have any disadvantages other then if can’t be cut to shape after being made to graphene but when it
graphite it is very easy to break and cut.

Thermoplastic Materials:
Polypropylene.
This material is form by polymerizing propylene with suitable catalyst generally aluminium alkyl and titanium
tetrachloride. This material is great as it is very stiff and remould able. The Advantages is it a homoploymer,
process ability, food contact acceptable, stiffness, impact resistance, copolymer, flow, impact resistances and
chemically coupled. The limitations and disadvantages are it’s degraded by UV, flammable, attacked by
chlorinated solvents and aromatics, difficult to bond, several metals accelerate oxidative degrading and low
temperature impact strength is poor. This material is used automotive applications, household goods, film,
containers, appliances, packing, electrical/electronic applications, industrial applications and general purpose
products.
Polyurethane
this material is made by either reacting it to polyol + diisocyanato or polymeric isocyanate in the process
Advantages
Disadvantages
High abrasion resistance
Poor thermal capability
Good low temperature capability
Poor weather ability
Wide molecular structural variability
Attacked by most solvents
Ambient curing possible
Utilize toxic isocyanates
Comparatively low cost
flammable
It is usually used in long bearing rollers and wheels, acoustic damping material, sporting goods, seals and gasket
because it good structural value and high abrasion resistances
07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
 Thermosetting Polymers:
Epoxy resin
It is made by polycarbonates mixed with isocyanato. This material I flexible, weather resistance and long-lasting
durability however it doesn’t have good ductility. Here are some advantages it has a low cost and is also used in
most objects as well as it UV resistance. Disadvantages are that it toxic and takes a long time to dry.
Polycarbonate
This material is made by mix Carbonate and polythene while being heated to make polycarbonates. Is strong
tough however it can be very brittle if the mixture isn’t correct. It is used in making plastic things. Plastics cup,
Plastic plate, Plastic glasses.

Smart Materials
shape memory alloys
Is material is made by either manganese cobalt mixed alloys or by thermoplastic compound materials. This
material is strong, tough, hard, stiff very dutiable, very elastic, extreme low tensile strength and has the ability to
return back to it old shape with thermal energy. The advantages of smart alloys are that it can reform old shapes
and are able to withstand massive amount of pressure all at once can keep it up for long periods of times. These
materials are mostly used in bionics and earth quack proof buildings
Shape memory Polymers
this material is made by polymer compounds of either thermoplastics or rubber bound objects. Strong, tough,
hard, stiff very dutiable, very elastic, extreme low tensile strength and has the ability to return back to it old
shape with thermal energy. The advantages of smart polymers are that it can reform old shapes and can be keep
in the same shape for long periods of times. Disadvantages not as strong as the alloys and it more elastic then
the alloys so it return into shape quicker. Used in clothes and pillows also building materials.
07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
Source
Ferrous Metals:
Mild Carbon Steel-Low Carbon Steel
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https://www.metalsupermarkets.co.uk/what-is-mild-steel/ {1}
http://www.onealsteel.com/carbon-and-alloy-steel.html {1}
http://www.coburnmyers.com/materials-carbon-steel/ {1}
Medium Carbon Steel
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http://www.coburnmyers.com/materials-carbon-steel/ {2}
http://www.onealsteel.com/carbon-and-alloy-steel.html {2}
https://www.hunker.com/12547124/the-uses-for-medium-carbon-steel {2}
Aluminium
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http://www.aluminiumdesign.net/why-aluminium/properties-of-aluminium/ {3}
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/13/aluminium {3}
https://aluminiumleader.com/about_aluminium/what_is_aluminum/ {3}
Brass
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https://www.thoughtco.com/brass-composition-and-properties-603729 {4}
https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-brass-2340129 {4}
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Brass.html {4}
Reinforced Carbon-Carbon
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
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https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-are-carbon-carbon-composites/ {5}
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1103/1103.2196.pdf {5}
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2012/262694/ {5}
Graphene
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
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https://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-graphite#.WoyjAajFKUk {6}
https://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-properties#.WoyjJ6jFKUk {6}
https://gizmodo.com/5988977/9-incredible-uses-for-graphene {6}
Polycarbonate
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
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http://pslc.ws/macrog/pc.htm {7}
http://www.ptsllc.com/intro/polycarb_intro.aspx {7}
http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonateroofing/ {7}
Polyurethane
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

Epoxy
https://polyurethane.americanchemistry.com/How-Polyurethane-is-Made/
http://www.upcinc.com/resources/materials/PU.html
http://www.precisionurethane.com/urethane-advantage.html
07/02/18
Task 1 2A.P1,2A.M1,2A.D1
Daniel-Adriano
 http://pslc.ws/macrog/eposyn.htm
 http://pslc.ws/macrog/eposyn.htm
 http://pslc.ws/macrog/eposyn.htm
Polypropylene



http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/pp.htm
http://www.upcinc.com/resources/materials/PP.html
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-polypropylene.-part-2
Shape memory alloys
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
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https://www.stanford.edu/~richlin1/sma/sma.html
https://www.jmmedical.com/nitinol/27072/Shape-Memory.html
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Memory%20metals/applications_f
or_shape_memory_al.htm
Shape memory Polymers
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

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702107700470
www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA599534
http://www2.smptechno.com/en/tech/pdf/entech1111.pdf