Jump Instructions in 8086 Microprocessor Jump Instructions are used for changing the flow of execution of instructions in the processor. If we want jump to any instruction in between the code, then this can be achieved by these instructions. There are two types of Jump instructions: 1. Unconditional Jump Instructions 2. Conditional Jump Instructions 1) Unconditional Jump Instructions These instructions are used to jump on a particular location unconditionally, i.e. there is no need to satisfy any condition for the jump to take place. There are three types of procedures used for unconditional jump. They are: i. ii. NEAR – This procedure targets within the same code segment. (Intra-segment) FAR - In this procedure, the target is outside the segment and the size of the pointer is double word. (Inter-segment) Syntax: JMP procedure_namememory_location Example: JMP short target 2) Conditional Jumps In these types of instructions, the processor must check for the particular condition. If it is true, then only the jump takes place else the normal flow in the execution of the statements is maintained. The ALU operations set flags in the status word (Flag register). The conditional jump statements tests the flag and jump is the flag is set. There are following types of conditional jump instructions: i) JC : Stands for 'Jump if Carry' It checks whether the carry flag is set or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If CF = 1, then jump. ii) JNC : Stands for 'Jump if Not Carry' It checks whether the carry flag is reset or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If CF = 0, then jump. iii) JE / JZ : Stands for 'Jump if Equal' or 'Jump if Zero' It checks whether the zero flag is set or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If ZF = 1, then jump. iv) JNE / JNZ : Stands for 'Jump if Not Equal' or 'Jump if Not Zero' It checks whether the zero flag is reset or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If ZF = 0, then jump. v) JP / JPE : Stands for 'Jump if Parity' or 'Jump if Even Parity' It checks whether the Parity flag is set or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If PF = 1, then jump. vi) JNP / JPO : Stands for 'Jump if Not Parity' or 'Jump if Odd Parity' It checks whether the Parity flag is reset or not. If yes, then jump takes place, that is: If PF = 0, then jump. The CALL instruction in the 8086 microprocessor The CALL instruction is used whenever we need to make a call to some procedure or a subprogram. Whenever a CALL is made, the following process takes place inside the microprocessor: The address of the next instruction that exists in the caller program (after the program CALL instruction) is stored in the stack. The instruction queue is emptied for accommodating the instructions of the procedure. Then, the contents of the instruction pointer (IP) is changed with the address of the first instruction of the procedure. The subsequent instructions of the procedure are stored in the instruction queue for execution. The Syntax for the CALL instruction is as follows: CALL subprogram_name The RET instruction in the 8086 microprocessor The RET instruction stands for return. This instruction is used at the end of the procedures or the subprograms. This instruction transfers the execution to the caller program. Whenever the RET instruction is called, the following process takes place inside the microprocessor: The address of the next instruction in the mainline program which was previously stored inside the stack is now again fetched and is placed inside the instruction pointer (IP). The instruction queue will now again be filled with the subsequent instructions of the mainline program. The Syntax for the RET instruction is as follows: RET The following diagram illustrates how the control of the instruction execution is transferred within the code from one program to another whenever a procedure is called and whenever it returns the execution. In most of the cases, the procedure CALL is made from the mainline program and hence the control is returned to the mainline program itself. Note: The storing and fetching of the address inside and from the stack takes place in the same way as the data is pushed into it or popped form it. LOOP InstructionThis instruction is used to repeat a series of instruction some number of times Example: MOVBX, OFFSET PRICE ;Point BX at first element in array MOVCX, 40;Load CX with number of ;elements in array NEXT: MOVAL, [BX]; Get elements from array ADD AL, 07H;Ad correction factor DAA; decimal adjust result MOV[BX], AL; Put result back in array LOOP NEXT; Repeat until all elements ;adjusted. LOOPE / LOOPZ InstructionThis instruction is used to repeat a group of instruction some number of times until CX =0 and ZF = 0 Example: MOVBX, OFFSET ARRAY ;point BX at start of the array DEC BX MOVCX, 100;put number of array elements in ; CX NEXT:IN CBX ;point to next element in array CMP[BX], 0FFH;Compare array elements FFH LOOP NEXT LOOPNE/LOOPNZInstructionThis instruction is used to repeat a group of instruction some number of times until CX =0 and ZF = 1 Example: MOVBX, OFFSET ARRAY1 ;point BX at start of the array DEC BX MOVCX, 100;put number of array elements in ;CX NEXT:INC BX;point to next elements in array CMP[BX], 0FFH;Compare array elements 0DH LOOPNE NEXT