Department of Education Division of City School Makati Pitogo High School Negros St. barangay Pitogo Makati City Coconut Husk as Alternative Ink for Permanent Markers In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In Research 1 Amon, Jeohn Henrico G. Dandamun, Mahid L. Leonor, Ma. Jamiellie B. Tuliao, Rica Mae A. Grade 9-Dalton Ms. Lilibeth Lumapas Research Adviser November 23, 2017 INTRODUCTION Markers play a role in your daily life in different ways. It is made with different colors and pigments. It is use in writing and somehow in different artworks. This markers are made with such chemical composition. Many users of this doesn’t know that the ink that markers have can be naturally made with a coconut husk. Coconut husk is in direct combustion in order to make charcoal, otherwise the husk is simply being thrown away. Coconut Husk is use in many different researches because it can create things or substances to have lesser chemicals on it or the materials could be naturally made. Coconut husk is consist of cellulose, lignin, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin and potassium. While ink is made out of carbon black that can be found at the coconut husk through its charcoal composition and it is also made of white pigments such as titanium oxide, surfactants and lubricants. The lubricant is a substance that causes something slippery and to move more smoothly it’s a substance such as grease or oil. This study aims to know the effectiveness of Coconut Husk as an alternative ink for markers. The researcher wants to know if the pigment that will be produce is stable. Make coconut husk as a permanent marker. Provide a new alternative permanent marker. To compare the difference between the alternative permanent marker and the permanent marker bought in stores. This study is encourages to give importance on the things we don’t always use to make an alternative source of ink. This study will be beneficial to the User, This study would be beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This study provides many advantage to them, such as they would have more natural and cheaper way of having ink for their permanent marker. In Agriculture, This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of income. Also, this will increase the number of coconut trees that is grown and planted in the Philippines. In ENVIRONMENT, This study will help to decrease the number of coconut shells that are being wasted and thrown away by reusing them. It will also help make use of the charcoal instead of throwing the excess ashes after grilling instead of spreading the ashes in the air. . Lastly in STUDENTS, students won’t have to spend a lot of money anymore just to avail refillable ink for their school works or project. This experiment will also help them to develop new products for ink. ENTREPRENEURS, this may be another choice for them to challenge and develop another source of income for this and that it could encourage future entrepreneur to use this to make a worldwide product. TEACHERS, teachers won’t have to spend much money to avail refillable ink since they use printers most of the time to make reviewers, letters and lesson plan. COMMUNITY, this would help the community to look for an alternative source of ink for different things and purposes. Coconut Husk can make activated carbon or activated charcoal powder from it which could make as an adsorbent from basic dyes from different water-based solution. Activated carbon is the one that absorbs the dye from the solution. Basic dyes are dyes that are naturally produced and it is the dyes used for ribbons; it is satisfyingly tinted when it has a bright shade but when it is washed, the dye slightly fades way. When the dye concentration is high, therefore the dye adsorbent is also high. The adsorbent is scanned from the gathered dye from the solution. The tests that was made by researchers took only 60 minutes to understand what kind of dye is adsorbed. Natural fibers such as coir fibers in coconut can possibly form glass. Glass that is said has polypropylene which the fibers contain. Tests are made by the researchers and all of them (sisal, kenaf, hemp, jute and coir) are said to be that it can possibly make glass. The coir fiber showed up that it has the lowest mechanical properties among the five of them but their impact is stronger than the jute and kenaf fibers. Coconut Husk contains 30% coir fiber and 70% pith that are high in lignin and phenolic content. This can make binder less board; it is a wood-based material that is composed of lignin materials bonded without resin heat and pressure because there is no resin on a binder less. Lignin in the plant tissue’s original thermal behavior is about 140 degrees celsius where it melts board and this is where the investigations for could make the research fail this basic technology made a world class panels without additional chemical binder. Coir fiber from coconut husk is the toughest kind of fiber among the natural fibers. It could make concrete especially for the regions that experiences earthquakes. Coconut fibers are used in plain concretes to improve its behavior. Tests are made that CRFC with fiber length of 5cm and contains 5% fiber contents has the best properties for this research. Coconut husk fibers/coir fibers were damped by coconut fiber reinforce concrete (CRFC) beams that increase while fundamental frequency decrease to make it stronger. Indian ink will be made crazy for mostly charcoal and separate substances, like honey, gum and water, those mixture turns into sticky that is the reason it has the capacity to stay on for some time. In the advanced time, it is still for utilized for writing, lettering, painting books Also comic strips, yet all the regularly utilized to work of art On some nations for Asia and Europe. Indian ink might have been likewise utilized to tattoos in the good country territories clinched alongside china. This might have been utilized within the antiquated Egyptians Also Greeks. India ink may be a standout amongst the most seasoned What's more practically tough pigments ever. Inks need aid found over Just about each part of the human action similar to perusing newspapers, magazines What's more books consistently. We aggravate piles of photocopies and print a considerable measure about pages from our workstation. Printers need been a standout amongst our essentials to our existence. Without it, we wouldn’t have the capacity with make hard duplicates for our meets expectations. What's more without ink, the printer will be pointless What's more we wouldn’t have the capacity should settle on utilization out of it. METHODOLOGY This chapter will focus on the procedure on how charcoal will be used as an ingredient for printer ink. Experimental research is a collection of research designs to determine the effects on the variable to another. The process in making a charcoal are. First, Put charcoal to mortar and pestle then pound. Second, Add vinegar, alcohol, cooking oil and salt. Then, Use a strainer and pour the pounded mixture on the bowl. After that, Press the leftover particles on the strainer. Lastly, Use the funnel and put the mixture into the empty bottle. Ingredients that are needed to make an ink. Coconut Husk, Alcohol, Vinegar, Salt and cooking oil. Tools that are needed to make it are Mortar and Pestle, Empty bottle, Strainer, funnel, teaspoons, tablespoons, bow, matchsticks and drum. The procedure in making thr charcoal are. First, Dig a hole that fits the drum that you'll use. Second, Fill in the drum with the coconut shells and husk. Then, Start the fire using fireballs (from cotton with alcohol) or simple create a fire using matchsticks. After that, Put the fireballs/matchsticks on the coconut shells then cover it. And then, leave a 4-inch hole for the smoke to flow. Lastly, open the drum after cooling for 8 hours. REFERENCES Ali, Majid., et al. "Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete." (November 23, 2017), Published on May 2012. Retrieved from ScienceDirect.com, on http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061811007586 Armstrong, Alexandra Emilia L., et al.”Charcoal as Primary Agent For An Alternative Ink.”(November 20,2017), Published on SY. 2015-2016. Retrieved from Academia.edu.com, on http://www.academia.edu/23219857/Charcoal_as_a_Primary_Agent_For_An_ Alternative_Printer_Ink. Caballero, Carol Ann G., et al. “ Plant Extract as an Alternative Ink for Markers.” (November 20,2017), Published on SY. 2015-2016. Retrieved from Academia.edu.com, on http://www.academia.edu/22466483/Plants_Extract_as_an_Alternative_Ink_ for_Markers Khairiraihanna, Johari., Shiow Tien Shong and Hanapi Mat., et al."Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of Elemental Mercury onto Coconut Pith."Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. (May 2, 2015), Retrieve from Onlinelbirary.wiley.com, on http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097 4628(20000307)75:10%3C1261::AID-APP7%3E3.0.CO;2-D/full Rafatullah, Sulaiman., Rokiah Hashim and Anees Amad., et al." Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost absorbents." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.177, issues 1-3, July 7 2010, Pages 70-80.(September 15, 2016), Retrieve from ScienceDirect.com, on http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043894/177/1 Teunissen, Wouter., et al. "Process for Production of High Density/High Performance Binderless Boards from Whole Coconut Husk: Part 1: Lignin as Intrinsic Thermosetting Binder Resin." (November 23, 2017), Published on May 2004. Retrieved from ScienceDirect.com, on http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669003001122 Wambua, Paul., Jan Ivens and Ignaas Verpoest. "Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics?." Composite Science and Technology, vol. 63, no. 9, July 2003. pp. 1259- 1264.(November 23, 2017), Retrieved from ScienceDirect.com, on http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266353803000964
