THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: COMPARATIVE MATRIX
“PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES”
PROPONE
NT
THEORY
ASSUMPTIO
NS
SIGMUND
FREUD
PSYCHOANALY
TIC
THEORY
All human
motivation
reduced to
sex and
aggression
People have a
choice in
shaping their
personality
Present
behavior is
caused by
past
experiences
Placed a very
heavy
emphasis on
unconscious
COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY
APPLICATIO
PERSONAL
NS OF THE
CRITICISM
THEORY
Three provinces of mind:
Free
Did Freud
Understand
1. Id – is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that association
Women?
contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden

Transfere
memories
nce
His theory of
2. Superego – operates as a moral conscience
 Resistanc personality was
3. Ego – the realistic part that mediates between the
e
strongly
desires of the id and the superego.
oriented toward
Dream
men, Freud
Analysis
acknowledged
that he lacked a
 Manifest
complete
and latent under- standing
content
of the female
psyche.
Freudian or
Unconscious
Like many
Slips
other men of
(Parapraxes)
his day, Freud
regarded
Findings from women as the
many
“tender sex,”
different
suitable for
neuroscientifi caring for the
c programs of household and
research have nurturing
established
children but not
ALFRED
ADLER
INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Motivation is
mostly by
social
1.The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the
striving for success or superiority.
that the
pleasureseeking drives
have their
neurological
origins in two
brain
structures,
namely the
brain stem and
the limbic
system
(Solms, 2004;
Solms &
Turnbull,
2002).
Moreover, the
neurotransmitt
er dopamine is
most centrally
involved in
most pleasureseeking
behaviors. In
Freud’s
language,
these are the
drives and
instincts of the
id.
equal to men in
scientific and
scholarly
affairs. Freud
undoubtedly
would have
been surprised
to learn that
130 years later
these terms of
endearment are
seen by many
as disparaging
to women.
Jon Kasler
and Ofra
Nevo (2005)
It produced
many concepts
that do not
influences
and the
striving for
success and
superiority.
2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and
personality.
People are
largely
responsible
for who they
are
viewpoint of social interest.
Present
behavior is
shaped by
people’s view
of the future
Psychological
ly healthy
people are
aware of what
they are doing
and why they
are doing it.
3.Personality is unified and self-consistent.
4.The value of all human activity must be seen from the
5.The self-consistent personality structure develops into a
person’s style of life.
6.Style of life is molded by people’s creative power.
gathered
earliest
memories
from 130
participants.
These
recollections
were then
coded by two
judges on the
kind of career
the memory
reflected. The
recollections
were
classified
using
Holland’s
(1973)
vocational
interest types,
namely
Realistic,
Investigative,
Artistic,
Social,
Enterprising,
and
Conventional
(see Table 3.3
for description
of these
interest types).
For example,
an early
easily lend
themselves to
either
verification or
falsification.
For example,
although
research has
consistently
shown a
relationship
between early
childhood
recollections
and a per- son’s
present style of
life (Clark,
2002), these
results do not
verify Adler’s
notion that
present style of
life shapes
one’s early
recollections.
An alternate,
causal
explanation is
also possible;
that is, early
experiences
may cause
present style of
life. Thus, one
of Adler’s most
recollection
that reflects a
social career
interest later
in life was: “I
went to
nursery school
for the first
time in my
life at the age
of four or five.
I don’t
remember my
feelings that
day but I went
with my
mother and
the moment I
arrived I met
my first
friend, a boy
by the name
of P. I
remember a
clear picture
of P playing
on the railings
and somehow
I joined him. I
had fun all
day” (Kasler
& Nevo,
2005, p. 226).
This early
recollection
important
concepts—the
assumption that
present style of
life determines early
memories
rather than vice
versa—is
difficult to
either verify or
falsify.
centers around
social
interaction
and
relationships.
An example
of an early
recollection
that reflects a
realistic career
interest was:
“When I was
a little boy, I
used to like to
take things
apart,
especially
electrical
appliances.
One day I
wanted to find
out what was
inside the
television, so I
decided to
take a knife
and break it
open. Because
I was so small
I didn’t have
the strength
and anyway
my father
caught me and
yelled at me”
(Kasler &
Nevo, 2005,
p. 225).
CARL
GUSTAV
JUNG
ANALYTICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
That the
mind, or
psyche, has
both a
conscious and
an
unconscious
level.
Jung believed
that each of
us is
motivated not
only by
repressed
experiences
but also by
certain
emotionally
toned
experiences
inherited
from our
ancestors.
These
inherited
images make
up the
collective
unconscious.
It is compendium of opposites:




Introverted or extroverted
Rational or irrational
Conscious and unconscious
Pushed by past events while being pulled by future
expectations
 Similarity over individual differences
 People are both Causal and Teleological
Today, most
research
related to Jung
focuses on his
descriptions
of personality
types. The
Myers-Briggs
Type
Indicator
(MBTI;
Myers, 1962)
is the most
frequently
used measure
of Jung’s
personality
types and is
often used by
school
counselors to
direct students
toward
rewarding
avenues of
study. For
example,
research has
found that
people high
Is Jung’s theory
of personality
internally
consistent?
Does it possess
a set of
operationally
defined terms?
The first
question
receives a
qualified
affirmative
answer; the
second, a
definite
negative one.
Jung generally
used the same
terms
consistently,
but he often
employed
several terms to
describe the
same concept.
The words
regression and
introverted are
The CU
includes those
elements that
we have
never
experienced
individually
but which
have come
down to us
from our
ancestors.
.
on the
intuition and
feeling
dimensions
are likely to
find teaching
re- warding
(Willing,
Guest, &
Morford,
2001). More
recently,
researchers
have extended
work on the
usefulness of
Jungian
personality
types by
exploring the
role of types
in how people
manage their
personal
finances and
the kinds of
careers they
pursue.
so closely
related that they
can be said to
de- scribe the
same process.
This is also true
of progression
and
extraverted,
and the list
could be
expanded to
include several
other terms
such as
individuation
and selfrealization,
which also are
not clearly
differentiated.
Jung’s language
is often arcane,
and many of his
terms are not
adequately
defined. As for
operational
definitions,
Jung, like other
early
personality
theorists, did
not define
terms
operationally.
There- fore, we
rate his theory
as low on
internal
consistency.
MELANIE
KLEIN
OBJECT
RELATIONS
THEORY
She
emphasized
the first 4 to 6
months
o Emphasis
is placed on
the infant’s
drives
(hunger, sex,
etc.) and that
these drives
are directed at
an object such
as a breast,
penis, vagina,
or other
objects.
First, object relations theory places less emphasis on
biologically based drives and more importance on consistent
patterns of interpersonal relationships.
Second, object relations theory tends to be more maternal,
stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the mother.
Infants do not begin life with a blank slate but with an inherited
predisposition to reduce the anxiety they experience as a result
of the conflict produced by the forces of the life instinct and the
power of the death instinct. The infant’s innate readiness to act
or react presupposes the existence of phyloge- netic endowment,
a concept that Freud also accepted
Klein (1946) saw human infants as constantly engaging in a
basic conflict between the life instinct and the death instinct,
that is, between good and bad, love and hate, creativity and
destruction. As the ego moves toward integration and away
from dis- integration, infants naturally prefer gratifying
o The child’s sensations over frustrating ones.
relation to
.
that object is
fundamental
and serves as
a prototype
for all later
relations to
More recently,
this line of
theory and
research has
been applied
to both men
and women.
Steven
Huprich and
colleagues
(Huprich,
Stepp,
Graham, &
Johnson,
2004), for
instance,
examined the
connection
between
disturbed
object
relations and
eating
disorders in a
nearly equal
number of
female and
Perhaps the
most useful
feature of
object relations
theory is its
ability to or
ganize
information
about the
behavior of
infants. More
than most other
personality
theorists, object
relations
theorists have
speculated on
how humans
gradually come
to acquire a
sense of
identity. She
watched the
interactions
between infant
and mother and
drew inferences
whole objects
like mother
and father.
o The very
early
tendency of
infants to
relate to
partial objects
gives their
experiences
an unrealistic
or fantasylike quality
that affects all
later
interpersonal
relations.
o Klein’s
ideas tend to
shift the focus
of
psychoanalyti
c theory from
organically
based stages
of
development
to the role of
early fantasy
in the
formation of
interpersonal
male college
students.
Because
eating
disorders are
much more
common in
women than
in men
(Brannon &
Feist, 2007),
the
investigation
by Huprich
and
colleagues
was an
important
addition to the
research on
eating
disorders of
both men and
women. The
researchers
administered
three
measures of
object
relations and
three
measures of
eating
disorders to
the par-
based on what
they saw.
However,
beyond the
early childhood
years, object
relations theory
lacks usefulness
as an organizer
of knowledge.
In addition,
object relations
theory lacks
Parsimony. She
used needlessly
complex
phrases and
concepts to
express her
theory.
ticipants to
see whether
the
association
between
object
relations and
eating
problems
could be
found in men
as well as
women.
relations.
KAREN
HORNEY
PSYCHOANALY It was built
TIC SOCIAL
on the
THEORY
assumption
that social
and cultural
conditions,
especially
childhood experiences, are
largely
responsible
for shaping
personality.
People who
do not have
their needs
for love and
affection
The Impact of Culture Horney insisted that modern culture is
too competitive and that leads to hostility and feelings of
isolation.
The Importance of Childhood Experiences Neuro c conflict
stems largely from childhood traumas.
Basic Hoslity and Basic Anxiety All children need feelings of
safety and security, but these can be gained only by love from
parents.
Later, Horney grouped these 10 neuro c needs into three basic
neuro c trends; (1) moving toward people, (2) moving against
people, and (3) moving away from people.
Intrapsychic Conflicts
People also experience inner tensions or intrapsychic conflicts
A study by
Michael
Robinson and
colleagues
asked how
one could be a
“successful
neuro c”
(Robinson,
Ode,
Wilkowski, &
Amodio,
2007). They
found that for
those
predisposed
toward neuro
cism, the
Although
Horney painted
a vivid portrait
of the neuro c
personality, her
theory rates
very low in
genera ng
research, low
on its ability to
be falsi ed, to
organize data,
and to serve as
a useful guide
to ac on. Her
theory is rated
about average
satisfied
during
childhood
develop basic
hostility
toward their
parents and,
as a
consequence,
suffer from
basic anxiety.
Horney theorized that
people
combat basic
anxiety by
adopting one
of three
fundamental
styles of
relating to
others: (1)
moving
toward
people, (2)
moving
against
people, or (3)
moving away
from people.
Normal
individuals
may use any
of these
modes of re-
that become part of their belief systems and take on lives of
their own, separate from the interpersonal con icts that created
them.
Feminine Psychology Horney believed that psychological di
erences between men and women are not due to anatomy but to
culture and social expecta ons. Her view of the Oedipus
complex markedly from Freud's in that she insisted that any
sexual a rac on or hos lity the child feels for the parent would be
the result of learning and not biology.
ability to react on internal
adap vely to
consistency and
errors while
parsimony.
assessing
threat was
related to less
nega ve mood
in daily life.
The
conclusion
was that many
neuro c
people, while
they cannot
change their
personali es
and stop being
neuro c, o en
develop great
skill at
avoiding nega
ve outcomes,
and that their
successful
avoidance of
these
outcomes
improves their
mood, making
them feel be
er on a daily
basis.
lating to other
people, but
neurotics are
compelled to
rigidly rely on
only one.
Their
compulsive
behavior
generates a
basic
intrapsychic
conflict that
may take the
form of either
an idealized
self-image or
self-hatred.
The idealized
self-image is
expressed as
(1) neurotic
search for
glory, (2)
neurotic
claims, or (3)
neurotic
pride. Selfhatred is
expressed as
either selfcontempt or
alienation
from self.
Although
Horney’s
writings are
concerned
mostly with
the neurotic
personal- ity,
many of her
ideas can also
be applied to
normal
individuals.
This chapter
looks at
Horney’s
basic theory
of neurosis,
compares her
ideas to those
of Freud,
examines her
views on
feminine
psychology,
and briefly
discusses her
ideas on
psychotherap
y.
ERIK
ERIKSON
POSTFREUDIAN
THEORY
Erikson
postulated
eight stages
of
The Ego in Post-Freudian Psychology One of Erikson's chief
contributions to personality theory was his emphasis on ego
rather than id functions. According to Erikson, the ego is the
center of personality and is responsible for a unified sense of
Dan
McAdams and
his colleagues
(McAdams,
Erikson’s
theory provides
many general
guidelines, but
psychosocial
development
through
which people
progress.
Although he
differed from
Freud in his
emphasis on
the ego and
on social
influences,
his theory is
an extension,
not a
repudiation of
Freudian
psychoanalysi
s.
One of
Erikson's
chief
contributions
to personality
theory was
his emphasis
on ego rather
than id
functions.
According to
Erikson, the
ego is the
center of
personality
self. It consists of three interrelated facets: the body ego, the ego 1999;
McAdams &
ideal, and ego identity.
de St. Aubin,
1992; Bauer
A. Society's Influence
& McAdams,
2004b) have
The ego develops within a given society and is influenced by
been major
child-rearing practices and other cultural customs. All cultures
figures in
and nations develop a pseudospecies, or a fictional notion that
research on
they are superior to other cultures. B. Epigenetic Principle
generativity
and have
The ego develops according to the epigenetic principle; that is,
developed the
it grows according to a genetically
Loyola
Generativity
established rate and in a fixed sequence.
Scale (LGS)
Each of Erikson's stages has a psychosexual mode, a
to measure it.
psychosocial crisis, a basic strength, and a core pathology
The LGS
includes items
such as “I
have
important
skills that I try
to teach
others” and “I
do not
volunteer to
work for a
charity.” The
scale
measures
several
aspects of
generativity,
including
concern for
offers little
specific advice.
Compared to
other theories
discussed in
this book, it
ranks near the
top in
suggesting
approaches to
dealing with
middle-aged
and older
adults.
Erikson’s views
on aging have
been helpful to
people in the
field of
gerontology,
and his ideas on
ego identity are
nearly always
cited in
adolescent
psychology
textbooks. In
addition, his
concepts of
intimacy versus
isolation and
generativity
versus
stagnation have
much to offer to
and is
responsible
for a unified
sense of self.
It consists of
three
interrelated
facets: the
body ego, the
ego ideal, and
ego identity.
ERICH
FROMM
HUMANISTIC
PSYCHOANALY
SIS
Fromm
believed that
humans have
been torn
away from
their
prehistoric
union with
nature and
left with no
powerful
instincts to
adapt to a
changing
world. But
because
humans have
Human Needs
can move people toward a reunion with the natural world
Our human dilemma cannot be solved
by satisfying our animal needs. It can
only be addressed by fulfilling our
uniquely human needs, an
accomplishment that moves us toward a
reunion with the naturalworld.
Frommidentifiedfiveofthesedistinctively
the next
generation;
creating and
maintaining
objects and
things; and
person
narration: that
is, the
subjective
story or theme
that an adult
creates about
providing for
the next
generation.
marriage
counselors and
others
concerned with
intimate
relationships
among young
adults.
Mark
Bernard
and
colleagues
(2006)
sought to
test these
central
component
s of
Fromm’s
theory
through the
Like other
psychodyna
mic
theorists,
Fromm
tended to
take a global
approach to
theory
construction
, erecting a
grand,
highly
acquired the
ability to
reason, they
can think
about their
isolated
condition—a
situation
Fromm called
the human
dilemma.
humanor existential needs.
Humans face
fundamental
dichotomies
Frame of Orientation
The first is
life and
death
The second is
that humans
are capable of
conceptualizi
ng the goal of
complete selfrealization
but are also
aware that life
is too short to
reach that
goal
The third is
that people
Relatedness
Transcendence
Rootedness
SenseofIdentity
The Burden of Freedom
As the only animal possessing selfawareness, humans are the freaks of the
universe. Historically, as people gained
more political freedom, they began to
experience more isolation from others
and from the world and to feel free from
the security of a permanent place in the
world. As a result, freedom becomes a
burden, and people experience basic
anxiety, or a feeling of being alone in
use of selfreport
measures
in a sample
of
undergradu
ate students
in Great
Britain.
Specificall
y, the
researchers
wanted to
test
whether or
not
discrepanci
es between
a person’s
own beliefs
and the
way the
person
perceived
the beliefs
of his or
her society
led to
abstract
model that
was more
philosophical
than
scientific.
His insights
into human
nature strike
a responsive
chord, as
evidenced
by the
popularity
of his books.
Unfortunatel
y, his essays
and
arguments
are not as
popularly
known
today as
they were 50
years ago.
Paul Roazen
(1996)
are ultimately
alone, yet we
cannot
tolerate
isolation
the world.
Positive Freedom The human dilemma
can only be solved through positive
freedom, which is the spontaneous
activity of the whole, integrated
personality, and which is achieved when
a person becomes reunited
with others.
Character Orientations
People relate to the world by acquiring
and using things (assimilation) and by
relating to self and others
(socialization), and they can do so either
nonproductively or productively.
Personality Disorders
Unhealthy people have nonproductive
feelings of stated that,
estrangeme during the
nt.
mid-1950s,
a person
The
could not be
findings of considered
the study
educated
were as
with- out
predicted. having read
The more a Fromm’s
person
eloquently
reported
written
that his or Escape from
her values Freedom.
were
Today,
discrepant however,
from
Fromm’s
society in
books are
general, the seldom
more likely required
he or she
reading on
was to have college
a strong
campuses.
feeling of
estrangeme
nt
(Bernard,
Gebauer, &
ways of working, reasoning, and
especially loving. Fromm recognized
three major personality disorders: (1)
necrophilia, or the love of death and the
hatred of all humanity; (2) malignant
narcissism, or a belief that everything
belonging to one's self is of great value
and anything belonging to others is
worthless; and incestuous symbiosis, or
an extreme dependence on one's mother
or mother surrogate.
Maio,
2006). This
is not
surprising.
Basically,
if your
values are
different
from those
of your society or
culture,
you feel as
though you
are
different
and not
normal.
This is also
pre- cisely
what
Fromm’s
theory
predicts.
The more
distant
people feel
from those
around
them in
their
community
, the more
people are
likely to
feel
isolated.
Instructions:
1. In making the matrix, make sure to indicate all the important points as per reference.
2. Please follow proper citation for the references. Check the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
to be guided.
3. Understand the theory and state a situation that the particular theory can be applied.
4. Ideas and thoughts will be part of personal criticism section, please state your comments.
5. Please provide a cover page (UM standard FORMAT).
4. Deadline will be on August 2, 2019 – 8:30PM to 9:30PM
Rubrics:
In this assessment task, you are expected to make a matrix comparing and contrasting the different theories. This activity is graded based
on the following criteria:
Quality of Information - (Information clearly relates to the main topic. It includes several supporting details and/or examples. Outside
sources are peer-reviewed and reputable.)
20 pts.
Organization - (Has organized the material well: Summarizes the selected works appropriately and provides detailed comparisons in
discrete sections).
15 pts.
Content - (Writer uses evidence from the text to support claims, demonstrates attention to patterns or themes, and demonstrates close and
attentive reading of selected works. Critical approach is present and clear).
15 pts.
Total
50 pts