Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune Name of the Student Roll No Experiment No. Experiment Title Study Safety Precautions while working on Electrical Systems and Handling of Various Electrical Measuring Instruments. Date of performance Date of Completion Signature of Faculty Laboratory Continuous Assessment Rubric: SCALE DIMENSION 3 4 5 Did not Perform, submitted in time Performed and submitted later than scheduled date Performed on schedule; submitted two weeks late Performed and submitted as per schedule Neither shows any understanding of the objective nor can relate it to theory. Does not participate in experiment States objective vaguely Can only state the objective but shows poor understanding Performed on schedule; submitted one week late Understands objective but cannot place it in context of a theory Performs the experiment only with the help from supervisor/others and is confused and untidy. Performs the experiment with some supervisory help; but forgets some crucial reading and is confused and untidy. Performs experiment on own without supervisory help; records all readings properly but untidy. Cannot follow the procedure and do any work Follows procedure half-heartedly Follows right procedure; but cannot analyze data and interpret it Follows right procedure and can analyze data and interpret it Performs experiment on his/her own without supervisory help; records all readings properly. Keeps the setup clean and tidy. Follows right procedure; can analyze data and interpret it with justification 1 Regularity and punctuality Understanding and preparation for Objective Participation in performance and conduction of experiment Post experiment skills SCORE 2 the very Understands objective and can relate it to an appropriate theory topic Total Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune Title: STUDY OF SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND HANDLING OF INSTRUMENTS Aim: i) ii) Study of Safety precautions while working on Electrical Systems Study of various Electrical equipments such as Multimeter, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeter’s, Resistors ,Inductors and Capacitors Theory: "Electrical Energy" Electrical energy is widely used for domestic purposes. Even though it is very convenient to use electrical energy, it is absolutely essential to observe certain safety precautions while using this energy. Any negligence on the part of the user can cause serious accidents and subsequent loss of property and human life. Some of the safety precautions to be observed are listed below: The precautions differ according to the probable hazard. A) Precautions Against Bad Insulation: Insulation must be adequate and in good conditions since failure of insulation leads to various types of faults giving rise to risks of shock, fires and equipment damage. In case of domestic insulations damaged wirings should be replaced as soon as the insulating coating begins to harden and peel off due to ageing. B) Precautions Against Improper Earthing:To assure adequate protection, the resistance of the earth path must be below. If earthing is not effective there will be no isolation of the circuit (by blowing off the fuse) during the earth fault and the fault will persist for a longer period. This may damage the system and endanger human safety. Installation should have an efficient earthing electrode, which may have a form of a well-buried metal plate or an arrangement of tubes or rods driven vertically into the soil. Alternatively in city areas and underground water main system having metalto-metal joints forms a satisfactory earth. Earth connection should be always maintained in a satisfactory condition. Conduits or the metallic sheaths of wires should be electrically continuous and well earthed. The metallic casing of portable apparatus should be connected to the third pin of a three-pin plug, the corresponding socket being connected to earth. Use of two-pin plugs and sockets should be strictly avoided. C) General Precautions: The sockets should be fixed at a height beyond the reach of small children to ensure their safety. Before bringing the wiring installation in to use for the first time, it’s essential to ensure that all the fuses and switches are inserted in the phase (or live) wires only. For proper protection fuses with correct ratings must be used. The mains switch should be switched off before replacing any blown fuse. User must be equipped with rubber-soled footwear and should keep his/her hands dry while using any electrical device. Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune While cleaning any portable device such as table-fan, switch off the mains supply and also remove the plug from the socket. Plugs should never be removed by pulling the wires connected to them. In case of a fire, Switch off the mains immediately. Never use water to extinguish such a fire use fire extinguishers comprising of CO2(carbon-dioxide) SHOCK When in a state of shock, the patient may not have sufficient blood pumped through the body and his tissues may not get enough oxygen. If not promptly treated, the victim's heart will get weaker and begin to fail. If a person remains in shock too long, death could result even though the injury suffered may not be fatal in it. This is especially true of the aged and the weak. Symptoms: Pale, cold, and clammy skin; shallow and irregular breathing; weak and rapid pulse; dilated pupils; possibly beads of perspiration; a feeling of weakness and thirst; or none of these. Treatment: Have the patient lie down flat and Loosen any tight clothing, particularly about the neck. If there are no head or chest injuries or any difficulty in breathing, then raise the lower part of the body 8"-12". If the victim complains of pain over this, then discontinue this. Keep the victim warm (to prevent loss of body heat) but avoid sweating. Speak soothingly and reassuringly to the patient. Give him a feeling of confidence in you and in his own recovery. Speak calmly and matter-of-factly about what you are doing as you begin to do it. This will help to orient him. But do not disturb the patient with unnecessary questioning, movement, noise. Gentle stroking of the head (if it is not injured) or light, rhythmical massaging elsewhere is very soothing. Holding the hands or feet in a warm, reassuring way can help to bring a person back. Do not give water if the victim is unconscious or nauseated. Also, do not give water if medical care will arrive within 30 minutes. If medical care will be delayed longer than this, then give only small sips and not enough to cause nausea. When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the person is not breathing or does not have a pulse. CPR stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. 1) Compressions 2)Airway 3)Breathing Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune B) Study of Electrical Equipments The Knowledge of any parameters depends upon measurement. Measuring Instruments are used to monitor a process or operation. In Electrical System the basic quantities for any input/output of system are Voltage, Current, Power, Resistance. To measure these quantities we require measuring instruments in Laboratory which are as follows are i) Multimeters ii) Ammeters iii) Voltmeters iv) Wattmeter’s I ) Multimeters A multimeter is an instrument that allows us to make multiple electrical measurements using the same tool. We can use a multimeter as: A voltmeter to measure voltage An ammeter to measure current An ohmmeter to measure resistance There are two basic types of multimeters: digital multimeters and analog multimeters. Digital multimeters are superior to analog multimeters because of their better accuracy in measurements, sensitivity to very small changes in input voltages, and clear and easy-to-read displays. Multimeters can be used for testing batteries, household wiring, electric motors and power supplies. Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune Functions of Multimeter Hold Button: This button will "hold" whatever the meter reads after you have pressed it. This is a great feature if you need to remember the exact reading of what you're measuring or if you cannot see the multimeter whilst you're testing with the test lead or probes AC Voltage. This will be your most common setting for testing voltages around the home or work. Depending on where you live, you will typically measure between 100-240 volts AC. SHIFT: Hertz:Used to measure the frequency of your circuit or equipment. Different equipment and circuits are designed to operate at either fixed or variable frequency, so it's important you know that before you undertake your test. DC Voltage:The DC Voltage setting will enable you to test small electronic ciruits, indicator lights and batteries. 99% of the time you come across DC Voltage, it will be below 30 volts DC. Continuity: The meter will emit an audible tone when continuity is detected between two points. This is a fast and effective way for finding short circuits, or open circuits. Simply place one probe on one point, and another probe on another point and and your meter will give you a visual and audible signal. Direct Current :The same as Alternating Current (Number 13), but with Direct. Current Jack: Only to be used for measuring current amps with either a red test lead, or a dedicated clamp attachment. If you use a dedicated clamp meter, you will most likely not have this jack on your unit. Common Jack :Used for all tests and is only to be used with the black test lead. Range Button. Used to cycle between different ranges of your meter. Most meters have autoranging, but some have the option of selecting a specific range. For example, you may want to know what your Ohms reading is in mega-ohms. Brightness Button: Cycles the backlight of the display from dim, to bright. AC Millivolts: If you're testing a small ciruit on the AC Voltage setting and the reading is low, it's advised that you switch to the AC Millivolts setting to obtain a more accurate reading. SHIFT: DC Millivolts. If you're testing a small ciruit on the DC Voltage setting and the reading is low, it's advised that you switch to the DC Millivolts setting to obtain a more accurate reading. Ohms. This setting is used to measure the resistance, which is measured in ohms. The function on its own is called an ohmmeter. A great way to check the accuracy of your multi meter is to get a resistor that you know the resistance of and use the ohms setting to test the resistance. If it reads correctly, you can be sure that your DMM is accurate. The ohm setting also a quick and easy way to test the condition of fuses - if the meter reads OL, the you can be sure the fuse has blown. SAFETY NOTE: only test fuses with the ohms setting when they Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune are OUT of the circuit. Diode Test. The diode test setting is the most reliable way to test if your diodes are good or bad. The other way to test if a diode is functioning as it should involves using the Ohms setting, however it isn't as accurate as using a dedicated diode test. SHIFT: Capacitance. It is extremely important to note that some capacitors will have an electric charged stored in them, even after power has been turned off. Please ensure you safely discharge capacitors before measuring their capacitance. Alternating Current. Normally performed with the addition of a clamp attachment, the alternating current test is a must for tests such as how much load an appliance is drawing. Red Jack. Used for all tests besides current, including: voltage, resistance, frequency, diode, duty cycle, temperature, impedance and capacitance. II) Ammeters An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Selection of Ammeter depends upon the type of source (AC or DC). Select a proper range of Ammeter. It has ranges from Micro Ampere, Milli Ampere and Amperes. Range depends on our application that where we are using it When the ammeter resistance is low, almost all the current in the circuit is allowed to pass through the ammeter. That is the reason ammeter is connected in series. This allows the ammeter to accurately read the current in the circuit. If, on the other hand, the ammeter resistance was more, the ammeter would read a value lesser than the actual value flowing through the circuit. This is because, in this case, the ammeter itself would oppose the flow of current. III) Voltmeters A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. The unit of potential difference is volts. In order to measure the voltage, voltmeter should be connected in parallel. Parallel connection is used because a voltmeter is constructed in such a way that it has a very high value of resistance. So if that high resistance is connected in series than the current flow will be almost zero which means the circuit has become open. 1V) Wattmeter A wattmeter is an electrical instrument which is used to measure the electric power (in watts) of any electrical circuit. It consists of two coils i.e. pressure coil (parallel) and current coil (series). Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune As shown, The current coil is connected in series with the load so that the circuit current flows through it. Similar to the voltmeter circuit, the voltage coil is connected in parallel with the load. Both voltage and current coils will produce magnetic fields. These fields interact to each other and produce a deflecting torque on the voltage coil. The interacting fields are proportional to the circuit voltage(V) and current(I) respectively. So the produced deflecting torque is proportional to the product of circuit voltage and current. i.e VI which is nothing but circuit power. The Multiplication Factor (MF) of the wattmeter is: MF = (voltage range x current range)/(range of the wattmeter scale) For example, if the the voltage range is 150 V, the current range is 10 A and the scale range is 750 W, then the Multiplication Factor (MF) is (150 x 10)/750 = 2. Therefore, the actual power measurement is the scale reading multiplied by the Multiplication Factor (MF) which is 2 in this case. Wattmeter on DC circuits: For d.c. circuits, strictly speaking wattmeter is not necessary. As power in dc circuit is P=VI watt , that can be measured separately by a multimeter. Simply by multiplying V and I the power can then be calculated. But in AC circuit, this simple technique will not be applicable as we need to consider the power factor too ( P = VIcosΦ) Connection Diagram for Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter in a circuit. Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune C) Study of Basic Electrical Components ( loads) {R,L,C} Electronic elements that make up a circuit are connected together by conductors form a complete circuit. If these connecting conductors are ideal conductors (i.e. they have no resistance) then all parts of the circuit can be classified into two main categories depending on whether they deliver or absorb energy from the circuit. These are the active components and passive components. Active components: An active components supplies energy to an electric circuit, and hence has the ability to electrically control the flow of charge. Example: Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators Passive Components: A passive component can only receive energy, which it can either dissipate or absorb. Example: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors A) Resistance: A resistor is an electronic component which is used to resist the flow of current. When current flows through the resistor, the electrical energy is absorbed by the resistor and dissipated in form of heat. Resistance is measured in Ohms ( Ω). Symbol of Resistance is given below Examples: Conventional Domestic Fans, Electrical Heaters, Electric Kettles and Iron, Fuses ,Resistors are used in laptop and mobile phones. B) Capacitors: Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source. The amount of voltage/charge that a capacitor can hold is referred to as its capacitance. This is a value measured in Farads. Symbol of capacitor : Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune Examples: Audio and Radio circuits, Timing Circuits, Once charged a capacitor has the ability to store a lot of energy and discharge it when needed. One of the most familiar uses of this ability is in a camera flash, Filter Applications C) Inductors: An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. As a result of the magnetic field associated with the current flow, inductors generate an opposing voltage proportional to the rate of change in current in a circuit.This property of an inductor is known as Inductance. Denoted By ‘L’ and measured in Henry . An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core. Symbol of inductor is given by . Example: Inductors are used in Tuning circuits, Transformers, Chokes, Relays, Windings of motor. Conclusion: Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune QUESTIONS: 1. What are the various treatments if a person gets electrical shock? 2. Explain the Use of Fire Extinguisher? 3. Give real life examples of Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors 4. Why is multi range use in Instruments? Electrical Engineering Dept BEE Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering, Pune Electrical Engineering Dept BEE