SBI 4U1 EXAM REVIEW Please note: this exam review IS NOT COMPLETE. It does not review the diagrams or reaction pathways (in full) that you must know for the exam. It is just a set of questions to help you review the CONTENT for your final exam while you are studying. Please use them to test your knowledge and to COMPLIMENT your studying routine for the exam. You should review unit tests and quizzes as well for thinking, application and communication type questions. DO NOT TAKE THIS REVIEW AS A VERBATIM LIST OF EVERYTHING THAT IS ON THE EXAM!!! UNIT 1 AND 2: BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM 1. What organelle does a plant cell possess that an animal cell doesn’t? 2. A muscle cell would most likely to have a large number of which organelle and why? 3. Which macromolecule is used as a primary energy source by living things? 4. Which macromolecule acts as the primary building block for structure by living things? 5. Metabolism is actually the sum total of which two processes? Identify specifically what each one involves. 6. What is the difference between the SER and RER? Which one would have the higher concentration of RNA and why? 7. What is the main structural component of a cellular membrane? 8. Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction reactions 9. What is the general term given to the movement of particles across the cellular membrane that requires energy? 10. Name 3 important functions of cellular membranes. 11. What is the significance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic activity in proteins? 12. Name the 4 levels of structure in proteins and what causes them. 13. What differentiates the structure of a steroid from a carbohydrate like glucose? 14. Describe the basic structure of a triglyceride 15. What is the main functional group that is essential to protein structure? 16. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 17. Why are molecules like cholesterol important in the cellular membrane? 18. Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model 19. Describe the form and function of a glycoprotein in a cellular membrane 20. Compare a transmembrane protein to a cell surface protein a. A channel protein must be which of the two? 21. What is the “lock and key” mechanism in an enzyme or cell surface receptor? 22. Enzymes usually have which level of protein structure, minimally? 23. In regard to enzymes, define: substrate, product 24. If you increase the concentration of a substrate without increasing the concentration of an enzyme, does this speed up enzymatic function? Explain. 25. What is an allosteric site? 26. Describe the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a non-competitive inhibitor 27. What phenomenon does passive transport depend upon in order to transport substances? 28. A solution has a concentration of 1.0 mmol/L. a. A solution with an identical concentration is described as this b. A solution with a higher concenetration is described as this c. A solution with a lower concentration is described as this 29. An animal cell and a plant cell are placed in a hypertonic solution. Compare and contrast what will happen to these two types of cells in this situation. 30. How is a golgi body different from a SER? 31. Name the processes by which subunits in macromolecules are polymerized (put together) and separated. What important molecule is involved? 32. Can the processes listed in question 31 occur without enzymes? Explain why or why not. 33. Why can macromolecules like proteins and DNA denature when heat, acid, base or salts are added into the solutions containing them? a. How does this fact affect enzymatic function in living things? 34. What molecule acts as the final energy “currency” in cells? 35. Compare and contrast: endocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis. What type of transport are these processes classified as? 36. In what order are the major macromolecules processed for energy? 37. What is cellular respiration? How is it related to photosynthesis? Write the equation that links the processes. a. For the equation listed, identify each process that produces/uses the product/reactant. 38. Where do the following processes occur in a cell? a. Glycolysis b. Pyruvate oxidation c. Kreb’s cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) d. ETC 39. Why must the ETC occur where it does? 40. What is the main purpose, in the sum big picture of cellular respiration, of each of the processes? a. Glycolysis b. Pyruvate oxidation c. CAC d. ETC 41. In glycolysis, name the main function of each of these enzymes: a. Kinase b. Isomerise c. Mutase 42. Which enzyme is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis? 43. How many molecules of pyruvate are produced per molecule of glucose? Review the carbon count to defend your answer. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. What happens during Pyruvate oxidation? How many times does the CAC run through for each molecule of glucose? What molecule is produced as a waste by-product during CAC? What type of chemical reaction occurs throughout glycolysis, PO, CAC and ETC? How many enzymes participate in the ETC? What is the name of the enzyme that actually produces ATP? What does the ETC make use of in order to power the enzyme in question 49? How many of H+ ions are pumped across the membrane per enzyme? a. Based on this number, how many H+ are pumped across per NADH? FADH2? b. How many H+ are required to power the production of one ATP? c. Based on this, how many ATP are produced per NADH or FADH2? 52. Which part of the mitochondria are the H+ pumped into? Which part are the ATP produced in? 53. What is the final count of ATP produced per glucose molecule? Break down the numbers by reviewing what happens to the products and reaction of each step. 54. What is anaerobic respiration? 55. Name the types of respiration that are seen in microbes like bacteria. How will these bacteria settle if placed into a test tube containing glucose? 56. What is gluconeogenesis? 57. Where does photosynthesis take place? Outline the anatomy of this organelle. 58. Compare and contrast the ETC and the photosynthetic ETC. 59. What type of chemical reactions occur in photosynthesis? 60. What are the two major divisions in non-cylic photophosphorylation? 61. What is the purpose of light in the photosynthetic ETC? 62. Why are plants green? 63. What is the source of electrons for the photosynthetic ETC? 64. What picks up the electrons at the end of the ETC? How is this fundamentally different from the ETC in mitochondria? 65. What happens to the electrons in photosystem II? 66. What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle? 67. How is it related to glycolysis? 68. Plants must take in a specific substance from the air outside them in order to produce glucose in the Calvin cycle. a. What is this substance? b. What is this process called? 69. What makes the Calvin cycle and glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle DIFFERENT from each other? UNIT 3: HOMEOSTASIS (Remember to review all associated anatomical diagrams) Endocrine system 1. What is homeostasis? 2. What type of control system regulates body temperature? (Relate this to the two types of control methods seen in endocrine systems) 3. A solution with a given concentration is poured into a container with a smaller volume. Does this change its concentration? Explain why or why not. 4. What is the functional unit of a kidney? 5. What is the difference between absorption and secretion? 6. Regarding the two structural regions of the kidney, the cortex and the medulla: a. What is different about them, in regard to kidney function? b. Why do these differences exist? 7. Regarding nutrients filtered into the nephron: a. Where are they reabsorbed? b. Which nutrients are reabsorbed? 8. How does the kidney participate in pH balance of blood? 9. How is water absorption controlled? 10. What are the two major pathways for regulation of water balance in the kidneys? 11. Regarding kidney function and the cardiovascular system: a. Why are they closely linked? b. How does hypertension (increased overall blood pressure) affect kidney function? 12. Which part of the nephron is affected by drugs such as diuretics? 13. Describe how salt is reabsorbed as you move through the nephron. Relate the movement of water to this as well. 14. Regarding hormones: a. What is a hormone? b. What is the difference between a protein and steroid hormone? 15. What are the characteristics of an endocrine gland? 16. What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? 17. Copy the table below, and fill in the table with the hormones from this unit. (NOTE: HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-axis) Name of System/axis it Antagonistic Triggered by Secreted from Acts upon Effect of hormone belongs to or HPA? hormone 18. What is the significance of the anterior pituitary gland in the endocrine system? 19. What is the difference between an antagonistic pathway and a hypothalamic-pituitary axis? 20. What is the difference between the short term and long term stress response? 21. How is the menstrual cycle linked to the female reproductive hormones? 22. Describe how diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are caused by deficiencies in the endocrine system. 23. Explain what happens to your blood sugar levels after lunch and before dinner. (Assuming no snacking in between) 24. List and explain the major symptoms in hyper and hypothyroidism. What are the possible causes of this? 25. Which hormones affect growth and development in children? 26. Describe what is happening to a person who just swallowed a calcium supplement. Nervous system 1. What is the main purpose of our nervous system? 2. Differentiate between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) pathways 3. Draw the hierarchy that describes how the nervous system is divided 4. Regarding the CNS and the PNS: a. What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS? b. Why is damage to the CNS much more difficult (or impossible) to repair compared to damage to the PNS? 5. Regarding “white” and “grey” matter in the nervous system: a. What is “white” and “grey” matter? b. How are the cells that make up this matter named differently in the CNS and the PNS? 6. Regarding the autonomic nervous system: a. Is it more or less important than the voluntary nervous system? b. How is it linked to the endocrine system? 7. How is white matter and grey matter divided differently in the brain vs. the spinal cord? 8. Review the lobes of the brain 9. Review the structure of the spinal cord 10. Regarding reflex arcs: a. How does it work? b. What is its purpose? 11. Describe a neuron and the different types of neurons 12. Regarding action potentials: a. What is a voltage gated ion channel? b. What is resting membrane potential? c. What maintains this potential? d. What happens to membrane potential during an action potential? e. What causes this to happen? f. What is the refractory period? 13. Regarding myelin: a. What is it? b. What is its purpose? 14. What is “summation”? 15. How are more complex messages (other than “on” and “off”) from neurons processed? For example, how does your brain tell you that you are touching something warm rather than something hot that can damage your skin? 16. Regarding the synaptic cleft: a. What are neurotransmitters? b. Why are they necessary? c. What happens when neurotransmitters reach the post-synaptic cell? UNIT 4 MOLECULAR GENETICS What is: a. A gene? b. A genome? 2. How is a gene organized? 3. Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA 4. How does DNA fold into a chromosome? (Make sure you use the following terms: nucleosome, histone, chromatin) 5. Why does DNA fold into a chromosome? 6. Complete the following chart: Name of experimenters Description of experiment Outcome of experiment Contribution to knowledge of DNA 7. How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA different? 8. What does “semi-conservative” mean in regard to DNA replication? 9. What is a replication fork? 10. What does “ 5 ’- 3’ “ mean? 11. Complete the following table to describe the enzymes involved in DNA replication: Name of enzyme Function 12. What are Okazaki fragments? 13. Compare and contrast the leading vs. the lagging strand. Why are the replication process on these two strands DIFFERENT? 14. What are telomeres? Specify which strand they are found on. 15. Where does: a. Transcription take place? b. Translation take place? 16. List the steps of transcription 17. What is the purpose of a promoter? 18. List the ways that mRNA can be altered after transcription 19. Describe: a. ribosomal structure b. tRNA structure 1. 20. List the steps of translation 21. What is: a. an operon? b. The operator region? 22. Compare and contrast the lac and the trp operon 23. How is gene expression controlled? 24. What causes mutations? 25. Differentiate between the following types of mutations: frameshift, misssense, nonsense, point, insertion, deletion, translocation 26. How can mutations cause cancer? UNIT 5 POPULATION DYNAMICS 1. Regarding counting populations: a. What is the difference between a population count and population density? b. Which is more important in studying ecology and why? 2. What is the basic formula for determining population density? 3. What is the difference between crude and ecological density? 4. What factors affect the population density of a given organism? 5. Differentiate between: clumped, random and uniform distribution patterns for population 6. Why do biologists have to resort to sampling in order to get an idea of population? 7. How do you minimize error in sampling to get an accurate description of population within an area? 8. What is the Mark-recapture method? 9. What is biotic potential? 10. What is: a. Immigration? b. Emigration? c. Mortality? d. Natality? 11. How do you calculate population growth? Specify the equation 12. Describe the three types of population growth using graphs 13. What is an abiotic or biotic factor? Give examples of each 14. What is “k”? 15. What is a density dependent vs. density independent factor? Give examples of each 16. Differentiate between a community and a population 17. Differentiate between inter vs. intraspecies population 18. Differentiate between interference vs. exploitative competition 19. What is: a. an ecological niche? b. A fundamental niche? c. Realized niche? d. Resource partitioning? 20. What is the predator and prey relationship? 21. In regard to symbiosis: a. What is it? b. What are the different types? c. What is the opposite of symbiosis? 22. What is an invasive species?
