Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale and Background of the Study
Various solid wastes in our country have been great problem to our government and environment.
One example is the various fish bones found in markets, fish ports and etc. It makes the surroundings
smells bad and can harm to your health. It also serves as silt for reproduction of flies and other oilcausing insects, which are carriers of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
This information brought the idea to the researchers to use the fish bones of various kinds as raw
material for ceramic tile making. Due to its high concentration of calcium, the proponents therefore
would like to substitute it for the main material in ceramic tile making.
1.2 Conceptual Framework
Various solid wastes in our country have been great problem to our government and environment.
One example is the various fish bones found in markets, fish ports and etc. It makes the surroundings
smells bad and can harm to your health. It also serves as silt for reproduction of flies and other oilcausing insects, which are carriers of disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
This information brought the idea to the researchers to use the fish bones of various kinds as raw
material for ceramic tile making. Due to its high concentration of calcium, the proponents therefore
would like to substitute it for the main material in ceramic tile making.
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1.3 Research Paradigm
INPUT
Gathering of materials to be
used in making a ceramic tile.
PROCESS
Mold making, molding and
drying, glaze preparation,
glaze application, firing
technology
OUTPUT
Ceramic tile made with
various fish bones.
Figure 1.1 This figure shows the process on how to make and what will be the output of it. The
framework shows what to be gathered, the process to be followed and what will be the desired output.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
The main objective of the study is to investigate the feasibility of the various fish bones as base for
ceramic tile making.
With this, the researchers undertook the study to address the following problems:
1.) Can various fish bones be an alternative material in ceramic production?
2.) Can various fish bones make tiles more durable than the commercial tiles?
3.) How durable the fish bone tiles?
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study

Various fish bones are qualified as an alternative material in ceramic production.

Tiles made from various fish bones are more durable than the commercial tiles.
1.6 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to lessen the wastes that the fish bones contribute in the
environment by using it as an alternative main ingredient in making ceramic tile.
Specific Objectives
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
To determine if using various fish bones be effective as an alternative

Minimize the contamination of our environment from the wastes
1.7 Significance of the Study
The results of the study will hopefully enhance the knowledge about the making of ceramic tile
using various kinds of fish bones to lessen the wastes it can contribute in our environment.
The study is deemed significant to the following:
Students. The study will help the students to know that there are alternative ways to make a fish
bone tiles.
Community. The study will help the community that tiles made from various fish bone is more
durable and cheaper that the common tiles.
Researchers. The study gives them the idea to enhance their skills and competence as well.
Future Researchers. The study will guide and help them in the conduct of parallel studies for the
futrure.
1.8 Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The focus of the study is the utilization of various kinds of fish bones as raw material for ceramic
tiles. The process of making ceramic tile making including tests on properties such as impact strength and
porosity are therefore incorporated in the study. It will take one to two months.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Alternative is different from the usual or conventional materials known by the users.
Ceramic the art of making objects by shaping pieces of clay and then baking them until they are
hard.
Fishbone includes the bony, delicate parts of the skeleton of bony fish, such as ribs and fin rays,
but especially the ossification of connective tissue lying transversely inclined backwards to the ribs between
the muscle segments and having no contact with the spine.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
RELATED LITERATURE
Fish bone
Fish bone is any bone of a fish. Fish bone also includes the bony, delicate parts of the skeleton of
bony fish, such as ribs and fin rays, but especially the ossification of connective tissue lying transversely
inclined backwards to the ribs between the muscle segments and having no contact with the spine.
Calcium is known to be an essential element required for numerous functions in the bodies including
the strengthening of teeth and bones, nerve function, and many enzymatic reactions that require calcium as
a cofactor. It is also necessary for muscle contraction and regulation of the permeability of sodium ion
across cell membranes including those of nerve cells. In various industries such as food, electronics, leather,
and others, calcium originates from dolomite, bone meal, and oyster shell, and is utilized as an important
ingredient. This chapter focuses on the biochemical property of fish bone and the utilization of fish bone as
a calcium supplement or fortifier. Fish bone consists of both organic and inorganic (mineral) parts. Ninety
percent of organic components in the bone matrix are composed of type I collagen, and the remaining 10%
consist of non-collageneous proteins such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, fibronectin,
thrombospondin, proteoglycan I/II, and growth factors. These molecules are produced by osteoblast-like
cells and their functions are related to bone formation and cell attachment.
Ceramic tile
Ceramic tile is a tile made from clay that has been permanently hardened by heat, often having a
decorative glaze.
Ceramic tiles have quickly become one of the most popular types of materials used in a home but
often times home owners don’t understand exactly what they are. Ceramic tile is made up of sand, natural
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products, and clays and once it has been moulded into shape they are then fired in a kiln. When making
ceramic tiles they can either be glazed or unglazed, but the majority of homeowners have glazed ceramic
tiles in their home. With their increasing popularity, there are hundreds of different designs of ceramic
tiles. If you are considering changing your flooring, it is important to consider the advantages associated
with using these tiles in your home.
Tiles containing up to 20 mass-% crushed and fired fish bone were prepared from starting materials
characterized with respect to their chemical composition and X-ray diffraction and thermal properties.
The effects of added fish bone ash were studied by measuring the physical, mechanical and thermal
properties of sintered tile bodies. Results revealed that replacement of potash feldspar by fish bone ash
in the tiles accelerated formation of anorthite phase and hindered the creation of mullite. The tested
samples also had lower thermal expansion than conventional tiles, and displayed increased porosity and
decreased bulk density as their fish bone ash content increased.
Related Studies
Taking calcium carbonate alone in the form of a tablet or supplement is not fully effective in
preventing reducing bone loss and risk of fractures and also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Thus, there is growing interest in creating calcium-fortified foods to aid consumers in meeting their daily
calcium intake requirements. Fish bone powder produced by United Fisheries was compared to calcium
carbonate for bioavailability and function in a series of rat models. Calcium carbonate is the standard
reference calcium source for digestibility studies. The fish bone powder product was comprised of
approximately 25% calcium, 13% phosphorus, 25% protein, and 14% collagen, with the remainder being
other minerals. It was thus a more complex mixture than calcium carbonate, a simple calcium-containing
compound commonly sourced from marine organism shells, rocks, and agricultural lime. The fish bone
powder product was tested in three animal models: adolescent rats, adult rats, and post-menopausal rats.
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In young growing male rats fed diets containing fish bone powder or calcium carbonate for four
weeks, the fish bone powder product matched calcium carbonate in bioavailability. Both absorption of
calcium from the gut and retention of calcium within the body were as high with fish bone powder as with
the standard calcium carbonate. Similarly, the function of the absorbed calcium from fish bone in laying
down new bone was as effective in adolescent rats compared to calcium carbonate.
Mineral densities in the spine and femur, as well as in the combined bones in the whole body, were
similar in the two test groups. The fish bone powder did not adversely affect growth of the adolescent rats
or other health parameters. Both fish bone powder and calcium carbonate-fed rats ate and grew at the same
rate, doubling their body weights within four weeks, and had matching levels of lean mass (>80%). In
mature normal adult female rats, the same comparable efficacy was observed for the fish bone powder
compared to calcium carbonate.
Adult rats fed diets containing fish bone powder or calcium carbonate for three months ate similar
amounts of food (251 vs 254 kJ per day) and maintained their body weights at similar rates. As expected,
most of the weight gain experienced by these sedentary adult female rats was in the form of fat mass rather
than lean mass. The rate of gain in bone mineral density in the rats fed fish bone powder was similar in the
spine, which is the key location where loss of bone mineral density correlates with the development of
osteoporosis. Bone mineral density gain in the femur and whole body of fish bone powder -fed rats was
slightly greater than the comparative calcium carbonate-fed rats. In adult female rats, osteoporosis begins
to develop if the ovaries are surgically removed and oestrogen levels drop, mimicking menopause. This is
observed in both a loss of bone mineral density and a rise in the plasma levels of the bone turnover marker
known as CTX-1. The CTX-1 blood levels in rats post-ovariectomy were nearly double those of rats that
did not undergo surgery, as expected. Likewise, rats lost spine bone mineral density within 4 weeks after
ovariectomy, unlike rats that did not undergo surgery (sham). Both the rate of CTX-1 increase and the rate
of bone loss after ovariectomy were similar in rats fed fish bone powder compared to calcium carbonate.
The amount of food offered to the female rats was limited to the recommended maintenance level, so there
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was no more than 10% difference in kilojoule intake between ovariectomised rats and their non-surgical
counterparts. However, whereas the non-surgical rats gained 6% of their body weight over 14 weeks, the
ovariectomised rats gained 21% of their body weight, due to the change in metabolism induced by
menopause. Interestingly, the presence of fish bone powder in the diet slowed the rate of gain in fat mass
and significantly increased the rate of gain in lean mass in the ovariectomised rats without affecting food
intake. In the three animal studies conducted at Massey University, the United Fisheries fish bone powder
was equivalent to calcium carbonate as a dietary source of calcium when incorporated into food. The
calcium in the fish bone powder product was highly bioavailable and was comparable to calcium carbonate
in producing new bone during adolescence. In normal adults, the calcium present in the fish bone powder
was equivalent or superior to calcium carbonate in maintaining bone mineral density. In post-menopausal
females, the fish bone powder calcium matched calcium carbonate in limiting bone loss. Additionally, the
research conducted on the fish bone powder demonstrated a bioactive property that improved lean mass
gain and reduced fat mass in the post-menopausal female. It is likely that this effect was due at least in part
to the proteins and/or collagen in the fish bone powder product that are not present in calcium carbonate.
The United Fisheries fish bone powder is suitable for use to fortify food products with calcium as an
alternative to calcium carbonate, and may provide additional health benefits that calcium carbonate alone
does not.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter present the Research Design, Locale of the Study, Data Gathering Procedure and Data
Gathering Instrument that will be utilized by the researchers in conducting the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative Research was used in this study. This method makes use of interview to gathered data and
information. The researchers used the Descriptive method, and the result to be describe the experiences of
Experts.
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
The location of the study was conducted at the town of Tapuac, Dagupan City particularly at the Lyceum
Northwestern University in Tapuac, Dagupan City.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researchers made a letter to be send to the experts to get information from them. The letter was made
to make the data gathering formal.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
The researchers search some examples about the ceramic tiles made from fish bone to the internet and
asked some question to the experts on the subject.
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