PLUMBING PRACTICAL
PowerHouse Review Center
Master Plumber Review
What is a plumbing system?
Plumbing includes all
the piping and fixtures
that provide water for
drinking, cooking,
bathing, and laundry; as
well as a means of
disposing of
wastewater. (Yuck!)
Putting in a plumbing system takes a lot of
thought………………….
When a house is being built, plumbers and
carpenters must work together so the
frame of the house is prepared for
plumbing to be put in.
Plumbing can be dangerous, so there are
codes that must be followed in order to
keep everyone safe.
A code is a set of rules that can be
enforced by law!!!
Some Common Colds Codes
1. UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code)
2. BOCA (Basic Builders Code)
3. IBOC (International Conference of Building
Officials)
4. NPC (National Plumbing Code)
5. SPCCI (Standard Plumbing Code)
**Local codes usually adopt all or parts of the UPC or
other plumbing codes. Once adopted, codes can be
enforced by law!!
In the plumbing
business, errors
cost money, so you
better know your
stuff!!!
There are 2 Types of Plumbing
Systems
1) Water Supply System
2) Drainage, Waste, and Venting (DWV)
Water Supply System
• Distributes water under pressure throughout
the structure for drinking, bathing, cooking,
and laundry.
• This is a 2 pipe system.
• One pipe carries cold water, and the other hot
water.
DWV
• Carries away wastewater and solid waste
from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries.
• This subsystem is not under pressure, and
must be properly vented to prevent
wastewater form entering the drinking water
supply.
What is the difference between a
valve, a fixture, and a faucet?
Valves
Devices that control the
flow of water in the
water supply system.
They are installed at
certain places on the
lines so that water can
be shut off easily.
Faucets
Valves that permit
controlled amounts of
water as needed for use
in a building.
They deliver water to
sinks, showers, and
bathtubs, but can also
deliver water to a hose
or bucket.
Fixtures
Water-using devices
such as sinks, bathtubs,
urinals, stools, or
showers.
They are attached to the
plumbing system and
receive water from the
supply system.
PLUMBING FIXTURES &
APPLIANCES
Plumbing Fixtures
Definition:
Receptacles which are used to provide, receive
and discharge water, liquid and water-carried
wastes into a drainage system with which they
are connected to
Classifications:
Soil
Water Closets
Urinals
Slop Sinks
Scullery
Kitchen Sinks
Laundry Tubs
Bar Sinks
Bathing
Lavatories
Bathtubs
Shower Baths
Bidets
Foot/Sitz Tub
Shower Receptors
Shower Compartments
Soil Fixtures
Setting:
WATER CLOSET
Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Water closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m
Types:
According to Type of Flushing
Flush Tank water closets
Direct Flush Valve
( DFV water closets)
-Flushing action can be obtained
directly from a flush valve
connected into the bowl
Soil Fixtures
According to Flush Tank Types
Integral Flush Tank
Close Coupled Flush Tank
Low Flush Tank
High Flush Tank
Soil Fixtures
According to Mounting
Floor Mounted
Wall Hung
Soil Fixtures
According to Flushing Action
Wash Down
-
Flushes through a simple
wash down action
-
Discharges waste into a
trapway located at the front
of the bowl
-
Has a bulge on the front
-
Has a small amount of
standing water
Cost less but is least
efficient and noisiest
-
Soil Fixtures
Reverse Trap
-
Flushes through a siphon
action created in the trapway
Siphon Jet
-
Has a larger trapway
making it less likely to clog
-
Quieter flushing action
Retains a large amount of
standing water
Soil Fixtures
Siphon Vortex
-
Less noisy and very
efficient
- Flushing action is started
by a whirlpool motion
followed by a complete
flush down
- Retains a large amount of
standing water
Direct Flush Valve
-
flushing action is obtained
directly from a flush valve
connected into the bowl
Soil Fixtures
Other Types of Water Closets
Squat Type
Washout
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures
Minimum Requirements for Water Closets
OCCUPANCY
MIN. WC
KIND & NO. OF USERS
Dwelling or Apartment
1
family
Elementary Schools
1
2
1
for 1-20 persons
For 21-50 persons
per additional 50 persons
Assembly Places
(Theaters and Auditoriums- for
public use)
1
2
3
3
4
8
1
2
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 1-50 females
per 51-100 females
per 101-200 females
per additional 500 males over 400
per additional 300 females over 400
Dormitories
1
1
1
per 10 males
per 8 females
per additional 25 males, 20 females
Industrial
1
2
3
4
5
1
per 1 - 10 persons
for 11 - 25 persons
for 26 - 50 persons
for 51 - 75 persons
for 76 - 100 persons
per additional 30 persons in excess of 100
Soil Fixtures
Types:
Wall Hung
Pedestal
Through
Stall
URINALS
Soil Fixtures
Setting:
Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Flushing:
Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks.
(NPC 408.1)
Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a
predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled
flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC
408.2)
Soil Fixtures
Minimum Requirements for Urinals
OCCUPANCY
Schools:
Elementary
Secondary
MIN. #
KIND & NO. OF USERS
1
1
per 75 males
per 35 males
Office or Public Building
1
2
3
4
1
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 401-600 males
For each additional 300 males
Assembly Places
( Theaters and auditoriums)for public use)
1
2
3
4
1
per 1-100 males
per 101-200 males
per 201-400 males
per 401-600 males
For each additional 500 males
Dormitories
1
1
Per 25 males
per 50 males in excess of 150
Industrial and Commercial
0
0
Scullery Fixtures
Materials:
KITCHEN SINK
Stainless Steel
Cast Iron Enamel
Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel
Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.
Scullery Fixtures
LAUNDRY TUBS
Materials:
Cement or Cement with Tiles
Porcelain
SLOP SINKS
Where janitors clean & leave their mops
BAR SINKS
Scullery Fixtures
LAVATORIES
Types:
Pedestal
Wall Hung
Pullman or Counter
Through
Bathing Fixtures
BATHTUBS
WHIRLPOOL
BATHS
with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump
circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the
trap
pump and circulation piping shall be self draining
Brand Name of
luxury type bathtubs
JACUZZIS
Bathing Fixtures
BIDETS
Used for cleaning private parts
Sometimes referred to as
female urinals
Setting:
Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m
Bathing Fixtures
FLOOR DRAINS
With approved-type hinged strainer plate
having the sum of the areas of the small
holes of the waterway equal to the crosssectional area of the tailpiece
Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around
the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to
provide a watertight joint in the floor
SHOWER RECEPTORS
Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope.
Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.
For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
Bathing Fixtures
SHOWER BATHS/
COMPARTMENTS
Metal enclosure containing
shower head, valves and faucets
Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be
capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle.
This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain
to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture
valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than
4.9 m apart.
PLUMBING MATERIALS &
FITTINGS
PLUMBING PIPES
APPROVED MATERIALS – marked for identification
• Embossed/Stamped
– brass/copper fittings
• Molded
– plastic fittings
• Indelible Marking
– colored stripe/indelible letters
– RED STRIPE
– type M Copper (Rigid)
– BLUE STRIPE
– type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid)
– GREEN STRIPE – type K Copper
– YELLOW STRIPE – Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper
NOTE:
Pipe and fittings for Potable Water – lead content of not more than 8%
Solder (join pipe/fittings) – may not contain 0.2% lead
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
• ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
– for pressure-rated potable water use
– inexpensive
– resists chemical attack
• Asbestos Cement Pipe
– water mains
• Brass Pipe
– metallic, threaded pipe (used for both Water Service and
Water Distribution)
• Cast Iron Pipe
– not used for individual water supplies
– “ductile pipe” for water mains
Cast Iron
Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 600 cm
Diameters: 50-150mm
SPIGOT
HUB
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
2 Types:
SV type -
generally used; for building installations
XV type -
extra duty; for underground installations
Cast Iron
4 Varieties:
Standard Pipe
Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe
Hubless Pipe
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
• Copper Pipe
– copper tubing
– copper pipe with or without threads
– gray color code for water service use
• Copper Tubing
– soft copper or rolls (water-service)
– rigid (water distribution)
• Standard has a specific ID and OD
• Extra Heavy and Double extra heavy have heavier walls,
although the OD remains the same the ID changes.
Disadvantages of Copper Tubing
• High initial cost
• High degree of expansion
• Bad taste and green stains if the water is
slightly acidic
Classification of Copper Tubing
1. Type K
thickest/heaviest
2. Type L
middle
3. Type M
thinnest/lightest
Joining of Copper Tubing
Copper pipe may be joined in three ways:
1. Soldering
2. Flaring
3. Compression
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
• cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
– white or cream colored plastic pipe for water
distribution
– buff colored thermoplastic
– light, easy to handle, resists cracks
– good for freezing conditions
– suitable for piping hot water
– Rating of 180 degrees Fahrenheit and 100 psi
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
• Galvanized Steel Pipe
– with threaded fittings for water distribution
– problem: rust
• PB (Polybutylene)
– rolled coils or straight lengths
– flexible, allowing for easy installation
– connections made with compression fittings
– Blue color – water service use
– Gray color – water service or water distribution
WATER SERVICE MATERIALS
• PE (Polyethylene)
– black or bluish for water services
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
–
–
–
–
drain or vent pipe
white
CWL (Cold Water Line) only
has lower thermal expansion that makes long runs
easier to control
– Joined with a two-step primer/solvent and suitable
fittings
WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE
• Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 °F
• Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce
the pressure to no more than 80 psi
•
•
•
•
BRASS PIPE – once popular
COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice)
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – subject to rust problems
POLYBUTYLENE (PB) – ease of installation
– resistance due to splitting caused by freezing conditions
– low cost
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
• Range from 1 ½” – 4” diameter
• ABS
– black or gray color
– Schedule 40 (used above or below ground or joined by
solvent-weld cement)
– extremely durable or can take hard abuse without
breaking or cracking
• ALUMINUM TUBING
– above-ground use only
– joined by mechanical joints
– coated to prevent corrosive action
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
• BOROSILICATE GLASS
– used above or below ground or underground
– heavy-schedule of pipe
• BRASS PIPE
– rarely used
• CAST IRON PIPE (CIP)
–
–
–
–
–
hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead)
hubless (jointed with mechanical joints – rubber coupling)
referred to as SOIL PIPE
service weight pipe
extra heavy pipe
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
• COPPER PIPE
– thin-walled with yellow marking
– time-consuming to install
– used above or below ground
• GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE
– not to be installed closer than 6” to the earth
• LEAD PIPE
– limited to above-grade installations
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
– white with rating of Schedule 40
– become brittle in cold weather
DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE
Used for Building Sewer:
•
•
•
•
•
•
ABS
Cast Iron
Vitrified Clay
PVC
Concrete
Asbestos Cement
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS
• Interior or Underground (for storm sewer)
• INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ABS
DWV Copper
Type L Copper
Asbestos Cement
Cast Iron
Vitrified Clay
Brass
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS
• INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE (continue)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Galvanized
PVC
Type M Copper
Type K Copper
Bituminized Fiber
Concrete
Aluminum
Lead
Black Steel
STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS
• SUBSOIL DRAINS
– Asbestos Cement
– Vitrified Clay
– Cast Iron
– Bituminized Fiber
– PVC
– PE
SUMMARY
•
•
•
•
Copper
Cast Iron
Black Steel
Galvanized Steel
•
•
•
•
• ABS
• PVC
•
•
• cPVC
• Polyethylene Pipe
•
•
Hot and Cold water lines
Large sewage
Liquid not used very often
Zinc covered, used for water
outdoor lines
Underground application
Sewage in house, Cold water
outside
Hot water application
Black Plastic, Cold water only,
Pump installation, Surface and
Underground, Replaces copper
and PVC
METHOD OF JOINTING PIPES
•
•
•
•
•
Caulking
Threading
Flanging
Soldering
Welding
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
• PIPE NIPPLE
– piece of pipe lesser than 12” length
– threaded on both ends
– more than 12” – Cut Pipe
a. Close – when fittings or valves are to be joined very
close to each other
b. Short – small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)
c. Long – larger amount of bare pipe exists
• PIPE COUPLING
– materials: Wrought iron, Cast metal, Brass
– Extension Piece – male threaded at one end
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
• RETURN BENDS
– Back
– Side
• TEES
– branch of 90 degrees or right angles
• PLUG
–
–
–
–
–
–
closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread
square head
four-sided counter-sunk head – (small size)
hexagon-head – (larger sizes)
1/8” – 12”
Ground-joint union
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
• BUSHINGS
– connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of a larger
size
– reducing or enlarging fitting
• ELBOWS
–
–
–
–
to change the direction of a pipe
45°/90°
– gas, water, steam
22 ½°/60°
– special angles
CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8” 22 ½° 60°
11 ¼°
45°
90°
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
• CAPS
– closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded
– plain and flat band
– beaded caps
• FLANGE
– for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines
• WYE
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
90 degree
Slip Elbow
45 degree
Slip Elbow
PVC Slip
Tee
PVC Male
Adaptor
PVC
Threaded
Tee
Brass
Connector
COMMON JOINT MATERIALS
Teflon Tape – used to wrap
around threads to prevent
leaking
Pipe Cement Solvent – used to
assemble PVC, cPVC and ABS pipes
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
End Feed Fittings (E/F)
End feed fittings, are fittings where the solder is manually fed in from the end of the
fitting during soldering.
All pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before heating with a
blow torch and the application of solder
15mm End Feed Coupler
15mm End Feed Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Integral Solder Ring (Yorkshire)
Yorkshire fittings (Yorkshire is a trade name) already contain a ring solder inside
them
All pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before
heating evenly with a blow torch until the solder is seen to melt
15mm Integral Solder Ring
Coupler
15mm x 15mm x 15mm Integral
Solder Ring Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Compression Fittings (COMP)
Compression fittings use a nut and olive (copper, brass or rubber compression
ring) to make a water tight seal between the fitting and the pipe. All pipes used
must be clean and free from burrs before assembly. A suitable sealing paste
should also be applied before the joints are tightened using a wrench or spanner.
Do not over tighten as this can lead to problems should the fitting need to be
removed
15 millimetre Compression Tee
15 millimetre Compression
Service Valve
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Speed Fit, HEP2O, Copper/Brass Push Fit
There are many different types of push fit joints are now being marketed, they're
available in plastic, brass & copper. There's not much difference between them,
they all incorporate some form of grip ring which creates a seal between the
pipe and the fitting and prevents the pipe from pulling out. All pipes used must
be clean and free from burrs before assembly. Insert the cleaned pipe into the
fitting and push into place by hand.
Hep20 Straight Coupler
Speed Fit Straight Coupler
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Male Brass (MI) Fittings
Male Brass (MI) fittings have an external thread and are made as the name
suggests from brass.
These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable
sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over
tighten.
1/2" MI bsp x15mm Elbow
3/4" MI bsp x 22mm coupler
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Female Brass (FI) Fittings
Female Brass (FI) fittings have an internal thread and are made as the name
suggests from brass.
These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable
sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over
tighten.
1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Integral
Solder Ring Coupler
1/2" FI BSP x 15mm
Compression Elbow
1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Wall
Plate Elbow
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Fitting Sizes
Fittings are supplied in a variety of sizes ranging from 6mm through to what
ever size you require, although larger size fittings may have to be specially
ordered.
Generally the average plumber working in domestic properties will come into
contact with fittings ranging from 6mm to 28mm.
As a plumber you will continue to come into contact with fittings still measured
in old imperial (inches). Some merchants catalogues will have fittings still
measured in inches especially internally or externally threaded fittings as these
are to BSP (British Standard Pipe).
1/2“ = 12.7 mm
3/4“ = 19.05mm
1“ = 25.4 mm
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Ordering Fittings 1
Ordering couplers is straight forward as they are the same size at both ends (eg
15mm coupler)
Ordering tees is slightly more complicated. State the largest size first then the
opposite side and then the centre size (eg 22mm x 15mm x 22mm or 22mm x
22mm x15mm see examples below)
22mm x 15mm x 22mm
Compression Tee
22mm x 22mm x15mm Hep2O
Tee
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Ordering Fittings 2
What if all the sides of a Tee fitting are the same?
The Tee would simply be called an Equal Tee.
15mm Equal Tee (York)
15mm Equal Tee (Hep2o)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Tap connectors:
These fittings are also known as swivel fittings and they come in either straights
or elbows.
15mm Straight Tap
Connector in Brass
15 mm Straight Tap
Connector (Speed Fit)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Tap connectors continued:
Further examples of tap connectors
15 mm Compression
Elbow Tap Connector
15 mm Hep2o Elbow Tap
Connector
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Reducers
These are used when you need to reduce the pipe size e.g. 22mm cold feed to a
bath tap would then be reduced to 15mm to supply a basin tap, not only is this
more pleasing to the eye it is also more economical.
Integral Solder Ring
Copper Reducer
Push Fit Plastic Reducer
15 mm x 22mm End Feed
Reducer
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Stop Ends
These fittings are used for capping off water supplies either temporally or when
permanently decommissioning.
22mm Integral Solder
Ring Stop End
22mm Compression Stop
End
15mm Speed Fit Stop End
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Drain Off
The drain off is a valve located at the lowest point of any system and has a
serrated hose connection out-let.
Drain Off (Male Iron)
Drain Off (end feed)
Drain Off (Hep20 or Speed
Fit)
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
Other Fittings - Couplers
Couplers are used to connect pipes together to form longer pipe runs.
15 mm Straight Coupler
Compression
15mm End Feed Coupler
15mm Integral Solder Ring
Coupler
15mm Speed Fit Coupler
VALVES
• GATE VALVE
– full open valves or stop valve
– Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disc
– Double Disc Valve
• GLOBE VALVE
– Plug Type Disc Valve
– Conventional Disc Valve
– Composition Disc Valve
VALVES
• CHECK VALVES
– Swing Check Valve
– Horizontal or Vertical
– Lift Check Valve
•
•
•
•
•
ANGLE VALVES
FOOT VALVE
SAFETY VALVE
BALL VALVE
CUT-OFF VALVES
VALVES
• VALVES (PRESSURE)
– Pressure Reducing Valves
– Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves
• VALVES (DRAINAGE SYSTEM)
– Balance Valve
– Unbalanced Valve
Drains
Sink Faucet
Tub Faucet
Globe Valve
PLUMBING TOOLS
Plumbing Tools
• Plumbing tools fall under one of two
categories:
– Hand tools
– Power tools
87
Hand Tools
• Manually operated.
• Not as expensive as power tools.
• Equally important in completing a task or
project.
• Most employers expect a plumber to have
basic hand tools when being considered for
employment.
88
New Residential
Plumbers Tool List
Quantity Tool
89
Quantity
Tool
1
Retractable tape measure
1
12” claw hammer
1
Medium Phillips screwdriver
1
Cat’s paw nail remover
1
Medium slotted screwdriver
1
Allen wrench kit
1
Multi-type screwdriver
1
Wood chisel kit
2
10” angled jaw pliers
2
12” concrete chisel
1
6” combination pliers
1
5/16” nut driver
1
7” locking pliers
1
1/8” to 1-1/8” copper tubing cutters
1
8” or 10” adjustable wrench
1
Copper midget tubing cutters
1
18” pipe wrench
1
Copper tubing cutter up to 2” pipe size
1
24” pipe wrench
1
Copper flaring tool
1
Smooth jaw pipe wrench
1
Copper tubing bending tool
1
Basin wrench
1
Plastic pipe saw
1
Hacksaw
New Residential
Plumbers Tool List
(Varies Based on Employer)
Quantity
90
Description
Quantity
Description
1
Mini-hacksaw
1
Torpedo type level
1
Flexible tubing cutter
1
24” level
1
Inside PVC pipe cutter
1
Torch regulator assembly
1
Utility blade knife
1
Torch striker
2
Straight cut type aviation snips or
set of three
1
1/2” Flexible pipe crimping tool
1
3/4” Flexible pipe crimping tool
1
Plumb bob
1
Chalk box
1
Adjustable angle jaw pliers
1
Smooth jaw adjustable wrench
1
Pipe wrenches (18” or 24”)
1
Pencil
1
Magic marker
1
Carpenter’s speed square
1
Basket strainer tool or internal
wrench
The Plumbers Tool Belt
Includes wrenches
and other tools used to:
•
•
•
•
•
Measure
Align
Mark
Cut
Ream and Thread
Marking Tools
Pencils, chalk lines, compasses, and dividers.
Pencil
Compass
Levels
• A level is one of the most important tools in a
plumber’s toolbox.
• A level has tubes partially filled with colored liquid
leaving a trapped air bubble.
• Some levels have a dimensional feature that can be
used for measuring distances.
93
Tape Measures
• There are numerous
maker and models of
tape measures.
• They vary in blade width
and length.
• The retractable type
with a pocket clip is the
most common.
94
Squares
• The framing square is a tool for laying out
angles.
• It has two edges that form a 90 angle.
95
Screwdrivers
• Screwdrivers are available in many lengths and shank
diameters.
• Phillips and slotted head types are two used by
plumbers.
96
Pliers
• Pliers are available in various
styles.
• The most common type has
angled and grooved jaws.
• Most pliers used in the
plumbing trade have cushion
grip handles.
97
Adjustable Wrenches
• Adjustable wrenches are available in various sizes.
• Some have a cushioned grip.
• Their jaw opening is adjustable and smooth.
98
Pipe Wrenches
• Pipe wrenches have grooved jaws designed to
provide grip for working with metal piping systems.
• The two most common sizes are 18” and 24”.
• All pipe wrenches have an adjustment range for
various pipe or fitting sizes.
99
Hammers
• Numerous hammer types are available with different
heads, claws, and weights.
• For a plumber, the type of claw is the most important
factor regarding the selection of a hammer.
100
Plastic Pipe Saw
• Can be used to cut both ABS and PVC pipe.
• Available in short and long blade styles.
• Their cutting teeth are closer together than a
wood-cutting saw and farther apart than a
metal-cutting saw.
101
Plastic Pipe Cutter
• Various designs available.
• Range in pricing and size.
102
Metal-Cutting Saw
• This versatile tool is designed to cut
through metal.
• Numerous blade types are available
with various numbers of teeth per
inch.
103
Hacksaw
• Used to cut PVC, cPVC and ABS Pipe
104
Wallboard Saws
• Two types commonly used are the compass
saw and the wallboard saw.
– A compass saw is designed to cut circular holes,
but is capable of making square cuts
– The wallboard saw is shorter and more rigid than
the compass saw
105
Aviation Snips
• The most common
are offered in three
different styles that
cut in three different
directions – straight,
left, and right.
• Their cushioned grip
handles are colorcoded, indicating
their direction of
cut.
106
Knives
• Commonly used for cutting wallboard, boxes,
or tape
107
Chisels
• Wood chisels are typically used for notching and
splitting pieces of wood boards.
• Chisels used for chipping concrete have a blunter
cutting edge than wood chisels and are called cold
chisels.
108
Basin Wrench
• Has a spring-loaded swivel head.
• Used to install and remove securing nuts of a faucet
and water supply connections in confined spaces.
109
Basket Strainer Tools
• Strainer forks are used for strainers and tub drains.
• An internal wrench is a multi-purpose tool that
allows an installer to tighten or remove parts to a
plumbing fixture.
– The internal wrench has a range from 1” to 2” internal use.
110
Copper Pipe Cutters (Tubing Cutters)
• Copper cutters use metal rollers and a cutting wheel
to rotate around the pipe as a manual handle is
turned clockwise to advance the cutting wheel
through the pipe.
111
Copper Flaring Tool
• A flaring tool flares the end of soft copper tubing,
creating a 45-degree angle to mate with a
compatible brass flared fitting.
112
Copper Tubing Bender
• A copper tubing
bender is used to
create bends in
copper tube.
• It is useful for tight
spaces and for
achieving a
professional
appearance.
113
Torch Regulator Assembly
• A typical torch assembly consists
of:
– A regulator that controls the amount
of flammable gas to be ignited
– A torch-tip with an orifice specifically
designed for the type of gas and the
specific torch assembly
114
Flexible Pipe Crimping Tool
• Offered in several sizes.
• Most commonly used are for
1/2” and 3/4” pipe.
• A dual-size tool and a
compact version for 1/2” and
3/4” pipe sizes available.
• Requires calibration to
ensure an adequate crimp is
achieved.
• A crimp gauge is sold with
each tool.
115
Plumb Bob
• Provides an accurate method of establishing a
vertical point of reference to a lower work
area from an upper work area.
116
Chalk Box
• Houses string (called a
chalk line) and chalk
powder.
• Used to mark a
straight line for layout
or to cut plywood
boards.
117
Torque Wrench
• Used to tighten clamps used in installing cast iron
pipe and for rubber transition connectors for
dissimilar piping.
• Has a 5/16” socket end.
118
Other Plumbing Tools
• Sand paper – helps in smoothing the end of
the pipe after cutting it
• Clean Cloth – wipe off excess solvent cement
• Tri-Square – helps in cutting the pipe square
Personal Safety Equipment
• Recommended personal protection equipment:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
120
Eye protection
Face protection
Hand protection
Knee protection
Foot protection
Inhalation protection
First aid kit
Head protection
Summary
• Hand tools are required to install various
aspects of a plumbing system.
• A plumber may be responsible for purchasing
hand tools.
• Specialty hand tools are required more for
repair than for new installation work.
• Everyone on a job site is responsible for safety.
121
Summary
• Personal protection equipment (PPE) is usually
provided by an employer.
• Material safety data sheet (MSDS) lists all
safety hazards and medical attention
requirements for a specific product.
• MSDS must be available for all products and
kept on file on the jobsite.
122
PLUMBING SYMBOLS &
COLOR CODING
Symbols and Drawings
Pipe Color Coding
Fire Extinguisher Color Coding
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
Pipe & Fitting Symbols
PIPE COLOR CODING
ANSI/ASME A13.1 - 2007 Standard for
the Identification of Pipes
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
Fluids which are a vapor or produce
vapors that can ignite and continue to
FLAMMABLE
burn in air
Fluids that may burn but are not
COMBUSTIBLE
flammable
TOXIC &
Fluids which are corrosive or toxic or will
CORROSIVE
produce corrosive or toxic substances
Water and other substances used in
FIRE QUENCHING
sprinkler fire-fighting piping systems
Any other water, except for water used in
OTHER WATER
sprinkler and fire-fighting piping systems
Any vapor or gas under pressure that does
COMPRESSED AIR
not fit a category above
BACKGROUND &
LETTERING COLORS
YELLOW BACKGROUND,
BLACK LETTERING
BROWN BACKGROUND,
WHITE LETTERING
ORANGE BACKGROUND,
BLACK LETTERING
RED BACKGROUND,
WHITE LETTERING
GREEN BACKGROUND,
WHITE LETTERING
BLUE BACKGROUND,
WHITE LETTERING
Philippine Pipe Color Code
COLOR
RED
ORANGE
MATERIAL PIPED
Carbon Dioxide
Water (Fire Service)
Acetylene
Blast Furnace Gas
Gasoline
Grease
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Oil
Tar
Producer Gas
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Oil and Water
Vacuum-High
PIPE IDENTIFICATION
Carbon Dioxide
Fire Service Water
Acetylene
B.F. Gas
Gasoline
Grease
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Oil
Tar
Producer Gas
LPG
Oil and Water
High Vacuum
Philippine Pipe Color Code
COLOR
YELLOW
GREEN
MATERIAL PIPED
Acid
Air-High Pressure
Ammonia
Steam-High Pressure
Steam-Low Pressure
Water-Boiler Feed
Water-Hot
Water-High Pressure
Air-Low Pressure
Argon-Low Pressure
Helium-Low Pressure
Nitrogen-Low Pressure
Water-Cold
Water-Distilled
Water-Low Pressure
Water-Treated
Oil and Water
PIPE IDENTIFICATION
Acid
H.P. Air
Ammonia
H.P. Steam
L.P. Steam
Boiler Feed Water
Hot Water
H.P. Water
L.P. Air
L.P. Argon
L.P. Helium
L.P. Nitrogen
Cold Water
Distilled Water
L.P. Water
Treated Water
Oil and Water
ANSI Color Codes
COLOR
STD
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Red
APWA
Electric Power Lines, Cables,
Conduit and Lighting Cables
Buried High Voltage
Line
Yellow
APWA
Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum or
Gaseous Materials
Natural Gas
Distribution Line
Orange
APWA
Communication, Alarm or Signal
Lines, Cables or Conduit
Buried Fiber Optic
Cable
Blue
APWA
Water, Irrigation and Slurry Lines
Buried Water Line
Green
APWA
Sewers, Drain Line
Buried Storm Sewer
Line
Red
Traffic
Prohibition
STOP, Yield
Orange
Traffic
Temporary Work Zone
Construction Zone
Ahead
Yellow
Traffic
Caution
Merge Ahead, Slow
ANSI Color Codes
COLOR
STD
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Blue
Traffic
Information Signs
Hospital
Brown
Traffic
Historical or Park
Picnic Area Ahead
Green
Traffic
Directional Signs
Exit 1 Mile, Go
Red
ANSI Sign
Danger Signs, Highest Hazard
Hazardous Voltage
Will Cause Death
Orange
ANSI Sign
Warning Signs, Medium Hazard
Hazardous Voltage
May Cause Death
Yellow
ANSI Sign
Caution Signs, Lowest Hazard
Turn Machine Off
When Not In Use
Blue
ANSI Sign
Notice Signs
Employees Only
Green
ANSI Sign
Safety First Signs
Wear Ear Plugs
ANSI Color Codes
COLOR
STD
Red
ANSI Pipe
Fire Quenching Materials
Fire Protection Water
Yellow
ANSI Pipe
Materials Inherently Hazardous
Chlorine
Blue
ANSI Pipe
Materials of Inherently Low
Hazard, Gas
Compressed Air
Green
ANSI Pipe
Materials of Inherently Low
Hazard, Liquid
Storm Drain
NFPA 701
Blue is used for Health Hazards,
Red for Flammability and Yellow
for reactivity
Blue/ Red/
Yellow
MEANING
EXAMPLE
NFPA Standards for
Medical Facilities
SERVICE
COLOR
BACKGROUND COLOR
Carbon Dioxide
White
Gray
Helium
White
Brown
Medical Air
White
Blue
Medical Air
Black
Yellow
Medical Air 50-55 psi
Black
Yellow
Medical Vacuum
White
Blue
Medical Vacuum
Black
White
Nitrogen
White
Black
Nitrogen 180-200 psi
White
Black
Nitrous Oxide
White
Blue
Nitrous Oxide 50-55 psi
White
Blue
Oxygen
White
Green
Oxygen 50-55 psi
White
Green
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
FIRE CLASSIFICATION
Fire Class
Geometric
Symbol
A
Green Triangle
B
Pictogram
Intended Use
Mnemonic
Ordinary solid
combustibles
A for "Ash"
Red Square
Flammable liquids and
gases
B for
“Barrel"
C
Blue Circle
Energized electrical
equipment
C for
"Current"
D
Yellow Decagon
(Star)
Combustible metals
D for
"Dynamite"
K
Black Hexagon
Oils and fats
K for
"Kitchen"
PLUMBING INSTALLATION
Pipe Selection
• Each kind of pipe has advantages and
disadvantages. When making repairs it is
generally easier to repair systems with the
kind of pipe used in the original installation.
New Installations
• When planning a new system, it is important
to consider the relative merits of each kind of
pipe.
Soldering Copper
Gluing
Plastic
All drains can become clogged.
It is important to know different
ways to unclog a drain so that you
may avoid overflows or future
problems!!
For a slow drain…….
Use chemical cleaners,
such as Drano to solve
the problem.
Be careful, these kind of
chemicals are
dangerous and can
make you very sick or
even kill you if they are
not used properly!
For more serious clogs…..
You may use a plunger, a snake, or a closet auger.
Plungers apply
pressure to the clog
Augers and snakes
reach and dislodge the
obstruction.
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 1: Minimum requirement for a waste and vent pipe
installation:
– Installation consisting of a WC, LAV, SINK, a BT on first floor, and LT in
basement with a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe arrangement
– House drain: 3” – 4” Ф
– Cleanouts extended at least 1” above floor line
– Basements/public washrooms: provide floor drain; should be vented
(but not required if drain is not more than 5’ away)
– Waste pipe not less than 1 ½” for Bathroom, BT 7 LAV
– Waste stack serving the LT and Sink is with a 1 ½” Ф pipe
– Branch of the drain is extended 4” above floor level
– 4 x 2” tapped cross for laundry tub connection
– Sink waste discharged to a 4 x 2” reducer in the top opening of the tee
– Vent for Sink: 1 ½” Ф; connected to main soil pipe
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 2: Maximum requirements:
– Layout of a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe installation
– All fixtures are trapped
– Each trap is vented except the floor drain (supplied with water
from the laundry tub
– 4”-line installed from the floor drain intersection to the wall to
accommodate 4” C.O.
– Pipe size is reduced above 4” Y
– 2” soil line extended up to the Sink
– 1 ½” vent extends through the roof
– Laundry vent intersects at a point 3 ½’ above sink floor line
– WC, LAV and Bath served with 4” soil pipe; 2” soil laterals
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 3: Individual Ventilation:
– Layout consisting of a WC, LAV, & Sink on first floor;
WC, LAV & BT on 2nd floor; LT located in basement
– House drain/soil pipe same as Principles 1 & 2
– LAV (1st Flr): 1 ¼” waste pipe into the closet bend
– WC individually vented with 2” pipe extended to a
point in the soil pipe 3’ above the closet connection
– LAV & Bt fixture traps are individually ventilated with
1 ¾” and 1 ½” Ф pipe
– LT and Sink waste and vent (same as Principle 1)
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 4: Plumbing installation for a duplex residence:
– WC, LAV, (2) LT in basement, toiletrooms on 1st and 2nd Flr, in which a WC, LAV
and BT are installed. Sink is provided in each kitchen
– Soil Pipe is 4” Ф; has toiletroom branch connections on 3 levels installed in the
partition directly in back of WC
– Basement toilet with 2” wet vent into which the basin is wasted.
– Main vent: extended from basement toiletroom vertically to a point 3’ above
the 2nd Flr toiletroom branch
– BT waste (1st Flr toiletroom) with 1 ½” pipe increased at LAV branch to 2” pipe
then discharged to closet bend
– Bathroom group is wet vented through LAV waste increased to 2” pipe,
reconnected into the main vent
– 2nd Flr bathroom identical with the 1st except that a 1 ½” LAV waste is ample
– LTs connected to unit waste of 2” Ф, vented by the unit method with 1 ½” pipe
connected to the waste vent of sink stack
– Both sinks discharge into a common waste pipe increased to 2” at 1st Flr sink
connection, each individually vented
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 5: Typical installation of a soil and waste
stack in a 3 storey apartment building:
– wet ventilation of the bathroom groups is employed
– Main vent of the soil-pipe installation increased to 2 ½” Ф,
reconnected full size into the base of the soil pipe to
relieve back-pressure
– Sink waste stack increased to accommodate number of
fixture units it serves
– Each fixture is individually vented with 1 ½” pipe,
reconnected to a main vent , extended through the roof
– Roof terminal has been increased to 4” Ф
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 6: Fixtures discharging into sanitary crosses
wasted and vented:
– Installation consists of a soil pipe serving 4 complete bathrooms
and a sink waste on which 4 sinks are installed for two-storey
apartment buildings
– Soil pipe is 4” Ф pipe provided with (2) sanitary crosses for WC
connections
– 1st Flr bath waste increased to 2” Ф (ventilation of WC essential)
– 1st Flr toilet rooms with wet vent method through LAV waste,
also increased to 2”
– Main vent increased to 2 ½” Ф as per number of fixture units
served, reconnected into base of the soil pipe.
– Sinks discharged into a unit waste pipe and ventilated
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 7: Unit waste and vent applied to bathroom fixture
groups on opposite sides of a partition typical of hotel and
apartment house layouts:
–
–
–
–
–
Soil-pipe stack accommodates 4 complete bathrooms (WC, LAV, BT)
WCs connected to 4” sanitary cross, top opening serving as vent connection
WCs traps ventilated with 2” unit vent
LAV and BT wastes discharged to 2” Ф common waste pipe
Both groups are connected into the waste by 90 º drainage cross, top
opening serving as unit vent.
– LAV and BT traps ventilated with 1 ½” Ф pipe.
– Vents from 1st Flr extended with 2” pipe to a point 3’ above topmost branch
of soil pipe, where main vent is increased to 2 ½” Ф accommodating 2 nd Flr
bathroom
– Sinks are with independent 2” Ф vertical waste pipe, fixtures are unit vented
SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES
• Principle 8: Installation common to multistorey apartment and hotel buildings
– Bathroom waste and vent pipe connections typical
to small residence
– Main vent with 3” pipe based on number of
fixture units served
– Provided with a 3’ yoke or by-pass vent between
4th and 5th Flr
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
OF 2008
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514
RULE 2. COVERAGE
A.
B.
All persons;
All private or public buildings, facilities or structures and their
premises erected or constructed before and after the effectivity
hereof;
C. Design and installation of mechanical, electronics and electrical
systems relative to fire protection;
D. Manufacturing, storage, handling and/or use, and transportation
of explosives and/or combustible, flammable liquids and gases,
toxic and other hazardous materials and operations, and their
wastes;
E. Fire safety planning, design, construction, repair, maintenance,
rehabilitation and demolition;
F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems;
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a
fire hazard.
• Building Administrator. Any person who acts as agent
of the owner and manages the use of a building for the
latter.
• Anesthetics Gas. A medical gas used as anesthetic
agents for surgical procedures that could either be
flammable or non-flammable. Examples of flammable
anesthetics are cyclopropane and ethylene. Examples
of non-flammable anesthetic gases are nitrous oxides
and halothane.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Automatic Fire Suppression System. An integrated system
of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a
source of extinguishing agent or medium and designed in
accordance with fire protection engineering standards
which, when actuated by its automatic detecting device,
suppresses fires within the area protected.
• Automotive Service Station. That portion of property
where liquids used as motor fuels are stored and dispensed
from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles
and shall include any facilities available for the sale and
service of tires, batteries and accessories, and for minor
automotive maintenance work.
• Baffle. A non liquid-tight transverse partition in a cargo
tank.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Blasting Agent. Any material or mixture consisting of a
fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
• Blowout. A sudden release of oil and gas from a well.
• Boiling point. The temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric
pressure. Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable
for the material in question, or for mixture which do not
have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this
classification the ten percent (10%) point of distillation
performed in accordance with the Standard Method of
Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D-86-62,
may be used as the boiling point of the liquid
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Class A Fires. Fires involving ordinary combustible
materials such as wood, cloth, rubber and plastics.
• Class B Fires. Fires involving flammable liquids and
gases.
• Class C Fires. Fires involving energized electrical
equipment.
• Class D Fire. Fires involving combustible materials,
such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, and other
similar materials.
• Class K Fires. Fires in cooking appliances that involve
combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils
and fats).
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Closed Container. Any container so sealed by
means of a lid or other device that neither liquid
nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary
temperatures.
• Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system filled
with water and connected to a constant water
supply for the use of the BFP and the occupants
of the buildings solely for fire suppression
purposes.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a flash point at
or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius
(37.8°C), and classified as follows:
• Class II Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or
above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius
(37.8°C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60°C).
• Class IIIA Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or
above sixty degrees Celsius (60°C), but below ninety
three degrees Celsius (93°C).
• Class IIIB Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or
above ninety three degrees Celsius (93°C).
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Combustible Waste. Also known as loose waste
material, are those generated by an
establishment or process and, being salvageable,
are retained for scrap or reprocessing on the
premises where generated. These include, but
not limited to, all combustible fibers, hay, straw,
hair, feathers, down, wood shavings, turnings,
styropor, all types of plastics, all types of paper
products, soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings,
rubber trimmings and buffings, metal fines, used
oil and any mixture of the above items, or any
other salvageable combustible waste material.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Compressed Gas. One that exists solely in the gaseous state under
pressure in the range of two hundred seventy three kilopascal (273
KPa) to twenty four thousand nine hundred twenty three kilopascal
(24,923 KPa) at all normal atmospheric temperature ranging from
twenty degrees Celsius (20°C) to thirty seven and eight tenths
degrees Celsius (37.8°C) inside its container.
• Compressed Gas Mixture. A mixture of two or more compressed
gases contained in a single packaging, the hazard properties of
which are represented by the properties of the mixture as a whole.
• Compressed Gas System. An assembly of components, such as
containers, reactors, pumps, compressors and connecting piping
and tubing, designed to contain, distribute or transport compressed
gases.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Corrosive Liquid. Any liquid which causes fire
when in contact with organic matter or with
certain chemicals.
• Crude Oil. Any naturally-occurring, unrefined
petroleum liquid.
• Cryogenic. Is descriptive of any material which,
by its nature or as a result of its reaction with
other elements, produces a rapid drop in
temperature of the immediate surroundings.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Curtain Board. A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire
resistive materials attached to and extending below the
bottom chord of the roof trusses to divide the underside of
the roof into separate compartments so that heat and
smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
• Damper. A normally open device installed inside air duct
systems which automatically closes to restrict the passage
of smoke or fire.
• Distillation. The process of first raising the temperature to
separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and
then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to
produce a nearly purified substance.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Dry Standpipe. A type of standpipe system in which the pipes
are normally not filled with water. Water is introduced into
the system thru fire service connections when needed.
• Duct System. A continuous passageway for the transmission
of air.
• Dust. Any finely divided solid, four millimeters (4 mm) or less
in diameter (that is, material capable of passing through a U.S.
No. 40 standard sieve) which, if mixed with air in the proper
proportion, becomes explosive and may be ignited by a flame
or spark or other source of Ignition.
• Ember. A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has
partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the
manifestation of flames.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Explosive. Includes any chemical compound or
mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended
for the purpose of producing an explosion.
• Fire Alarm. Any visual or audible signal produced by a
device or system to warn the occupants of the building
or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of
fire.
• Fire Alerting System. A fire alarm system activated by
the presence of fire, where the signal is transmitted to
designated locations instead of sounding a general
alarm.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Fire Door. A fire resistive door prescribed for openings
in fire separation walls or partitions.
• Fire Exit Drill. A practice drill for the orderly and safe
evacuation of occupants in the buildings.
• Fire Hazard. Any condition or act which increases or
may cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder
or interfere with fire fighting operations and the
safeguarding of life and property.
• Fire Lane. The portion of a roadway or public way that
should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times
for the expedient conduct of fire fighting operations.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Fire Protective Assembly. An assembly
incorporated in the structure designed to prevent
the spread of fire, such as dampers, curtain
boards, fire stoppers and the like.
• Fire Resistance Rating. The time duration that a
material or construction can withstand the effect
of a standard fire test.
• Fire Trap. A building unsafe in case of fire
because it will burn easily or because it lacks
adequate exits or fire escapes.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Fire Wall. A wall designed to prevent the spread of fire,
having a fire resistance rating of not less than four (4) hours
with sufficient structural stability to remain standing even if
construction on either side collapses under fire conditions.
• Fire. The active principle of burning, characterized by the
heat and light of combustion.
• Flame Retardant. Any compound or mixture which when
applied properly improves the resistivity or fire resistance
quality of fabrics and other materials.
• Flame Spread Rating. The time in which flame will spread
over the surface of a burning material.
• Flammability. The characteristic of a material on how easily
it will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
•
Flammable Liquids. Are liquids having flash points below thirty seven and
eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) except any mixture having
components with flash points of seven and eight tenths degrees
Celsius(37.8°C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the
total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are classified as follows:
•
Class I-A Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty
two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point
below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Class I-B Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty
two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point
at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Class I-C Liquids include those liquids having flash points at or above
twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and below thirty
seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
•
•
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
•
Flash Point of a Liquid. The lowest temperature a liquid at which sufficient
vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air, near the surface of
the liquid or within the vessel used, as determined by appropriate
laboratory test, as follows:
– The flash point of liquids having a flash point at or below seventy nine
degrees Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils and certain viscous
materials shall be determined in accordance with the Standard
Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61.
– The flash point of liquids having a flash point above seventy nine
degrees Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils, shall be determined in
accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the
Cleveland open Cup Tester, ASTM D 92-57.
– The flash point of fuel oil, and certain viscous materials having a flash
point at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79°C), shall be
determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash
Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, ASTM 93-62.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Fumigation. The utilization within an enclosed space of a
fumigant in concentrations that is hazardous or acutely toxic
to humans.
• High Rise Buildings. Buildings, structures or facilities fifteen
(15) meters or more in height.
• Hose Box. A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other
equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting.
• Hose Reel. A cylindrical device turning on an axis around
which a fire hose is wound and connected.
• Hypergolic Fuel. A rocket or liquid propellant which consists
of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite
spontaneously on contact with each other.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Any flammable gas
liquefied through pressure. The liquid vaporizes under
normal atmospheric pressure.
• Magnesium. A highly flammable metal which burns to over
two thousand nine hundred eighty degree Celsius (2,980
°C). It is used as a principal element of aluminum alloy for
the manufacture of mobile phones, laptop computers,
cameras, and other electronic components, beverage cans,
flashlight photography, flares, pyrotechnics, fireworks
sparklers, automotive and truck components.
• Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Is a form that contains
data and information regarding the properties of a
particular substance.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Means of Egress. Is a continuous and unobstructed
route of exit from one point in a building, structure or
facility to a public way.
• Medical Air. A type of air product produced through
the blending of compressed nitrogen and oxygen and
used in variety of patients’ application. It is also used
during anesthesia as a substitute for nitrous oxide to
reduce the high concentration of oxygen exposure.
• Medical Gas. A type of gas used in medical and similar
facilities, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, helium, medical air and mixtures of
these gases.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or
portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
• Occupant Load. The maximum number of persons that
may be allowed to occupy a particular building,
structure, or facility, or portions hereof.
• Occupant. Any person actually occupying and using a
building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease
contract with the owner or administrator or by
permission or sufferance of the latter.
• Owner. The person who holds the legal right of
possession or title to a building or real property.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Oxidizing Material. A material that readily
yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to
stimulate or support combustion.
• Ozone Depleting Refrigerant/Substance. Any
group of halogenated hydrocarbon chemicals
which photo-chemically reacts in the
stratosphere in a way which destroys the
ozone layer.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
•
•
•
•
Plastics:
Group A Plastics.
Group B Plastics.
Group C Plastics
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Group A Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of
combustion much higher than that of ordinary
combustibles and burning rate higher than that of Group B
plastics. Examples of Group A plastics include, but are not
limited to, the following:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer)
Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)
Butyl rubber
EPDM (ethylene propylene rubber)
FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)
Natural rubber (expanded)
Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Group A Plastics.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)
Polybutadiene
Polycarbonate
Polyester elastomer
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene (expanded and unexpanded)
Polyurethane (expanded and unexpanded)
PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than fifteen (15%) percent
plasticized, e.g., coated fabric unsupported film)
– SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)
– SBRr (styrene butadiene rubber)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Group B Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of
combustion and burning rate higher than that of ordinary
combustibles, but not as high as those of Group A plastics.
Examples of Group B plastics include, but are not limited to,
the following:
– Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl Cellulose)
– Chloroprene rubber
– Fluoroplastics (ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer; ETFE,
ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; FEP, fluorinated ethylenepropylene
copolymer)
– Natural rubber (nonexpanded)
– Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)
– PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5-percent, but not exceeding fifteen (15)percent plasticized)
– Silicone rubber
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Group C Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of
combustion and burning rate similar to those of ordinary
combustibles. Examples of Group C plastics include, but are
not limited to, the following:
– Fluoroplastics (PCTFE, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE,
polytetrafluoroethylene)
– Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)
– Phenol
– PVC (polyvinyl chloride, rigid or plasticized less than five percent (5%),
e.g., pipe, pipe fittings)
– PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
– PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
– PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)
– Urea (urea formaldehyde)
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Propeller. An inclusive term for all parts,
appurtenances, and accessories of a propeller.
• Public Way. Any street, alley or other strip of land
unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded,
dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for
public use.
• Safety Factor. Is the ratio of the design burst pressure
to the maximum working pressure and shall not be less
than four (4).
• Smelting. Refers to the process of melting or fusing
metallic ores or compounds so as to separate
impurities from pure metals.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Solvents or Liquid Classifications. A method of classifying solvents
or liquids according to the following:
• Class I Solvents. Liquids having a flash point below thirty seven and
eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
• Class II Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above thirty
seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) and below sixty
degrees Celsius (60°C).
• Class IIIA Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above sixty
degrees Celsius (60°C) and below ninety three and three-tenths
degrees Celsius (93.3°C).
• Class IIIB Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above ninety
three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3°C).
• Class IV Solvents. Liquids classified as non-flammable.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Sprinkler System. An integrated network of hydraulically
designed piping system installed in a building, structure or
area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which
automatically discharges water when activated by heat or
combustion products from a fire.
• Standpipe System. A system of vertical pipes in a building
to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including
a system by which water is made available to water outlets
as needed.
• Sump Pit. The lowest part of a mine, vault, tank or a hole in
the ground used to collect water, waste water and sludge
for purposes of draining through a submersible pump.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Toxicity. The degree to which a substance is able to damage
an exposed organism.
• Used Water. Liquid waste generated by treatment plants,
housekeeping, operation and maintenance, and laboratory
activities, including but not limited to washing, flushing,
and cleaning activities. It also includes the cleaning,
flushing and draining water that bear dirt and sludge from
sedimentation basin, settling tank, and other treatment
processes and unit operation facilities, and backwash water
generated in the backwashing, cleaning and flushing of
filter media or beds.
• Ventilation. The process of supplying or removing air by
natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air
may or may not have been conditioned.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Vertical Shaft. An enclosed vertical space of passage
that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the
base to the top of a building.
• Vestibule. A passage hall or antechamber between the
outer doors and the interior parts of a house or
building.
• Waste Water. Liquid waste generated by human
activities that use water and/or those water that come
from residential, commercial, institutional,
recreational, industrial, agricultural and other facilities,
similar occupancies and related activities.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Supplying Water for
Fire Protection Systems:
The Elevated Water Tank
The Underground Water Reservoir
Types of
Fire Protection Systems:
Automatic / Sprinkler System
Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
• A system used to control or to extinguish a fire
in a building
• Fire suppression systems are especially
important because their purpose is to protect
both life and property.
• The most common types of fire suppression
systems are fire sprinkler system and
standpipe system.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• A fire sprinkler system is an integrated system
of underground and overhead piping, with
one or more automatic water supplies, to
which fire sprinklers are attached in a
systematic pattern
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Automatic / Sprinkler System
There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
• Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
• Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
• Deluge Sprinkler Systems
• Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems
Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
• are installed more often than all other types of
fire sprinkler systems
• Operation: When an automatic sprinkler is
exposed to sufficient heat, the heat sensitive
element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases,
allowing water to flow from that sprinkler.
Sprinklers are manufactured to react to a specific
range of temperatures. Only sprinklers subjected
to a temperature at or above their specific
temperature rating will operate.
Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems
• are second most common sprinkler system type
• Operation: When one or more of the automatic
sprinklers is exposed to sufficient heat, it opens,
allowing the maintenance air to vent from the
sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates individually. As
their air pressure in the piping drops, the
pressure differential across the dry pipe valve
changes, allowing water to enter the piping
system. Water flow from sprinklers needed to
control the fire is delayed until the air is vented
from the sprinklers.
Deluge Sprinkler Systems
• are system that have open sprinklers, i.e. the
heat sensing operating element is removed
during installation, so that all sprinklers
connected to the water piping system are
open. These systems are used for special
hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern,
as they provide a simultaneous application of
water over the entire hazard
Deluge Sprinkler Systems
• Operation: Activation of a fire alarm initiating
device, or a manual pull station, signals the
fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the
deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter
the piping system. Water flows from all
sprinklers simultaneously.
Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems
• similar to deluge sprinkler system except that
automatic sprinklers are used, rather than
open sprinklers
COMPONENTS OF FIRE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• Fire Sprinkler
– is a nozzle which distributes water in a specific spray pattern.
• Automatic Sprinkler
– is a fire sprinkler with a normally closed nozzle which can be
individually opened by heat, by either melting a fusible element or
rupturing a liquid-filled glass bulb.
• Main
– is a principal artery of a system of continuous piping to which branch
lines are connected.
• Branch line
– a part of the piping to which fire sprinklers are connected.
• Riser
– is a water main which extends vertically one full storey or more to
convey water to individual floor mains and branch lines.
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads
Types of Sprinkler Heads
Upright- used above piping
when piping is exposed
Pendent- projects through
a finished ceiling when
piping is exposed
TEMPERATURE RATINGS
• Ordinary-temperature sprinklers
– are sprinklers rated between 135 to 170°F. They are
intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling
temperature is not to exceed 100°F.
• Intermediate-temperature sprinklers
– are sprinklers rated between 175 and 225°F. They are
intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling
temperature does not exceed 150°F.
• High-temperature sprinklers
– are sprinklers rated between 250 and 300°F. They are
intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling
temperature does not exceed 225°F.
Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:
Spacing of Sprinkler Heads
KIND OF BUILDING
Light Hazard Occupancy
Extra hazard Occupancy
COVERAGE OF ONE
SPRINKLER HEAD
20 square meters
10 square meters
Special Installation Requirements
At least one fire department connection on each frontage
A master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other
than fire department connections
Special fire walls between protected areas
Sloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away
waste water
SPRINKLER SPACING DESIGN
S – design spacing of sprinklers on range pipes
D – distance between rows of sprinklers
• S or D
– maximum 4.60 m., extra light hazard
– maximum 4.0 m., ordinary hazard
– maximum 3.7 m., extra high hazard
• SxD
– 21 sq. m. or less, extra light hazard
– 12 sq. m. or less, ordinary hazard
– 9 sq. m. or less, extra high hazard
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
• Light (Low) Hazard
– locations where the total amount of Class A
combustible materials, including furnishing,
decorations and other contents is of minor quantity.
• Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard
– locations where the total amount of Class A
combustibles and Class B flammables are present in
greater amounts than expected under light hazard
occupancies.
• Extra (High) Hazard
– locations where the total amount of Classes A and B
materials are in storage, production or other use.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM
• A standpipe system is a arrangement of
piping, valves and hose connection installed in
a such manner that water can be discharge
through attached hose and nozzles for the
purpose of extinguishing a fire
TYPES OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
• Wet Standpipe Systems
• Dry Standpipe Systems
• Wet Standpipe System with Siamese
Connection
Wet Standpipe Systems
• is a standpipe system in which the piping is
filled with water and water pressure is
maintained in the system at all times by the
water supply. This is the most common type of
standpipe system
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Wet Standpipe System
How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to
the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least
1 standpipe on each level)
Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized
steel
The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all
portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a nozzle
attached to a hose 23 meters long
The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for those
less than 15 meters form the fire service connection. For those
more than 15 meters from the fire service connection, the
minimum diameter is 63mm
Dry Standpipe Systems
• is a standpipe system in which the piping is
not normally filled with water.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Dry Standpipe System
No longer being utilized in new
buildings, provided other systems
are employed (otherwise must
be installed in buildings 4 levels
or more)
CONNECT TO
FIRE HOSE
The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the
water supply or waste disposal system but primarily for use as
water conveyor in case of fire
How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building exterior
(max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department
As much as possible, standpipes should be located in stairway
landings
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
How it works: a piping
network directly connected to
the main water line, connects
to all levels of a building;
additionally, a Siamese
Connection is located outside
the building for additional
water supply
HOT - WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
TYPES OF WATER HEATER
• Direct-Fired Water Heaters
• Indirect Water Heaters
Direct-Fired Water Heaters
• the source of heat is located where the water
is heated
• Gas-Fired Heaters
• Oil-Fired Heaters
• Electric Water Heaters
Indirect Water Heaters
• are one in which the water is heated by a heat
source that is remotely located from the water
heating equipment
• Storage-Type Water Heaters
• Instantaneous-Type Heaters
• Semi-Instantaneous-Type Water Heaters
COMPONENTS OF
HOT-WATER SYSTEMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hot-Water Storage Tank
Safety Devices
Pressure Gages
Thermometers
Circulation Pump
Isolating Valves and Drain Valves
Deliming Tees
Operating Controls
Water Hammer Arresters
GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Fuel Gas Piping System
Medical Gas & Vacuum System
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in
petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)
a.k.a. ‘Bottled Gas’
for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use
Typical LP Gas service installation:
CYLINDER
- where gas is stored
PIGTAIL
- where high pressure
vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
REGULATOR
-reduces the high pressure
-of gas to the proper
operating gas pressure of
the appliance
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas
Appliances:
Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to
cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be
allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper,
etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas
Appliances:
Location of Cylinders
Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building having
good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the open;
(outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials) vegetation
(i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc. within 19 feet of a
cylinder
Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas deliverymen
Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement blocks)
to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil corrosion
Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance
from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars
& other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from vehicles &
tampering by children or unauthorized persons; should be
protected by cylinder hoods (if located in driveways or alleys)
Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat
When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there should
be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the vicinity
Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting
Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to protect
the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder valve from
being used as a handle
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas
Appliances:
Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment
Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves and
manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should be rigidly
supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to prevent
entry of rain)
All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be vented
to the open air & not choked with dust or other foreign matter
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves
Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond the
reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should
be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper,
etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance.
Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should be
securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a type
resistant to LP gas.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Location of Appliance
The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be
decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be set
where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided for the
appliance. This source of air for combustion and ventilation
should not be subject to accidental interruption or curtailment.
Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of repair and
adjustment of appliance burners and parts
A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate
ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling and
top of heater.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Testing for Leaks
Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it
should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight. Where any
part of the system is to be enclosed or concealed, this test should
precede the work of closing in.
Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be used
to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may be detected
by using soap solution.
Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be
replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary repair.
UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE
CHAPTER 12: FUEL PIPING
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Appliance Fuel Connector – An assembly of listed semirigid or flexible tubing and fittings to carry fuel between a
fuel piping outlet and a fuel burning appliance.
• Fuel Gas – Natural, manufactured, liquefied petroleum, or
a mixture of these.
• Gas Piping – Any installation of pipe, valves, or fittings that
is used to convey fuel gas, installed on any premises or in
any building, but shall not include:
(1) Any portion of the service piping.
(2) Any approved piping connection six (6) feet (1829 mm) or
less in length between an existing gas outlet and a gas appliance
in the same room with the outlet.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Gas Piping System – Any arrangement of gas piping
supplied by one (1) meter and each arrangement of gas
piping serving a building, structure, or premises, whether
individually metered or not.
• Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Facilities – Liquified
petroleum gas (LPG) facilities means tanks, containers,
container valves, regulating equipment, meters, and/or
appurtenances for the storage and supply of liquified
petroleum gas for any building, structure or premises.
• Quick-Disconnect Device – A hand-operated device which
provides a means for connecting and disconnecting an
appliance or an appliance connector to a gas supply and
which is equipped with an automatic means to shut off the
gas supply when the device is disconnected
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Service Piping – The piping and equipment
between the street gas main and the gas piping
system inlet, which is installed by and is under
the control and maintenance of the serving gas
supplier.
• Transition Gas Riser – Any listed or approved
section or sections of pipe and fittings used to
convey fuel gas and installed in a gas piping
system for the purpose of providing a transition
from below ground to above ground.
Rough Piping Inspection
• This inspection shall be made after all gas
piping authorized by the permit has been
installed, and before any such piping has been
covered or concealed, or any fixture or
appliance has been attached thereto. This
inspection shall include a determination that
the gas piping size, material, and installation
meet the requirements of this Code.
Final Piping Inspection
• This inspection shall be made after all piping
authorized by the permit has been installed
and after all portions thereof which are to be
covered or concealed are so concealed and
before any fixtures, appliance, or shutoff valve
has been attached thereto.
Final Piping Inspection
• This inspection shall include an air, CO2 or nitrogen
pressure test, at which time the gas piping shall stand a
pressure of not less than ten (10) pounds per square
inch (68.9 kPa) gauge pressure, or at the discretion of
the Administrative Authority, the piping and valves may
be tested at a pressure of at least six (6) inches (152
mm) of mercury, measured with a manometer or slope
gauge. Test pressures shall be held for a length of time
satisfactory to the Administrative Authority, but in no
case for less than fifteen (15) minutes, with no
perceptible drop in pressure.
Final Piping Inspection
• For welded piping, and for piping carrying gas
at pressures in excess of fourteen (14) inches
(356 mm) water column pressure, the test
pressure shall not be less than sixty (60)
pounds per square inch (413.4 kPa) and shall
be continued for a length of time satisfactory
to the Administrative Authority, but in no case
for less than thirty (30) minutes.
Certificate of Inspection
• If, upon final piping inspection, the installation
is found to comply with the provisions of this
Code, a certificate of inspection may be issued
by the Administrative Authority.
MATERIALS
• All piping used for the installation, extension,
alteration, or repair of any gas piping shall be standard
weight wrought iron or steel (galvanized or black),
yellow brass (containing not more than seventy-five
(75) percent copper), or copper tube or Types K, L or
ACR.
• Approved PE pipe may be used in exterior buried
piping systems.
• Copper alloy tubing shall not be used if the gas
contains more than an average of 0.3 grains of
hydrogen sulfide per 100 standard cubic feet of gas (0.7
milligrams per 100 liters)
MATERIALS
• All fittings used in connection with the above
piping shall be of malleable iron, yellow brass
(containing not more than seventy-five (75)
percent copper), or approved plastic fittings.
• All valves and appurtenances used in connection
with the above piping shall be of a type designed
and approved for use with fuel gas.
• Valves up to and including two (2) inches (50 mm)
shall be brass or other approved material.
UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE
CHAPTER 13: HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES AND MEDICAL GAS AND
VACUUM SYSTEMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Building Supply – The pipe from the source of
supply to a building or structure.
• Critical Care Area – An area in a medical facility
where special care is provided, including
intensive care units, coronary care units, recovery
rooms, and respiratory care units.
• Manifold – A device for connecting outlets of one
or more gas cylinders to the central piping system
for that specific gas.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Medical Air – Compressed air used in a medical
facility.
• Medical Gas – Gases used in a medical facility,
including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, helium, medical air, and mixtures of
these gases. Standards of purity apply.
• Medical Gas System – A system consisting of a
central supply system (manifold, bulk, or
compressors), including control equipment and
piping extending to station outlets in the facility
where medical gases may be required.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Medical Vacuum System – A system consisting of
central vacuum-producing equipment with vacuum
switches and operating controls, shutoff valves, alarm
warning systems, gauges, and a network of piping
extending to and terminating with station inlets at
locations where patient suction may be required.
Includes surgical vacuum systems, waste anesthesia gas
disposal (gas scavenging systems), and bedside suction
systems.
• Purge, Flow – The removal of oxygen from a system by
oil-free dry nitrogen during brazing.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Purge, System – The removal of nitrogen from a
system with the medical gas required for that system.
• SCFM – Standard cubic feet per minute, the unit
measure for a volume of gas at standard conditions
(68°F [20°C] and 1 atmosphere of pressure).
• Special Hazard Area – An area, such as a kitchen or
electrical switchgear room.
• Station Inlet – An inlet in a vacuum piping system at
which the user makes connections and
disconnections.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Station Outlet – An outlet point in a medical gas
piping system at which the user makes
connections and disconnections.
• Use Point – A room or area within a room, where
medical gases are dispensed to a patient for
medical purposes.
• Valve, Isolation – A valve which isolates one
piece of equipment from another.
• Valve, Riser – A valve at the base of a vertical
riser, which isolates that riser.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Valve, Service – A valve serving horizontal
piping extending from a riser to a station
outlet or inlet.
• Valve, Source – A single valve at the source
which controls a number of units that make
up the total source.
• Valve, Zone – A valve which controls the gas
or vacuum service to a particular area.
MATERIALS
• Piping for medical gas systems shall be listed Type
"K" or "L" medical gas tube.
• Fittings for medical gas systems used for
connecting copper tubing shall be listed wrought
copper suitable for making brazed connections.
• Valves, manifolds, terminal connections, and
other such devices installed in medical gas
systems shall be bronze, brass, or of other
materials that meet the requirements of Section
301.0.
MATERIALS
• Piping for medical gas systems shall be suitable
for and compatible with oxygen service.
• Piping for medical vacuum systems shall be listed
seamless Type K or L copper tubing, or other
approved or listed materials.
• All ball valves used in medical gas and medical
vacuum systems shall be full-way.
• Piping for medical nitrogen systems in excess of
200 psig (1.36 MPa gauge) and not exceeding 300
psig (2.07 MPa gauge) shall be type “K” copper.
MARKINGS
Gas
Medical Air
Nitrogen
Nitrous Oxide
Oxygen
Vacuum
Helium
Carbon Dioxide
Marking Colors
Yellow background with black letters
Black background with white letters
Blue background with white letters
Green background with white letters
White background with black letters
Brown background with white letters
Gray background with black or white
letters
PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
2000
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Agricultural waste" shall refer to waste generated
from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or
pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from
farms or fields.
• "Bulky wastes" shall refer to waste materials which
cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers
because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical
attributes. These include large worn-out or broken
household, commercial, and industrial items such as
furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other
similar items.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Buy-back center" shall refer to a recycling center that
purchases or otherwise accepts recyclable materials
from the public for the purpose of recycling such
materials.
• "Collection" shall refer to the act of removing solid
waste from the source or from a communal storage
point.
• "Composting" shall refer to the controlled
decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms,
mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Consumer electronics" shall refer to special wastes
that include worn-out, broken, and other discarded
items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets.
• "Controlled dump" shall refer to a disposal site at which
solid waste is deposited in accordance with the
minimum prescribed standards of site operation.
• "Disposal site" shall refer to a site where solid waste is
finally discharged and deposited.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Ecological solid waste management" shall refer to the
systematic administration of activities which provide for
segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste
and all other waste management activities which do not
harm the environment.
• "Generation" shall refer to the act or process of producing
solid waste.
• "Generator" shall refer to a person, natural or juridical, who
last uses a material and makes it available for disposal or
recycling.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Hazardous waste" shall refer to solid waste or combination
of solid waste which because of its quantity, concentration, or
physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: cause, or
significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an
increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible,
illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
• "Leachate" shall refer to the liquid produced when waste
undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through
solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is a contaminated
liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Materials recovery facility" shall include solid waste
transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a
composting facility, and a recycling facility.
• "Municipal wastes" shall refer to wastes produced from
activities within local government units which include a
combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and
industrial wastes and street litters.
• "Open burning" shall refer to the thermal destruction of
wastes by means of direct exposure to fire. Furthermore,
this definition shall apply to traditional small-scale methods
of community sanitation "siga".
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Open dump" shall refer to a disposal area wherein the
solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of
without due planning and consideration for environmental
and health standards.
• "Receptacles" shall refer to individual containers used for
the source separation and the collection of recyclable
materials.
• "Recovered material" shall refer to material and byproducts that have been recovered or diverted from solid
waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and
used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled
product.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Recyclable material" shall refer to any waste material
retrieved from the waste stream and free from
contamination that can still be converted into suitable
beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not
limited to, newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous
scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum,
glass, office paper, tin cans, plastics and other
materials as may be determined by the Commission.
• "Recycled material" shall refer to post-consumer
material that has been recycled and returned to the
economy.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Recycling" shall refer to the treating of used or
waste materials through a process of making
them suitable for beneficial use and for other
purposes, and includes any process by which
solid waste materials are transformed into new
products in such a manner that the original
products may lose their identity, and which may
be used as raw materials for the production of
other goods or services: Provided, that the
collection, segregation and re-use of previously
used packaging material shall be deemed
recycling under the Act.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Re-use" shall refer to the process of recovering materials
intended for the same or different purpose without the
alteration of physical and chemical characteristics.
• "Sanitary landfill" shall refer to a waste disposal site
designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a
manner that exerts engineering control over significant
potential environmental impacts arising from the
development and operation of the facility.
• "Segregation" shall refer to sorting and segregation of
different materials found in solid waste in order to promote
recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume
of waste for collection and disposal.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Solid waste" shall refer to all discarded household,
commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional, ports /
harbour and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction
debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic
solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the term
"solid waste" as used in the Act shall not include:
– waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid,
contained gaseous or semisolid form which may cause or
contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious or
incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the
health of persons and other organisms;
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
– infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments,
utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who
are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having
communicable diseases and must therefore be isolated as
required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as
pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood
elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or
laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or
transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room
pathologic specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto,
and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and
emergency rooms; and
– waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated
soil and debris.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "Special wastes" shall refer to household hazardous
wastes such as paints, thinners, household batteries,
lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These
include wastes from residential and commercial
sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer
electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected
separately, batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are
usually handled separately from other residential and
commercial wastes.
• "Waste diversion" shall refer to activities which reduce
or eliminate the amount of solid wastes from waste
disposal facilities.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• "White goods" shall refer to large worn-out or broken
household, commercial, and industrial appliances such
as stoves, refrigerators, dishwaters, and clothes
washers and dryers collected separately. White goods
are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific
materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.).
• "Yard waste" shall refer to wood, small or chipped
branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris,
vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a
plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the
Commission.
PLUMBING PRACTICAL
Thank You.