1879
The Dual Alliance
Germany and Austria-Hungary
make an alliance to protect
themselves from Russia.
1881
Austro-Serbian Alliance
Austria-Hungary makes an alliance
with Serbia to prevent Russia
gaining control of Serbia.
1882
The Triple Alliance
Germany and Austria-Hungary
make an alliance with Italy to
stop Italy taking sides with
Russia.
1894
Franco-Russian Alliance
Russia allied with France to protect
herself from Austria-Hungary and
Germany.
1904
Entente Cordiale
This was an agreement but not
a formal alliance between Britain
and France
1907
The Anglo-Russian Entente
Britain and Russia ended their
differences with this alliance.
1907
The Triple Entente
This alliance between Britain, France
and Russia was made because of
worsening relations between Germany
and Russia and Germany and Britain
WW1
The First World War officially began on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia. The assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke
_______________ catalyzed a chain reaction of aggression that resulted in more than 30
nations engaging in war over the next _________ years.
Many Latin American countries also declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary
in 1917 and 1918. Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua
and Panama all declared war in the latter half of the conflict, though Brazil, with its
naval campaign against German U-boats, was the only Latin American country to be
directly involved in the fighting.
What year did First World War start?
A) 1916
B) 1919
C) 1914
D) 1918
Causes of the First World War
The factors that explain the outbreak of the First World War are varied.
These are the main ones:
● The new international expansionist policy undertaken by the G_____ Emperor
Wilhelm II in 1890.
In 1890 , the new emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II, began an international policy that
sought to turn his country into a world power. The Weltpolitik of Germany was seen
as a threat by the other powers and destabilized the international situation.
Weltpolitik ("world politics") was the imperialist foreign policy adopted by the
German Empire during the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II. The aim was to transform
Germany into a global power.
The change in the power balance between economic powers, with Britain frightened
before the German industrial might and the naval rearmament, which was initiated
by the government of Berlin.The second industrial revolution, which began in 1870,
shifted the balance of economic might between the powers. The increasingly
powerful Germany challenged British hegemony. This challenge was particularly seen
in two areas: increasing competition of the German economy and the acceleration of
the German naval rearmament. The term for this is Mi___________ which is another
cause of the war, was simliar to the arms race of today. Because Britain had a great
navy, Germany wanted a great navy too. Germany and France competed for larger
armies. The more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt
they had to do the same.
● The change in the power balance between economic powers, with Britain
frightened before the German industrial might and the naval rearmament, which was
initiated by the government of Berlin.
● Conflicts between colonial powers in A_________and A_______ .
The extension of the colonial empires exacerbated the struggle for territory,
markets, prestige and power between the European industrial powers. By 1900 the
British Empire extended over five continents and France had control of large areas of
Africa. The amount of lands 'owned' by Britain and France increased the rivalry with
Germany, who had entered the scramble to acquire colonies late and only had small
areas of Africa. By 1900 the British Empire extended over five continents and France
had control of large areas of Africa. The amount of lands 'owned' by Britain and
France increased the rivalry with Germany, who had entered the scramble to acquire
colonies late and only had small areas of Africa.This action is called Im_______________ .
● Rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary for the hegemony in the Ba______.
The rivalry between _________________________ for hegemony in the Balkans increased
by the increasing weakness of Turkey and Slavic (Serb mainly) nationalism
encouraged by Russia and directed against the Habsburgs in Vienna.
Nationalism
Nationalism means being a
_____ supporter of the rights
and interests of one's country.
Two main crises
The Moroccan Crisis - In 1905 Morocco had been
given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans
wanted independence and were supported by
Germany.War was avoided, but in 1911, the
Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain
supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French
Congo.
The Bosnian Crisis - In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia. This angered
Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria-Hungary
with war, Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilised its forces. Germany, allied to AustriaHungary mobilised its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided
when Russia backed down. In 1911 and 1912 there was war in the Balkans when the
Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over
which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary intervened and forced
Serbia to give up land. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high.
On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at about 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were
assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The perpetrator was 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young
Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized and armed by the Black Hand
Who assassinated Archduke Franz
Ferdinand?
Where was Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassinated?
A.Gavrilo Princip
A.Tuzla
B.Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
B.Mostar
C.Nedeljko Čabrinović
C.Sarahjevo
D.Vaso Čubrilović
D.Medjugorje
● Psychological rivalry between peoples, encouraged by _______________ campaigns.
Hatred of the neighbor was more the norm than the exception.
Anti-German sentiment (or Germanophobia) is defined as an opposition to or fear of
Germany, its inhabitants, its culture and the German language. The sentiment largely
began with the mid-19th century unification of Germany, which made the new
nation a rival to the Great Powers of Europe on economic, cultural, geopolitical and
military grounds.Negative comments about Germany had begun to appear in Britain
in the 1870s, following the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71
Formation of Alliances
By 1914, Europe's six major powers
were split into two alliances that
would form the warring sides in
World War I. Britain, France, and
Russia formed the Triple Entente,
while Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy joined in the Triple
Alliance.
Triple Alliance
Forming the Triple Alliances we have Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. G______
and Austria-_______ were already allies by 1879 when, worried about a threat from
R_______ , they formed the Dual Alliance. I______ joined the group in 1882. There was
a concern about a possible attack from F_____ and the Alliance needed powerful
friends to help defend it. The three countries promised to assist each other if any of
them should be attacked.
Triple Entente Opposing the Triple Alliance, we have the Triple Entente,
made up of Fr____, Gr_______, and
R______. The Triple _______ proves the old saying that 'necessity makes strange
bedfellows,' for after years of bitterness and conflict, these old enemies became
rather reluctant allies as they tried to hold on to their place in the world. The Triple
Entente ("entente"—French for "agreement") was the alliance formed in 1907 among
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the French Third Republic and the
Russian Empire after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The UK already had
the Entente Cordiale with France since 1904, while France had concluded the FrancoRussian Alliance in 1894. The Triple Alliance formed in 1882 offered an ominous
threat, thus the three nations bonded together in a compact designed to protect
them from encroachment or attack.
Formation throughout the wars
The first World War began as a local war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in
1914. It grew into a war involving 32 countries. The Allies included Britain, France,
Russia, Italy and the United States. These countries fought against the Central
Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
World War I Begins
Convinced that Austria-Hungary was readying for war, the Serbian government
ordered the Serbian army to mobilize, and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July
28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between
Europe’s great powers quickly collapsed.
Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against
Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.
Phases of War
The War had five phases:
1.The War of Movement (August ‒ September 1914)
The Germans invaded France, but were stopped at the Battle of the Marne
(September 1914).
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) helped to stop the Germans at the Battle of
Mons (23 August 1914).The Russians invaded Germany but were destroyed at the
Battle of Tannenberg (August 1914).
East Front
แนวรบด ้านตะวันออก คือ เขตสงครามใน
้ หนึ
่ ่ งบริเวณยุโรปกลางและยุโรป
สงครามโลกครังที
ตะวันออก คาดังกล่าวขัดกับแนวรบด ้านตะวันตก
แม ้จะแยกกันทางภูมศ
ิ าสตร ์ เหตุการณ์ในเขต
้
สงครามทังสองมีอท
ิ ธิพลต่อกันอย่างมาก
On August 4, 1914, German troops
crossed the border into Belgium. In the
first battle of World War I, the Germans
assaulted the heavily fortified city of
Liege, using the most powerful weapons
in their arsena enormous siege cannons
to capture the city by August 15. Leaving death and destruction in their wake,
including the shooting of civilians and the execution of a Belgian priest, whom they
accused of inciting civilian resistance, the Germans advanced through Belgium
towards France.
Battle of Tannenberg, (August 26–30, 1914)
World War I battle fought at Tannenberg, East Prussia (now Stębark, Poland), that
ended in a German victory over the Russians. The crushing defeat occurred
barely a month into the conflict, but it became emblematic of the Russian
Empire’s experience in World War I. The Battle of Tannenberg was fought
between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the
first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete
destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding
general, Alexander Samsonov.
่ ้นของรัสเซียใน ค.ศ. 1914 บนชายแดนออสเตรีย-ฮังการีน้ัน เป็ นเหตุให ้ฝ่ าย
ความสาเร็จแต่เริมต
่
้
มหาอานาจกลางกังวลและทาให ้กองทัพเยอรมนี จานวนมากถูกส่งมาทางตะวันออก เพือปลดเปลื
องแรง
้
่ ้าของเยอรมนี ใหม่ เมือถึ
่ งปลายปี ค.ศ. 1914
กดดันต่อออสเตรีย นาไปสูก
่ ารจัดตังกองทั
พทีเก
ค.ศ. 1915
ใน ค.ศ. 1915 กองบัญชาการเยอรมนีตด
ั สินใจทุม
่ เทความพยายามส่วนใหญ่บนแนวรบด ้านตะวันออก
และย ้ายกาลังขนาดใหญ่พอสมควรมาจากทางตะวันตก ในการกาจัดภัยคุกคามรัสเซีย ฝ่ ายมหาอานาจ
่
กลางเริมการทั
พใน ค.ศ. 1915 ด ้วยการรุกกอลิซ-ทาร ์นอฟในกาลิเซียในเดือนพฤษภาคม ค.ศ. 1915
้ สอง
่
หลังยุทธการทะเลสาบมาซูเรียครังที
กาลังเยอรมนี และออสเตรีย-ฮังการีในแนวรบด ้านตะวันออก
่
่
ดาเนินการอยูภ
่ ายใต ้การบังคับบัญชาร่วมกัน ไม่นานการรุกจะเปลียนไปเป็
นการคืบหน้าทัวไปและตาม
้ อข ้อผิดพลาดในแง่ยท
ด ้วยการล่าถอยทางยุทธศาสตร ์ของกองทัพรัสเซีย สาเหตุของการผันกลับนี คื
ุ ธวิธ ี
่ นใหญ่และเครืองกระสุ
่
เช่น การขาดประสิทธิภาพของยุทโธปกรณ์ทางเทคนิค โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิงปื
น
่
่
เฉพาะจนถึง ค.ศ. 1916 ทีการพั
ฒนาอุตสาหกรรมสงครามรัสเซียเพิมการผลิ
ตยุทธภัณฑ ์ และพัฒนา
สถานการณ์ด ้านกาลังบารุงได ้
ถึงกลาง ค.ศ. 1915 รัสเซียถูกขับออกจากโปแลนด ์และถูกผลักดันหลายร ้อยกิโลเมตรจากชายแดนของ
่ นการกาจัดภัยคุกคามการรุกรานเยอรมนี หรือออสเตรีย-ฮังการีของ
ประเทศฝ่ ายมหาอานาจกลาง ซึงเป็
่
รัสเซีย ปลาย ค.ศ. 1915 การรุกของเยอรมนี และออสเตรียถูกหยุดทีแนวริ
กา–Jakobstadt–Dvinsk–
้
่
่
Baranovichi–Pinsk–Dubno–Ternopil แนวรบนี โดยคร่าว ๆ ทัวไปแล ้วไม่เปลียนแปลงกระทั
ง่
จักรวรรดิรสั เซียล่มสลายใน ค.ศ. 1917
3.Stalemate (1915)
There was a stalemate (neither side could defeat the other).
On the Western Front, attacks on the German trenches led to huge casualties.
the conflict spread into Western Europe as Germany invaded Luxemburg and
Belgium, and Britain intervened. They are using terms known as attrition warfare
which means a strategic concept that has the particular condition that to win a war,
the enemy must be worn down up to the point of collapse through continuous
reduction of military materials and equipment, including personnel; precisely World
War I was about who could outfight and outlast the other.
This mostly eliminates the thought of war being fight
over territory since battles with the attrition warfare
barely moved their lines, it was mostly static.
Basically the two sides just tried to kill enough of the
enemy side and destroy their equipment so that they
could not afford to keep fighting. "Winning" would
not be the right term to describe their victory
through this process. Like Winston Churchill stated,
"The war will be ended by the exhaustion of nations rather than the victories of
armies."During the years 1914 to 1917, millions of soldiers on each side were killed in
the battles. Soldiers were forced to leave the safety on the trenches to get to the
other side and kill opposing soldiers. Many crossed into the No man's land in the
hope to get to the other side, only to be killed by machine guns and tanks. So many
soldiers being killed a day lead the war to be one of attrition; the side with the most
men would win the war.
First Battle of the Marne
In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from September 6-9, 1914, French and British
forces confronted the invading Germany army, which had by then penetrated deep
into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris. The Allied troops checked the
German advance and mountedsuccessful counterattack, driving the Germans back to
north of the Aisne River.
The defeat meant the end of German plans for a quick victory in France. Both sides
dug into trenches, and the Western Front was the setting for a hellish war of attrition
that would last more than three years.
The Race to the Sea (September ‒ November 1914)
On the Western Front, both sides dug a 400-mile line of trenches from Switzerland
to the English Channel. Soldiers had to put up with constantly being wet, being
pestered by rats, and illnesses.
The Western Front
According to an aggressive military strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan (named for
its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen),
แผนชลีเฟน Schlieffen Plan
เป็ นเวลาหลายปี ก่อนสงคราม เสนาธิการทหารเยอรมัน หลายคนต่างคาดการณ์วา่ ในอนาคต
่
เยอรมันต ้องเผชิญศึก 2 ด ้านพร ้อมกัน โดยทางตะวันตกเยอรมันต ้องต่อสู ้กับฝรังเศส
และทางตะวันออก
คือรัสเซีย
่
นายพล อัลเฟรด กราฟ ฟอน ชลีเฟน เมือเข
้ารับตาแหน่ งเสนาธิการ ได ้ประเมินสถานการณ์ และมี
่
แนวคิทต
ี รงอข ้ามกับอดีตเสนาธิการทีผ่านๆ มา โดยเห็นว่า เยอรมันควรเผด็จศึกทางด ้านตะวันตกก่อน
่
่
่
่
้นวางตัวเป็ นกลาง ปิ ด
(ฝรังเศส)โดยเคลือนทั
พผ่านอ ้อมแนวป้ องกันอันแข็งแกร่งผ่านเบลเยียมซึ
งขณะนั
ล ้อมปารีส หลังจากนั้นจึงย ้ายกาลังรบไปยังรัสเซีย
่ เข ้าทาง
จากแผนยุทธการดังกล่าวชลีเฟนกาหนดกาลังรบเป็ น 8 ส่วน 7 ส่วนบุกผ่านเบลเยียม
่
ตะวันตกเฉี ยงเหนื อของฝรังเศสบุ
กยึดปารีส กาลังอีก 1ส่วนจะอยู่ทางใต ้ คอยระวังเมืองอุตสาหกรรม
้ เฟนเห็นว่าอาจจะได ้รับการต่อต ้านอย่างรุนแรงทีเมื
่ อง Liege และ
สาคัญของเยอรมัน ในแผนการนี ชลี
่
่ นตอนเหนื อของเบลเยียมด
่
่ นทัพ
Namur จึงวางแผนทีจะเดิ
นทัพ เข ้าไปในเนเธอร ์แลนด ์ซึงเป็
้วย เพือเดิ
่ ดล ้อมปารีสและป้ องกันกองทัพฝรังเศสจาก
่
เลียบฝั่ งทะเลช่องแคบอังกฤษ แล ้ววกลงมาทางตะวันออกเพือปิ
่ อว่
่ าหากปิ ดล ้อมปารีสแล ้วฝรังเศสจะยอมจ
่
้
แนวรบหวนกลับเข ้ามาช่วย ซึงเชื
านนในเวลาอันสัน
Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France through neutral
Belgium in the west and confronting Russia in the east.
Britain's attempt to open up a 'Second Front' at Gallipoli in Turkey was a failure.
The Gallipoli Campaign of 1915-16, also known as the Battle of Gallipoli or the
Dardanelles Campaign, was an unsuccessful attempt by the Allied Powers to control
the sea route from Europe to Russia during World War I. The campaign began with a
failed naval attack by British and French ships on the Dardanelles Straits in FebruaryMarch 1915 and continued with a major land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula on
April 25, involving British and French troops as well as divisions of the Australian and
New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC).
Where did Britain attempt to open up a
'Second Front'?
A.The German ports
B.Gallipoli
C.Verdun
Trench Warfare (สนามเพลาะ)
Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using
occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military
trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the
enemy's small arms fire and are substantially
sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of
trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It
has become a byword for stalemate, attrition, sieges,
and futility in conflict.
Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not
matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of
warfare in which the defender held the advantage. On the Western
Front in 1914–1918, both sides constructed elaborate trench,
underground, and dugout systems opposing each other along a front,
protected from assault by barbed wire, mines, camouflaged trapping
pits, and other obstacles. The area between opposing trench lines
(known as "no man's land") was fully exposed to artillery fire from both
sides. Attacks, even if successful, often sustained severe casualties.
้ บในการทาสงคราม ด ้วยการขุดหลุมเพลาะเป็ นแนวยาวเหยียดหลายแนว
สนามเพลาะ คือ แนวตังรั
สลับซับซ ้อนกัน ไป ด ้านหน้าทาการสร ้างลวดหนามไว ้ต ้านทานทหารของฝ่ ายข ้าศึก ทหารจะอาศัยอยูใ่ น
่
รูท ่ี ขุดเข ้าไปใต ้ดินเพือหลบลู
กกระสุนปื นใหญ่ของข ้าศึกและใช ้หลับนอนอยูอ
่ าศัย พอข ้าศึกบุก ก็จะเข ้า
่
้ ้ปื นกล
ไปประจาในสนามเพลาะทาการยิงปื นยาวสกัดข ้าศึกทีดาหน้าฝ่ าแนวลวดหนาม เข ้ามารวมทังใช
้
และปื นใหญ่ของฝ่ ายเดียวกันช่วยยิงสกัดข ้าศึกด ้วย พอจะทาการรุกทหารก็จะขึนจากสนามเพลาะของตน
่ ้ามเขตปลอดคน(No man land)
วิงข
4.The War of Attrition (1916 ‒ 1918)
The two sides simply tried to wear each other down:
Huge battles, eg Verdun and the Somme in 1916,
Battle of Somme
Particularly long and costly battles in this campaign were fought at Verdun
(February-December 1916) and the Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916).
German and French troops suffered close to a million casualties in the Battle of
Verdun alone.The bloodshed on the battlefields of the Western Front, and the
difficulties its soldiers had for years after the fighting had ended, inspired such works
as All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque and the poem In
Flanders Fields by Canadian doctor Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae.
่ งอยู
้ ท
่
แม่น้าซอมม ์ เป็ นแม่น้าทีตั
่ างตอนเหนื อของประเทศฝรังเศส
และยังเป็ นสมรภูมริ บระหว่างอังกฤษกับ
่
้
ฝรังเศส
และฝ่ ายเยอรมนี การสู ้รบเกิดขึนในช่
วงเดือนกรกฎาคมไปจนถึงเดือนพฤศจิกายน 1916 โดย
่
่ ฝ่าแนวป้ องกันของเยอรมนี ตังแต่
้ ป่าอันเคอร ์ ยาวไปจนถึง
ฝ่ ายอังกฤษและฝรังเศสมี
ความต ้องการทีจะตี
่
ตอนเหนื อของแม่น้าซอมม ์ ทีรวมระยะทางได
้กว่า 24 กิโลเมตร โดยอังกฤษจะนาทัพบุกทางตอนเหนื อ
่
่
่
่ ากองทัพตีฝ่าแนวป้ องกันของเยอรมนี
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ด ้วยแนวรัวลวดหนามและป้
อมปื นกล รวมถึงนา ‘แก๊สมัสตาร ์ด’ เข ้ามาใช ้ จนทาให ้ทหารอังกฤษทีบุ
ในแนวป้ องกันของเยอรมนี เสียชีวต
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ิ ง ยุทธการแม่นาซอมม ์จึงยุตล
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าหนึ่งล ้านนาย
Passchendaele in 1917, lasted many months. Thousands of men died or were
wounded.
New weapons, eg poison gas, tanks and aeroplanes failed to make much effect.
There were terrible conditions in the trenches and many casualties from machine
gun and artillery fire.
The British blockaded German ports to try to starve
the Germans into surrender. In October 1918 there
was a revolution in Germany.
German U-boats tried to starve the British by sinking
merchant ships – but this angered the Americans.
Germany was the first country to employ submarines in
war as substitutes for surface commerce raiders. At the
outset of World War I, German U-boats, though
numbering only 38, achieved notable successes against
British warships. On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat
torpedoed the British-owned luxury steamship Lusitania,
killing 1,128 people including 128 Americans. The disaster
immediately strained relations between Germany and the
neutral United States, fueled anti-German sentiment and
set off a chain of events that eventually led to the United States entering World War
German Zeppelins and Gotha planes bombed London.
5.The Fighting Ends
The United States of America entered the war in 1917.
In January 1917, Germany announced that it would resume
unrestricted submarine warfare. This announcement helped precipitate
American entry into the conflict. Germany hoped to win the war within five
months, and they were willing to risk antagonizing Wilson on the
assumption that even if the United States declared war, it could not
mobilize quickly enough to change the course of the conflict.
Then a fresh insult led Wilson to demand a declaration of war. In
March 1917, newspapers published the Zimmerman Note, an intercepted
telegram from the German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman to the
German ambassador to Mexico. The telegram said that if Germany went to
war with the United States, Germany promised to help Mexico recover the
territory it had lost during the 1840s, including Texas, New Mexico,
California, and Arizona. The Zimmerman Note and German attacks on three
U.S. ships in mid-March led Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war.
On 21 March 1918, the Germans launched Operation Michael – a huge last-ditch
attack.
On 8 August 1918, the German Army's 'Black Day', when their attack was defeated.
The Allies, with the Americans, began to push back the Germans. The Allies and
Germany signed a ceasefire, or 'armistice', at 11am on 11 November 1918.
World War One ended at 11am on 11 November, 1918.
This became known as Armistice Day - the day Germany signed an armistice (an
agreement for peace) which caused the fighting to stop.
When was the Armistice between Germany
and France signed?
A. 28 June 1918
B. 11November 1918
C. 11 November 1919
D. 28 June 1919
When did the First World War end?
A.On 8 August 1918
B.In October 1918
C.On 11 November 1918
On 28 June 1919, The Treaty of Versailles was signed by the Germans.
Why did Germany lose?
At the start of 1918, Germany was in a strong position. Russia had already left the
year before which made Germany even stronger.
A few events turned things around:
Britain and France counterattacked strongly after Germany's 'Michael Offensive' in
March 1918.
In April 1917, the United States joined the war against Germany.
Germany and its allies realised it was no longer possible to win the war.
The leaders of the German army told the government to stop. Kaiser Wilhelm,
Germany's ruler, stepped down on 9 November 1918.
Treaty of Versailles
The leaders of the USA, Great Britain and France met in Versailles to decide what
should happen next.Germany, Austria and Hungary were not invited.
The Big Three
Each government represented by the men in the the Big Three had
different desires:
Woodrow Wilson wanted a "fair and lasting peace" and had written
a plan—the Fourteen Points—to achieve this. He wanted the armed
forces of all nations reduced, not just the losers, and a League of
Nations created to ensure peace.
Frances Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay dearly for the war,
including being stripped of land, industry, and its armed forces. He
also wanted heavy reparations.
Lloyd George was affected by public opinion in Britain, which agreed
with Clemenceau, though he personally agreed with Wilson.
The agreement was called the Treaty of Versailles.
Germany was shocked by it because:
-They had to accept total blame for starting the war.
-They could not join the new League of Nations, where countries worked together
for peace.
-Some places Germany used to own, like Alsace-Lorraine, were taken from them.
-They were banned from having an army of more than 100,000 men and from having
any submarines or an air force.
That’s why people in Germany were angry. The country had to pay 132 billion gold
marks (their currency before the Euro) to repair the damages of war. They became
poor because of this. The Treaty of Versailles was also a major contributing factor in
the outbreak of the Second World War.
Arms
The left bank of the Rhine was to be occupied by Allied forces and the right bank
demilitarized.
The German army was cut to 100,000 men.
Wartime weapons were to be scrapped.
The German Navy was cut to 36 ships and no submarines.
Germany was banned from having an Air Force.
An Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria was banned.
Reparations and Guilt
In the "war guilt" clause, Germany has to accept total blame for the war.
Germany had to pay £6,600 million in compensation.
The League of Nations
After WW1, the need for an international body of nations that promotes security and
peace worldwide became evident. This caused the founding of the League of
Nations. A League of Nations was to be
created to prevent further world conflict.
When and where was the treaty between
What is the name the international
organisation created at the end of
the First World War?
A.The European Union
B.The League of Nations
C.The United Nations
France and Germany signed?
A. In 1918, under the Arc de Triomphe in
Paris
B. In 1919, under the Arc de Triomphe in
Paris
C. In 1918, in a Wagon at Versailles
D. In 1919, in the Hall of Mirrors at
Versailles
The Consequences of the War
In some ways, humankind has never recovered from the horrors of the First World
War:
Eight million soldiers died and many more were damaged physically or mentally.
Nine million civilians died.
Twelve million tons of shipping was sunk.
On the Western Front, the war destroyed 300,000 houses, 6,000 factories, 1,000 miles
of railway and 112 coal mines.
Remembrance Day began and poppies were used to symbolise those who had lost
their lives fighting.
Germany had not technically surrendered and was outraged by the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles this helped to cause:The Second World War. Some historians
suggest that there were not two world wars, but only one, with a long ceasefire in
between.Hitler's rise to power.
The War helped make Britain more democratic. There was an attitude that Britain
needed to be 'a home fit for heroes.' A Labour government was elected in 1924. All
men and women over 21 were given the vote in 1928.
Social life also changed because women had to run businesses while the men were
at war and labor laws started to be enforced due to mass production and
mechanization. People all wanted better living standards.
WW1 boosted research in technology, because better transport and means of
communication gave countries an advantage over their enemies.
20. The entry of the United States into World War I
a. did not effect the war’s outcome.
b. added hundreds of thousands of troops to
the Allied cause.
c. made German soldiers fight much harder
than they had before.
d. infused much-needed cash into the Allied
war effort.
Exercises
1. What three European countries signed an alliance called the Triple Entente?
a. Germany, Russia, Italy
b. Italy, Austria, Poland
c. France, Britain, Russia
d. France, Spain, Netherlands
e. Austria, Germany, Italy
2. What is it called when a country expands its influence and power into a large
empire?
a. Despotism
b. Communism
c. Socialism
d. Imperialism
e. Absolutism
3. Which two countries had become wealthy through creating vast worldwide
empires?
a. Britain and France
b. Germany and France
c. Russia and Britain
d. Russia and Germany
e. Germany and Britain
4. What single event triggered the start of World War I?
a. The bombing of Pearl Harbor
b. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
c. Germany invaded Poland
d. The alliance formed between Germany and Austria
e. The death of the Tsar of Russia
5. Who was Archduke Ferdinand?
a. The leader of Germany's armed forces
b. The future Tsar of Russia
c. The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary
d. The British ambassador to Germany
e. The leader of the French government
6. What country declared war on Serbia at the very start of World War I?
a. Germany
b. Russia
c. Italy
d. France
e. Austria-Hungary
7. Why do some historians believe that Germany wanted to start World War I?
a. Germany felt that the war was going to happen
b. Germany felt surrounded by enemies
c. Germany felt that the sooner the war began, the better chance they had
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
8. Which side was the United States on at the start of the war?
a. Germany and Austria
b. Britain and France
c. The United States was neutral at the start of the war
d. All of the above
9. Which of the following was a cause that contributed to the start of World War I?
a. Imperialism
b. Secret Alliances
c. Politics
d. National pride
e. All of the above
10. World War I was mostly fought between the countries of what continent?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. Europe
d. North America
e. South America
Questions and Answers
1. What were the main reasons for the first world war?
A. Murder of German President in Berlin
B. Murder of Austria's heir in Sarajevo
C. Territorial rivalry
D. The revolution of Russia with Lenin
2. Which of the following was not a cause of WWI?
A. Nationalism
B. Balkan war
C. Hundred Year war
D. Franco-Prussian war
3. Which countries were not in the Triple Entente in 1914?
Discuss
A. USA
B. Russia
C. Italy
D. Belgium
4. All of these were major battles of WWI except.
A. Battle of the Somme
B. Battle of the Marne
C. Battle of Antietam
D. Battle of Gallipoli
5.In which year did the battle of Verdun start?
A. 1914
B. 1915
C. 1916
D. 1917
6. What is the manoeuvre warfare?
A. It's a type of strategy to defeat enemy by movement
B. It's name of a treaty
C. It's a type of strategy to defeat enemy by remaining on his positions
D. It's a British soldiers squad
7. During which years did the Attrition warfare take place?
A. Between 1914-1917
B. Between 1915-1917
C. Between 1914-1918
D. Between 1915-1918
8. Which country made the first declaration of war?
A. Serbia
B. Austria-Hungary
C. Italy
D. Germany
9. Which German attack provoked Britain to go to war?
A. The attack on France
B. The attack on Luxembourg
C. The attack on Belgium
D. The attack on Russia
10. Which country joined the war on the side of the Allied Powers in 1916?
A.Romania
B. Serbia
C. Greece
D. USA
11. On which date did the United States declare war on Germany?
A. July 3, 1914
B. April 6, 1917
C. November 4, 1917
D. USA did not declared the war on Germany.
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14.Which of the following military
technologies were developed
during World war I?
A. Napalm
B. Gas mask
C. Ironclad ship
D. Tanks
15. What was the area in between trenched called during WWI?
A. The great soldier zone
B. The Dead zone
C. No man's land
D. No tolerance land
Directions: The test contains 20 questions, use your clicker to answer them.
True/False: Indicate whether the statement is true or false. Use A for true and B for false
1. The murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria led to the outbreak of World War I.
2. Russia joined World War I because of a previous agreement to protect Serbia.
3. Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum presented to Serbia was the “spark” that ignited the Great War.
4. Sweden was considered the “powder keg” of Europe just prior to the start of the Great War.
5. The Treaty of Versailles officially ended the Great War.
6. Kaiser Wilhelm II was the leader of Germany prior to the start of the Great War.
7. Czar Nicholas II was the leader of Austria-Hungary and was a cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm.
Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
8. Which of the following best describes Germany’s position for much of the war?
a. All of Germany’s military efforts were focused on Serbia.
b. Germany faced war on two fronts.
c. Germany did not have a military strategy for this war.
d. Germany was a neutral country.
9. What was the Zimmermann Note?
a. the German policy of attacking all ships entering or leaving Great Britain
b. Wilson’s speech detailing reasons why the United States should remain neutral
c. a note left behind by a suicide bomber in Serbia
d. a proposal by a German official that Mexico attack the United States in return for
territory
10. The partnership formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the late 1800s was
called the
a. Triple Entente.
c. Eastern Block.
b. Triple Alliance.
d. Central Powers.
11. Which series of events led to World War I?
a. Austria took over Bosnia, Serbia declared war on Austria, and Germany declared
war on Serbia.
b. Germany declared war on Serbia, Russia moved to support Serbia, and Great
Britain declared war on Russia.
c. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia moved to support Serbia, and
Germany declared war on Russia.
d. An Austrian-Hungarian nobleman was assassinated, Germany moved to support
Austria, and Great Britain declared war on Germany.
12. France, Russia, and Great Britain made up the
a. Triple Entente.
c. Eastern Block.
b. Triple Alliance.
d. Central Powers.
13. On which two fronts did Germany fight during World War I?
a. Russia to the east and Italy to the south.
b. France to the west and Belgium to the north.
c. Russia to the east and France to the west.
d. Switzerland to the south and Russia to the east.
14. What was the immediate result of trench warfare?
a. an easy victory for the Allied Powers
c. fewer casualties on both sides
b. massive deadlock
d. an easy victory for the Central Powers
15. How did the Zimmermann Note affect American neutrality?
a. It led the United States to attack Mexico.
b. It made American leaders more resolved to safeguard their neutral rights.
c. It led to strong public support for U.S. entry into the war.
d. It led the Allies to beg the United States to support their war effort.
16. Which of the following is the name of the French river where the first major battle between
French and German troops was fought and German troops retreated.
a. Ypres
c. Marne
b. Seine
d. Versallies
17. What is the term used to describe a policy of glorifying the armed forces and keeping an
army prepared for war?
a. nationalism
c. militarism
b. imperialism
d. patriotism
18. What was a trench intended to accomplish on the battlelines between France and Germany
during the fighting in the Great War?
a. protect soldiers from machine gun fire c. trap enemy soldiers in craters created
by artilery explosions
b. force enemy soldiers to pass through a d. all of the above
“no man’s land”
19. Which force best describes the motive behind Gavrilo Pricip’s assassination of the Archduke
Frans Ferdinand and his wife Sophie?
a. Imperialism
c. Alliances
b. Militarism
d. Nationalism
12 The Great War
wer Section
E/FALSE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TIPLE CHOICE
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
B
D
B
C
A
C
B
C
C
C
A
D
B
26