A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE A Scoping Review of Safety, Access, and Usability of People Living in Urban Village Rapid development within city area had brought to the expansion of the urban area causing more villages residing around the city became annexed to the city these villages are called urban village. Urban village area is a village area surrounded by the urban environment and is placed at the fringes of the urban boundary (Hin & Xin, 2011). The formation of the urban village concept is based on two circumstances; due to the effects of urbanization and the result of the urban village formation concept brought about by the planning and strategy of re-developing the urban area (Song and Zenou, 2012), and due to the increasing number of internal and external migrants (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016; Zhan, 2017). Most of the urban villages were imposed of the changes in order be relevant with the vigorous development in the city nearby. However, lack of reasonable urban planning causes the urban villages to be unsystematically surrounded surrounded with tall buildings, crowded population and narrow roads (Tang, Yao & Xiao, 2010). These had caused physical changes to the environment and consequently changes the social and economic aspects of the area (Geroldi, 2013). Some residents of urban villages are the original populaces of the area while some others migrated to area. Li, Chen and Hu (2016) suggested that some migrants came to the area to work in the city. However, due to the expensive living standards (i.e., expensive house rental) had caused them to reside to the sub urban areas. While some other migrants came to populate the area involuntary due to natural disasters or actions imposed on them such as political upheaval, human trafficking or land acquisitions. Urban village can be characterized in three aspects; physical, social and economic environment (Samsurijan et al., 2017). While some relates urban village more to the urban spectrum, some other still consider urban village as rural area (Zhan, 2017). Physically, there 1 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE are several elements frequently used in determining a city’s status; geography, urban development structure and population density (Alden, 1996). These refers to the various urban infrastructure facilities such as major roads, supermarkets and malls, commercial, industrial and business centers, as well as urban housing areas such as apartments and condominiums. Socially, urban villages are populated by various demographic structure due to various housing projects offered within the area ranging from high, medium and low cost housing. This had attracted people from various social status and had eventually formed a new social environment (Awang, Shah & Aiyub, 2008). Urbanisations had attracted more migration into the area nearer to the city and caused the urban social structure to be combined and saturated (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016). Migrants lease homes from original residents due to lower lease rates in comparison with the more urban areas. Hin and Xin (2011) found that this had led to social issues such as prostitution and security. In a seemingly urbanized area, urban villages are suggested to still hold on to local culture and traditions. For example, in Malaysia, these can be seen through mutual visitations among the residents, joint effort during celebrations and occasions as well as attending religious classes (Hussain, Samsurijan, Ishak & Awang, 2011). This shows that, even though urban villages reside within urban environments, culture and tradition still play major role in the population’s social identification. Economically, it can be assessed through identification of land title, status of the land and current economic activities. Different countries practices different segregation and appointment of land status to the people living within the area. In China, land acquisitions by the government acquired the farms and moved the farmers to a new resettlement housing in the urban area and becoming in the formal urban residents or the area (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016). While in Malaysia, there are three types of ownerships given to the people within urban 2 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE village area; (1) permanent titles, (2) 99-year lease and (3) temporary titles. Most of the urban village’s lands status were changed to development zone and had attracted many investor to acquire the lands. This had cause voluntary of involuntary selling of the lands within urban villages area (Patrick & Imang, 2016). These condition had caused many of the residents to forego conventional village activities such as farming and livestock rearing and adopted more urban activities such as opening businesses or renting rooms while some others find jobs or move out of the area (Hin & Xin, 2011; Song & Zenou, 2012; Patrick & Imang, 2016). A ScR practices reproducible, systematic and rigorous knowledge synthesis methodology in an attempt to identify, characterise, categorise, summarise and explain global evidence from published research related to urban villages. Rapid upsurge of urban villages has risen an important needs to do further research in understanding the population within the area. Being a home to many people, there is a need to further study on the safety, access and usability of people living in urban village. In this paper specifically, the result of this ScR is a comprehensive report of the evidence and knowledge gaps that exist related to safety, access and usability of people living in urban village settings worldwide. Results generated from this ScR can inform policy-makers, as well as the scientific community, and facilitate decisionmaking on intervention and development initiatives for the people living in urban villages. Methods ScR were used in this research. A version of Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage ScR framework (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005) will be followed: (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying the relevant literature; (3) selecting the studies; (4) charting the data and (5) organising, summarising and reporting the results. Research Question The research question for this research is, 3 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE 1. What are the current state of research knowledge on the safety, access and usability of people living in urban villages? Search Strategy A search strategy was undertaken; traditional database search. The search algorithm mainly focused on safety, access and usability of people who live in urban village. The search keywords used are; Safety AND “Urban Village” AND Access AND “Urban Village” AND Usability AND “Urban Village” Traditional electronic database search The search was conducted in Scopus database in order to include only high quality articles and avoid predatory journals. All searchers were conducted between 28 March - 11 April 2019. Inclusion/Exclusion criteria The review was limited to English language without limiting the time period as the topic at interest is still very recent therefore not many researches related were published. Published articles were included if they were judged to be a broadly scholarly attempt to conduct a safety, access and usability of people living in urban village study in an urban village setting, or if the key information were important for understanding or improving human wellbeing and system performance. 4 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Relevance Screening and Data Characterization The citations relevance were screened at two stages. Firstly, the citations were screened based on the title and abstract. The citation will be included if it is clearly perceived as related to the topic in question. The full text were then acquired and screened for its relevance for the second time. This is to ensure that only articles of high relevance were included in this review. The articles will be excluded if it does not report on or give weightage to the discussion of safety, access and usability of people living in urban village. Articles that met inclusion criteria, were then categorized according to publication period, study location and population and research focus. This enable us to understand and explain the quantity and breadth of studies held on topic in interest. Identified articles was screened and summarized in tables. The relevant articles then undergone basic thematic analysis and coded based on; (1) when and where the research was conducted, (2) what is the research focus area. Results From 47 unique citations captured by the search, 25 potentially relevant articles were screened and considered primary research relevant to the research question (Figure 1). Eight percent (2/25) of potentially relevant articles were excluded from the review on the basis of redundancy while another 6 article’s full text were not able to be retrieved. Four full-text article was later discarded due to non-eligibility (refer to Figure 1). Finally, 13 studies are included in this study. The final sample included both quantitative (4) and qualitative (9) studies. Fourty six percent (6/13) of the included article related to safety (Wang, Su & Lui, 2012; Zhang, Cao & Song, 2012; Lai, Peng, Li and Lin, 2014; Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015; Hariyani, 2017; Liu, Feng, Ren & Xiao, 2018), fifty four percent (7/13) related to access towards needs and 5 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE resources (Kamat, 2008; Packialakshmi, Ambujam & Nelliyat, 2010; Hao, Hooimeijer, Sliuzas & Geertman, 2013; Wang, 2014; Zhou & Qie, 2014; Joos-Vandewalle, Wynberg, & Alexander, 2018; Surya, Ruslan & Abubakar, 2018), and none related to usability. Publications by continent and time Generally, researches in safety, access and usability of people living in urban village has been conducted since 2007. From 2007 to 2018, the interest started in African continent and then rising interest appear within Asia (India, Indonesia and China). The research regarding safety, access and usability of people living in urban village started in 2008 mainly focused with the concerns on people’s health in Africa. In year 2010, Asia started to study on urban villages in regards of safety and basic utility access, specifically on water resources in India. In 2012-2015, majority of research has been focusing on the discussion of urban villages in China in regards to the physical features and characteristics of urban villages. In 2018, African continent started holding concerns on urban transitioning effects towards natural resources dependencies. Indonesia started to study on spatial aspects of urban villages while China has rising concerns on safety and crimes within urban villages (refer to Figure 2 and Table 1). Safety In relation to safety, previous literatures research interest had been focusing on spatial studies of urban village areas. Such finding were reported majorly China (Hao et al., 2013; Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015). It is vital to understand the development pattern of urban village in order to assess housing demand from migrants and also to avoid undesirable developments. Improper planning of constructions of building may lead to several problems such as resulting in high density area, poor sanitary conditions such as waste dumping issues, absence of infrastructures, and some social problems including crime (Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015). 6 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Without proper planning and the strive to lower the cost of living in urban village may also cost lives. Safety risks in urban village buildings were reported in several aspects such as construction, material qualities and maintenance issues. Safety cases such as building crack, building tilt, illegal layer-addings and extensions, building leakage, poor quality of building materials were reported (Wang, Su & Lui, 2012). Being near to rapidly developing cities had caused physical safety risks not to only originate from internal sources such previously mentioned, but also originate from external sources such as development areas around the urban village (Zhang, Cao & Song, 2012). Besides that, there is a concern of findings such as neighborhood with high residential unsteadiness is likely to entice more juvenile migrant burglars, while a socially disorganized neighbourhood tends to include more adult migrant burglars (Liu, Feng, Ren & Xiao, 2018). However, despite safety issues reported regarding the physical composition of the dwelling location, Indonesia reported interests keep populating the area due to factors such as quality of air, neighbourhood social condition and social identification relations between neighbours, location, ethnic diversity, positive support, easy access to economic, educational and medical facilities, and assurance consisting of customs and security (Hariyani, 2017). Access Being a living space, there should be an appropriate balance between private space and public space necessary for roads, open space and public facilities. However, in Africa, it is reported that privatisation of health centers caused some inhabitants of the community (i.e., poor and marginalized people especially elders) being cut off from the access to receive medical attention (Kamat, 2008). As a result, they were forced to deal with the consequences of the lack of safety nets largely on their own. In addition that, the scarcity of access was not 7 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE only limited to medical advances but also access to basic need such as food resources (JoosVandewalle, Wynberg, & Alexander, 2018) Even though India reported the adversity of basic utility access such as clean water access (Packialakshmi, Ambujam & Nelliyat, 2010), different scenario were reported in China (Wang, 2014). Basic infrastructure, such as water and electricity, is sound in most of China’s urban village areas. In addition, China also reported not only sound basic utilities access, but also reported efforts for more urbane technologies for energy conservation and sustainability (Zhou & Qie, 2014). Even though China reported more technological advances in urban village, some urban villages in China were reported to encounter land right issued had caused the people in some establishment of urban village land report insecurity, unequal access and absence of state regulations on collective land transactions because of the lack of rightful entitlement or claim property rights (Lai et al., 2014). These institutional constraints had caused inability of villagers to be involved in land-related investment incentives and consequently resulted in inferior infrastructure and poorly constructed environment in urban villages. While Indonesia reported nequality of space reproduction control has led to the deprived access to economic, sociocultural resources, and infrastructure services has caused slum areas to develop (Surya, Ruslan & Abubakar, 2018). Discussion Over the years, it is evident that as urbanization are becoming more rampant, more urban villages upsurge. This increase in population of people living in urban villages require the attention from many parties to seek more understanding of the population and necessitate more interventions being done to the aspects that may increase the population’s quality of life. The purpose of this ScR is to explore the current state of research knowledge on the 8 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE safety, access and usability issues of people living in urban villages. The research had included researches from Africa, China, India and Indonesia. Findings from these studies showed that there are multiple research interests that were explored by researches in relation to safety and access, however, limited study were done on usability. Safety issues within urban villages are widely being related to poor urban planning that resulted to bad physical structures in building and spatial planning. Besides that, the rise of migrants was suggested to correlate with the severity of burglary within the area. Poor road planning and none properly built building may hinder the efforts in regards to safety that is related to crimes. Most of the urban village researches were done in a developed country such as China and India or developing country such as Indonesia. Even though there are researches done in underdeveloped country such as Africa, the spectrum of discussion are normally regarding the transition in becoming urbanized and closer to rural features. While in developed country, urban villages are deemed as closer to urbanized area. While most of the researches in developing or developed country focusing more on more sophisticated matter such as urban planning, discussion on urban village in underdeveloped country are more focused on basic need specifically on access to basic needs and resources. From the finding, we may also conclude that even though safety and access are important, those might not be the main constraining factor for people populate a dwelling place. Economic and social factors may be the forcing factors for people to live in an area. Each country has their own definition of urban village. While some referred urban village as slums, some others provided fresher and more positive perspective of urban village. Despite wide perception on the poor accessibility to basic utilities such as water and electricity, researches from China had enable us to see urban villages in a different viewpoint 9 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE by providing us information on the structural planning accomplished within the urban village area and showed good accessibility towards basic utilities. This paper also suggest more studies should be done in identifying the features of urban village according to locations instead of generalizing urban village under one set of characteristics due to the different natures and interpretations of urban villages, Therefore, there is a need for more case studies of these urban village to be conducted. In addition, the absence of studies in usability may raise the query of needs for more usability studies to be conducted among people living in urban village. Limitations of the Scoping Review The ScR only included papers from one online database and there are several articles that perceived to be valuable in providing more insights to this reviews such as road traffic studies and fire assessment studies that are related to safety and access. However, due to access issues, the papers were not able to be included in this review. Besides that, future SrR should include other sources such as grey materials search such as sources from governmental websites, NGOs and other private organisations that is related to the topic of interest such as urban development organisations and etc. This ScR had also became more limited due to language barriers. This limited translation resources may had caused underrepresentation of some geographic regions in our results and constricted the discussion to be only inclusive of the countries that were discussed in English. Conclusion This ScR had identified and characterized all available literature on safety, access and usability of people living in urban villages. This review has reported observations relating to the spatial and physical structure and planning of urban villages, health concerns within urban 10 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE villages area, access to basic needs concerns, safety concerns related to crimes and urban villages sustainability. Besides that, this study also included mitigation and development initiatives for the issues in focus. Results generated from this ScR can inform policy-makers, as well as the scientific community, and facilitate decision-making on intervention and development initiatives for the people living in urban villages. 11 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE References Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. 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Applied Mechanics And Materials, 587-589, 239-242. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.239 14 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Inclusion Data Characterisation Relevance Screening Identification Figure 1: PRISMA chart of the flow of articles through the ScR Records identified through database searching (n = 47) Records after duplicates were removed 1. Article redundancy 2. Article’s full text were not able to be retrieved (n = 45) Records screened Records excluded (n = 25) (n = 8) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility R Full-text articles excluded (n = 4) (n = 17) Studies included in narrative synthesis 1. Focused on general characteristics. 2. Minimal discussion on main research interest (n = 13) 15 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Figure 2: Studies published by country and time Название диаграммы 4 3 2 1 0 2008 2010 2012 Africa 2013 China 2014 India 2015 2017 2018 Indonesia 16 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Table 1: Focus area reported in studies from 2008-2018 Author, year, country Hao, Hooimeijer, Sliuzas & Geertman, (2013) China Hariyani, (2017) Indonesia Huang, Liu & Zhang, (2015) Population, location Shenzhen’s urban villages Africa Kamat, (2008) Multivariate regression models (quantitative) Areas of Brantas River To study on settlement preferences in the disasterprone areas of Brantas River Factor analysis Areas in Shenzen and Wuhan To study on spatiotemporal detection and analysis of urban villages in mega city regions of china using high-resolution remotely sensed imagery To study on dependencies on natural resources in transitioning urban centers Northern Bostwana Tanzania Africa Lai, Peng, Li and Lin, (2014) Methodology To study on spatial development of urban villages in china China JoosVandewalle, Wynberg, & Alexander, (2018) Study objective Urban village in Shenzen To study on health and access to health centers concerns in Tanzania To study on property rights among people Findings Location matters and access to employment, along with development constraints, are the most important determinants for the development of Shenzhen’s urban villages. Two factors have been formed, namely Factor 1 (access) comprising variables of neighbourhood situation, air condition, relations between neighbours, location, ethnic diversity, the presence of a social group, supporting positive habits at home, close to the economic facilities, educational facilities, as well as medical facilities, and Factor 2 (assurance) consisting of customs and security. Spatiotemporal Higher building density of UVs in detection Shenzhen than Wuhan could be (case study, attributed to the opening-up policy qualitative) and the advantageous location with the help of which Shenzhen attracts more people. (quantitative) Due to the huge demand of migrant workers and the poor for low-cost housing, UVs will exist in a long term, particularly in the urban fringe Case study (qualitative) Ethnographic study (qualitative) Comparative analysis (qualitative) The use of natural resources is intuitively thought to be associated with rural areas, but the results suggest that such resources form an important part of livelihoods across urban and peri-urban landscapes as well. Privatisation of health centers caused the poor and marginalized people, especially the elderly, have little choice but to bemoan the ongoing changes in their political, economic and social lives. As a result, they must deal with the consequences of the lack of safety nets largely on their own. Key institutional constraints on the land development in urban villages include: 17 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE living in urban villages in China China Liu, Feng, Ren & Xiao, (2018) Southeast coast of China China Packialakshmi, Ambujam & Nelliyat, (2010) Southern part of the Chennai Metropolitan Area India Surya, Ruslan & Abubakar, (2018) Makassar City Indonesia Wang, (2014) China Urban village in Huanggang To examine the relationship between neighbourhood environment and residential locations of juvenile and adult migrant burglars To study on groundwater market and its implications on water resources and agriculture To study on inequility of space reproduction control and urban slum area management sustainability To study on communal model of urban village 1) land insecurity caused by the possibility of government expropriation, 2) unequal access to credit because of unequal land rights, and 3) absence of state regulations on collective land transactions because of the lack of de jure property rights. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models (quantitative) These institutional constraints weakened the land-related investment incentives and ability of villagers, and resulted in inferior infrastructure and poorly constructed environment in urban villages. Neighbourhood with high residential instability is likely to attract more juvenile migrant burglars, while a socially disorganized neighbourhood tends to include more adult migrant burglars. Quantification of the transported water from the water marketing villages (Case study, qualitative) Case study (qualitative) This paper describes the characteristics of the groundwater transfer, quantification of the marketed water, the role of the existing regulatory framework, and the institutional mechanisms. Case study (qualitative) Most urban villages in China are developed according to proper legal processes. There is a well-developed apartment leasing system. Inequality of space reproduction control, lack of access to economic, sociocultural resources, subsistence economic conditions and inadequate support of infrastructure services has caused slum areas to develop along the Tallo watershed in Makassar City Basic infrastructure, such as water and electricity, is sound in most of China’s urban village areas 18 A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE Wang, Su & Lui, (2012) Urban villages in Zhengzhou To analyse on the present condition of typical buildings in urban villages in Zhengzhou Safety survey (quantitative) Urban village in Kunming To study on construction monitoring and post analysis of a deep foundation pit Construction monitoring (case study, qualitative) Urban village in Wuhan To study on energy conservation of existing residential buildings in “urban village” Energy efficiency analysis and retrofit design (Case study, qualitative) China Zhang, Cao & Song, (2012) China Zhou & Qie, (2014) China There are certain security risks in urban village buildings caused by reconnaissance surveys, constructions, material qualities and maintenance, etc. Several safety cases such as building crack, building tilt, illegal layeraddings and extensions, building leakage, poor quality of building materials were reported in this study. A good coordination of site monitoring and construction will provide information of forewarning, time and control measures to avoid accident. Meanwhile, the combined analysis of monitoring datum and site situation helps to find out the causes of deformation. It indicates that realtime monitoring is necessary and significant for informative construction, which is the trend of excavation construction monitoring. The study found a suitable calculation and initiatives to be done in urban village area. 19