A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
A Scoping Review of Safety, Access, and Usability of People Living in Urban Village
Rapid development within city area had brought to the expansion of the urban area
causing more villages residing around the city became annexed to the city these villages are
called urban village. Urban village area is a village area surrounded by the urban environment
and is placed at the fringes of the urban boundary (Hin & Xin, 2011).
The formation of the urban village concept is based on two circumstances; due to the
effects of urbanization and the result of the urban village formation concept brought about by
the planning and strategy of re-developing the urban area (Song and Zenou, 2012), and due to
the increasing number of internal and external migrants (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016; Zhan, 2017).
Most of the urban villages were imposed of the changes in order be relevant with the
vigorous development in the city nearby. However, lack of reasonable urban planning causes
the urban villages to be unsystematically surrounded surrounded with tall buildings, crowded
population and narrow roads (Tang, Yao & Xiao, 2010). These had caused physical changes
to the environment and consequently changes the social and economic aspects of the area
(Geroldi, 2013).
Some residents of urban villages are the original populaces of the area while some
others migrated to area. Li, Chen and Hu (2016) suggested that some migrants came to the
area to work in the city. However, due to the expensive living standards (i.e., expensive house
rental) had caused them to reside to the sub urban areas. While some other migrants came to
populate the area involuntary due to natural disasters or actions imposed on them such as
political upheaval, human trafficking or land acquisitions.
Urban village can be characterized in three aspects; physical, social and economic
environment (Samsurijan et al., 2017). While some relates urban village more to the urban
spectrum, some other still consider urban village as rural area (Zhan, 2017). Physically, there
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
are several elements frequently used in determining a city’s status; geography, urban
development structure and population density (Alden, 1996). These refers to the various
urban infrastructure facilities such as major roads, supermarkets and malls, commercial,
industrial and business centers, as well as urban housing areas such as apartments and
condominiums.
Socially, urban villages are populated by various demographic structure due to
various housing projects offered within the area ranging from high, medium and low cost
housing. This had attracted people from various social status and had eventually formed a
new social environment (Awang, Shah & Aiyub, 2008). Urbanisations had attracted more
migration into the area nearer to the city and caused the urban social structure to be combined
and saturated (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016). Migrants lease homes from original residents due to
lower lease rates in comparison with the more urban areas. Hin and Xin (2011) found that
this had led to social issues such as prostitution and security. In a seemingly urbanized area,
urban villages are suggested to still hold on to local culture and traditions. For example, in
Malaysia, these can be seen through mutual visitations among the residents, joint effort
during celebrations and occasions as well as attending religious classes (Hussain, Samsurijan,
Ishak & Awang, 2011). This shows that, even though urban villages reside within urban
environments, culture and tradition still play major role in the population’s social
identification.
Economically, it can be assessed through identification of land title, status of the land
and current economic activities. Different countries practices different segregation and
appointment of land status to the people living within the area. In China, land acquisitions by
the government acquired the farms and moved the farmers to a new resettlement housing in
the urban area and becoming in the formal urban residents or the area (Li, Chen & Hu, 2016).
While in Malaysia, there are three types of ownerships given to the people within urban
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
village area; (1) permanent titles, (2) 99-year lease and (3) temporary titles. Most of the urban
village’s lands status were changed to development zone and had attracted many investor to
acquire the lands. This had cause voluntary of involuntary selling of the lands within urban
villages area (Patrick & Imang, 2016). These condition had caused many of the residents to
forego conventional village activities such as farming and livestock rearing and adopted more
urban activities such as opening businesses or renting rooms while some others find jobs or
move out of the area (Hin & Xin, 2011; Song & Zenou, 2012; Patrick & Imang, 2016).
A ScR practices reproducible, systematic and rigorous knowledge synthesis
methodology in an attempt to identify, characterise, categorise, summarise and explain global
evidence from published research related to urban villages. Rapid upsurge of urban villages
has risen an important needs to do further research in understanding the population within the
area. Being a home to many people, there is a need to further study on the safety, access and
usability of people living in urban village. In this paper specifically, the result of this ScR is a
comprehensive report of the evidence and knowledge gaps that exist related to safety, access
and usability of people living in urban village settings worldwide. Results generated from this
ScR can inform policy-makers, as well as the scientific community, and facilitate decisionmaking on intervention and development initiatives for the people living in urban villages.
Methods
ScR were used in this research. A version of Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage ScR
framework (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005) will be followed: (1) identifying the research
question; (2) identifying the relevant literature; (3) selecting the studies; (4) charting the data
and (5) organising, summarising and reporting the results.
Research Question
The research question for this research is,
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
1. What are the current state of research knowledge on the safety, access and usability of
people living in urban villages?
Search Strategy
A search strategy was undertaken; traditional database search. The search algorithm
mainly focused on safety, access and usability of people who live in urban village. The search
keywords used are;
Safety AND “Urban Village”
AND
Access AND “Urban Village”
AND
Usability AND “Urban Village”
Traditional electronic database search
The search was conducted in Scopus database in order to include only high quality
articles and avoid predatory journals. All searchers were conducted between 28 March - 11
April 2019.
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria
The review was limited to English language without limiting the time period as the
topic at interest is still very recent therefore not many researches related were published.
Published articles were included if they were judged to be a broadly scholarly attempt to
conduct a safety, access and usability of people living in urban village study in an urban
village setting, or if the key information were important for understanding or improving
human wellbeing and system performance.
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
Relevance Screening and Data Characterization
The citations relevance were screened at two stages. Firstly, the citations were
screened based on the title and abstract. The citation will be included if it is clearly perceived
as related to the topic in question. The full text were then acquired and screened for its
relevance for the second time. This is to ensure that only articles of high relevance were
included in this review. The articles will be excluded if it does not report on or give
weightage to the discussion of safety, access and usability of people living in urban village.
Articles that met inclusion criteria, were then categorized according to publication
period, study location and population and research focus. This enable us to understand and
explain the quantity and breadth of studies held on topic in interest. Identified articles was
screened and summarized in tables. The relevant articles then undergone basic thematic
analysis and coded based on; (1) when and where the research was conducted, (2) what is the
research focus area.
Results
From 47 unique citations captured by the search, 25 potentially relevant articles were
screened and considered primary research relevant to the research question (Figure 1). Eight
percent (2/25) of potentially relevant articles were excluded from the review on the basis of
redundancy while another 6 article’s full text were not able to be retrieved. Four full-text
article was later discarded due to non-eligibility (refer to Figure 1). Finally, 13 studies are
included in this study.
The final sample included both quantitative (4) and qualitative (9) studies. Fourty six
percent (6/13) of the included article related to safety (Wang, Su & Lui, 2012; Zhang, Cao &
Song, 2012; Lai, Peng, Li and Lin, 2014; Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015; Hariyani, 2017; Liu,
Feng, Ren & Xiao, 2018), fifty four percent (7/13) related to access towards needs and
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
resources (Kamat, 2008; Packialakshmi, Ambujam & Nelliyat, 2010; Hao, Hooimeijer,
Sliuzas & Geertman, 2013; Wang, 2014; Zhou & Qie, 2014; Joos-Vandewalle, Wynberg, &
Alexander, 2018; Surya, Ruslan & Abubakar, 2018), and none related to usability.
Publications by continent and time
Generally, researches in safety, access and usability of people living in urban village
has been conducted since 2007. From 2007 to 2018, the interest started in African continent
and then rising interest appear within Asia (India, Indonesia and China). The research
regarding safety, access and usability of people living in urban village started in 2008 mainly
focused with the concerns on people’s health in Africa. In year 2010, Asia started to study on
urban villages in regards of safety and basic utility access, specifically on water resources in
India. In 2012-2015, majority of research has been focusing on the discussion of urban
villages in China in regards to the physical features and characteristics of urban villages. In
2018, African continent started holding concerns on urban transitioning effects towards
natural resources dependencies. Indonesia started to study on spatial aspects of urban villages
while China has rising concerns on safety and crimes within urban villages (refer to Figure 2
and Table 1).
Safety
In relation to safety, previous literatures research interest had been focusing on spatial
studies of urban village areas. Such finding were reported majorly China (Hao et al., 2013;
Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015). It is vital to understand the development pattern of urban village
in order to assess housing demand from migrants and also to avoid undesirable developments.
Improper planning of constructions of building may lead to several problems such as
resulting in high density area, poor sanitary conditions such as waste dumping issues, absence
of infrastructures, and some social problems including crime (Huang, Liu & Zhang, 2015).
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A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
Without proper planning and the strive to lower the cost of living in urban village may
also cost lives. Safety risks in urban village buildings were reported in several aspects such as
construction, material qualities and maintenance issues. Safety cases such as building crack,
building tilt, illegal layer-addings and extensions, building leakage, poor quality of building
materials were reported (Wang, Su & Lui, 2012). Being near to rapidly developing cities had
caused physical safety risks not to only originate from internal sources such previously
mentioned, but also originate from external sources such as development areas around the
urban village (Zhang, Cao & Song, 2012).
Besides that, there is a concern of findings such as neighborhood with high residential
unsteadiness is likely to entice more juvenile migrant burglars, while a socially disorganized
neighbourhood tends to include more adult migrant burglars (Liu, Feng, Ren & Xiao, 2018).
However, despite safety issues reported regarding the physical composition of the
dwelling location, Indonesia reported interests keep populating the area due to factors such as
quality of air, neighbourhood social condition and social identification relations between
neighbours, location, ethnic diversity, positive support, easy access to economic, educational
and medical facilities, and assurance consisting of customs and security (Hariyani, 2017).
Access
Being a living space, there should be an appropriate balance between private space
and public space necessary for roads, open space and public facilities. However, in Africa, it
is reported that privatisation of health centers caused some inhabitants of the community (i.e.,
poor and marginalized people especially elders) being cut off from the access to receive
medical attention (Kamat, 2008). As a result, they were forced to deal with the consequences
of the lack of safety nets largely on their own. In addition that, the scarcity of access was not
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only limited to medical advances but also access to basic need such as food resources (JoosVandewalle, Wynberg, & Alexander, 2018)
Even though India reported the adversity of basic utility access such as clean water
access (Packialakshmi, Ambujam & Nelliyat, 2010), different scenario were reported in
China (Wang, 2014). Basic infrastructure, such as water and electricity, is sound in most of
China’s urban village areas. In addition, China also reported not only sound basic utilities
access, but also reported efforts for more urbane technologies for energy conservation and
sustainability (Zhou & Qie, 2014).
Even though China reported more technological advances in urban village, some
urban villages in China were reported to encounter land right issued had caused the people in
some establishment of urban village land report insecurity, unequal access and absence of
state regulations on collective land transactions because of the lack of rightful entitlement or
claim property rights (Lai et al., 2014). These institutional constraints had caused inability of
villagers to be involved in land-related investment incentives and consequently resulted in
inferior infrastructure and poorly constructed environment in urban villages. While Indonesia
reported nequality of space reproduction control has led to the deprived access to economic,
sociocultural resources, and infrastructure services has caused slum areas to develop (Surya,
Ruslan & Abubakar, 2018).
Discussion
Over the years, it is evident that as urbanization are becoming more rampant, more urban
villages upsurge. This increase in population of people living in urban villages require the
attention from many parties to seek more understanding of the population and necessitate
more interventions being done to the aspects that may increase the population’s quality of
life. The purpose of this ScR is to explore the current state of research knowledge on the
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safety, access and usability issues of people living in urban villages. The research had
included researches from Africa, China, India and Indonesia. Findings from these studies
showed that there are multiple research interests that were explored by researches in relation
to safety and access, however, limited study were done on usability.
Safety issues within urban villages are widely being related to poor urban planning that
resulted to bad physical structures in building and spatial planning. Besides that, the rise of
migrants was suggested to correlate with the severity of burglary within the area. Poor road
planning and none properly built building may hinder the efforts in regards to safety that is
related to crimes.
Most of the urban village researches were done in a developed country such as China and
India or developing country such as Indonesia. Even though there are researches done in
underdeveloped country such as Africa, the spectrum of discussion are normally regarding
the transition in becoming urbanized and closer to rural features. While in developed country,
urban villages are deemed as closer to urbanized area. While most of the researches in
developing or developed country focusing more on more sophisticated matter such as urban
planning, discussion on urban village in underdeveloped country are more focused on basic
need specifically on access to basic needs and resources.
From the finding, we may also conclude that even though safety and access are important,
those might not be the main constraining factor for people populate a dwelling place.
Economic and social factors may be the forcing factors for people to live in an area.
Each country has their own definition of urban village. While some referred urban village
as slums, some others provided fresher and more positive perspective of urban village.
Despite wide perception on the poor accessibility to basic utilities such as water and
electricity, researches from China had enable us to see urban villages in a different viewpoint
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by providing us information on the structural planning accomplished within the urban village
area and showed good accessibility towards basic utilities. This paper also suggest more
studies should be done in identifying the features of urban village according to locations
instead of generalizing urban village under one set of characteristics due to the different
natures and interpretations of urban villages, Therefore, there is a need for more case studies
of these urban village to be conducted.
In addition, the absence of studies in usability may raise the query of needs for more
usability studies to be conducted among people living in urban village.
Limitations of the Scoping Review
The ScR only included papers from one online database and there are several articles
that perceived to be valuable in providing more insights to this reviews such as road traffic
studies and fire assessment studies that are related to safety and access. However, due to
access issues, the papers were not able to be included in this review. Besides that, future SrR
should include other sources such as grey materials search such as sources from
governmental websites, NGOs and other private organisations that is related to the topic of
interest such as urban development organisations and etc.
This ScR had also became more limited due to language barriers. This limited
translation resources may had caused underrepresentation of some geographic regions in our
results and constricted the discussion to be only inclusive of the countries that were discussed
in English.
Conclusion
This ScR had identified and characterized all available literature on safety, access and
usability of people living in urban villages. This review has reported observations relating to
the spatial and physical structure and planning of urban villages, health concerns within urban
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villages area, access to basic needs concerns, safety concerns related to crimes and urban
villages sustainability. Besides that, this study also included mitigation and development
initiatives for the issues in focus. Results generated from this ScR can inform policy-makers,
as well as the scientific community, and facilitate decision-making on intervention and
development initiatives for the people living in urban villages.
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Inclusion
Data Characterisation
Relevance Screening
Identification
Figure 1: PRISMA chart of the flow of articles through the ScR
Records identified through
database searching
(n = 47)
Records after duplicates were
removed
1. Article redundancy
2. Article’s full text were not
able to be retrieved
(n = 45)
Records screened
Records excluded
(n = 25)
(n = 8)
Full-text articles assessed for
eligibility
R Full-text articles excluded
(n = 4)
(n = 17)
Studies included in narrative
synthesis
1. Focused on general
characteristics.
2. Minimal discussion on
main research interest
(n = 13)
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Figure 2: Studies published by country and time
Название диаграммы
4
3
2
1
0
2008
2010
2012
Africa
2013
China
2014
India
2015
2017
2018
Indonesia
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Table 1: Focus area reported in studies from 2008-2018
Author, year,
country
Hao,
Hooimeijer,
Sliuzas &
Geertman,
(2013)
China
Hariyani, (2017)
Indonesia
Huang, Liu &
Zhang, (2015)
Population,
location
Shenzhen’s
urban
villages
Africa
Kamat, (2008)
Multivariate
regression
models
(quantitative)
Areas of
Brantas
River
To study on
settlement
preferences in
the disasterprone areas of
Brantas River
Factor analysis
Areas in
Shenzen and
Wuhan
To study on
spatiotemporal
detection and
analysis of
urban
villages in
mega city
regions of china
using
high-resolution
remotely sensed
imagery
To study on
dependencies
on natural
resources in
transitioning
urban centers
Northern
Bostwana
Tanzania
Africa
Lai, Peng, Li
and Lin, (2014)
Methodology
To study on
spatial
development of
urban villages
in china
China
JoosVandewalle,
Wynberg, &
Alexander,
(2018)
Study objective
Urban
village in
Shenzen
To study on
health and
access to health
centers
concerns in
Tanzania
To study on
property rights
among people
Findings
Location matters and access to
employment, along with development
constraints, are the most important
determinants for the development of
Shenzhen’s urban villages.
Two factors have been formed,
namely Factor 1 (access) comprising
variables of neighbourhood situation,
air condition, relations between
neighbours, location, ethnic diversity,
the presence of a social group,
supporting positive habits at home,
close to the economic facilities,
educational facilities, as well as
medical facilities, and Factor 2
(assurance) consisting of customs and
security.
Spatiotemporal Higher building density of UVs in
detection
Shenzhen than Wuhan could be
(case study,
attributed to the opening-up policy
qualitative)
and the advantageous location with
the help of which Shenzhen attracts
more people.
(quantitative)
Due to the huge demand of migrant
workers and the poor for low-cost
housing, UVs will exist in a long
term, particularly in the urban fringe
Case study
(qualitative)
Ethnographic
study
(qualitative)
Comparative
analysis
(qualitative)
The use of natural resources is
intuitively thought to be associated
with rural areas, but the results
suggest that such resources form an
important part of livelihoods across
urban and peri-urban landscapes
as well.
Privatisation of health centers caused
the poor and marginalized people,
especially the elderly, have little
choice but to bemoan the ongoing
changes in their political, economic
and social lives.
As a result, they must deal with the
consequences of the lack of safety
nets largely on their own.
Key institutional constraints on the
land development
in urban villages include:
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living in urban
villages in
China
China
Liu, Feng, Ren
& Xiao, (2018)
Southeast
coast of
China
China
Packialakshmi,
Ambujam &
Nelliyat, (2010)
Southern part
of the Chennai
Metropolitan
Area
India
Surya, Ruslan
& Abubakar,
(2018)
Makassar
City
Indonesia
Wang, (2014)
China
Urban
village in
Huanggang
To examine the
relationship
between
neighbourhood
environment
and
residential
locations of
juvenile and
adult migrant
burglars
To study on
groundwater
market and its
implications on
water
resources and
agriculture
To study on
inequility of
space
reproduction
control and
urban slum area
management
sustainability
To study on
communal
model of urban
village
1) land insecurity caused by the
possibility of government
expropriation,
2) unequal access to credit because of
unequal land rights, and
3) absence of state regulations on
collective
land transactions because of the lack
of de jure property rights.
Zero-inflated
negative
binomial
regression
models
(quantitative)
These institutional constraints
weakened the land-related investment
incentives and ability of villagers, and
resulted in inferior infrastructure and
poorly constructed environment in
urban villages.
Neighbourhood with high residential
instability is likely to attract more
juvenile migrant burglars, while a
socially disorganized neighbourhood
tends to include more adult
migrant burglars.
Quantification
of the
transported
water from the
water
marketing
villages
(Case study,
qualitative)
Case study
(qualitative)
This paper describes the
characteristics of the groundwater
transfer, quantification of the
marketed water, the role of the
existing regulatory framework, and
the institutional mechanisms.
Case study
(qualitative)
Most urban villages in China are
developed according to proper legal
processes. There is a well-developed
apartment leasing system.
Inequality of space reproduction
control, lack of access to economic,
sociocultural resources, subsistence
economic conditions and inadequate
support of infrastructure services has
caused slum areas to develop along
the Tallo watershed in Makassar City
Basic infrastructure, such as water and
electricity, is sound in most of China’s
urban village areas
18
A SCOPING REVIEW OF SAFETY, ACCESS, AND USABILITY IN URBAN VILLAGE
Wang, Su &
Lui, (2012)
Urban
villages in
Zhengzhou
To analyse on
the present
condition of
typical
buildings in
urban villages
in Zhengzhou
Safety survey
(quantitative)
Urban
village in
Kunming
To study on
construction
monitoring and
post analysis of
a deep
foundation pit
Construction
monitoring
(case study,
qualitative)
Urban
village in
Wuhan
To study on
energy
conservation of
existing
residential
buildings in
“urban village”
Energy
efficiency
analysis and
retrofit design
(Case study,
qualitative)
China
Zhang, Cao &
Song, (2012)
China
Zhou & Qie,
(2014)
China
There are certain security risks in
urban village buildings
caused by reconnaissance surveys,
constructions, material qualities and
maintenance, etc.
Several safety cases such as building
crack, building tilt, illegal layeraddings and extensions, building
leakage, poor quality of building
materials were reported in this study.
A good coordination of site
monitoring and construction will
provide information of forewarning,
time and control measures to avoid
accident. Meanwhile, the combined
analysis of monitoring datum and site
situation helps to find out the causes
of deformation. It indicates that realtime monitoring is necessary and
significant for informative
construction, which is the trend of
excavation construction monitoring.
The study found a suitable calculation
and initiatives to be done in urban
village area.
19