Historical development of public housing in worldwide
‘…a concrete expression of a complex interaction among cultural skills and norms, climatic
conditions, and the potentialities of natural materials….reflects the physical conditions of their
environments, as well as cultural preferences and capabilities….‘(Rapoport, 1985)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT UPON TIME PERIOD
Industrial Revolution:
Crisis: A regular supply of labor ensuring for availability.
Timeline: 18th century to 19th century
Influence: Industrial Revolution
Goal: Cheap & built as many as possible
Built Process: Built in a pair
Fig: industrial revolution
African American Contribution:
Crisis: Preservation and redevelopment efforts since
Hurricane Katrina
Timeline: 19th to 21st centuries
Influence: Hot climate
Goal: House for poor
Built Process Built in a pair
Fig: African American Contribution
Vernacular Architecture:
Crisis: Cities grew, space became an issue.
Timeline: after 19th century to early 20 centuries
Influence: Vernacular Architecture
Goal: view of modernity. Emerged in the first half
Built Process: Chain of houses
Fig: Vernacular Architecture
Sustainable Approach:
Crisis: The unpopularity of residential high-rise
Timeline: Emerged in 1980
Influence: Structural, technological & Construction technique
Goal: Accommodate more inhabitant as high-rise ensure green space
TND:
Crisis: Urban sprawl
TimeLine: 1993
Influence: Transit Oriented Development
Goal: Compact housing arranged in a rhythm
Landscape Ecological Urbanism:
Crisis: Design & plan cities to increase, rather than to decrease, ecosystem services.
Timeline: Frederick Steiner 2011
Influence: The dual cultural and natural Foundations of human settlement.
Goal: Creating a healthy community designing a safe neighborhood Providing opportunity for
economy vitality Promoting neighborhood sociability.
Historical development of public housing in across the world:
AMERICA
•
BRAZIL, MAXICO,CANADA,
•
UNITED STATES
EUROPE
•
Central-East European countries (CEE),
•
South-East European countries (SEE),
•
North-East European countries (NEE) and
•
other post-Soviet countries
ASIA
•
(HONG KONG,
•
CHINA, MALAYSIA,
•
JAPAN ,
•
SINGAPORE)
Completed by Govt.
/Landlords
Completed by
private companies
Joint Venture
Colonial Period (before 1947)
Panam city, Sonargaon
East Pakistan Period (19471971)
Motijheel AGB Colony,
Azimpur Colony
POST BANGLADESH
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
(1971- 1990)
Dattapara resettlement
camp in Tongi
Pallabi Residential
Area
Vashantek
DEMOCRETIC
TRANSITION PERIOD
(1991- PRESENT
Uttara model town
Lake City Concord
Dattapara
resettlement camp
in Tongi
Arambag Co
Operative Society
housing
PROVISION TYPE
PHYSICAL
AMENITIES
INCOME GROUP
LOCATION
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
ENERGY ECIENCY
DIFFERENT SCHEME AND INDICATORS OF HOUSING:
HOUSING PROVISION SYSTEM
The three stages of housing provision (i.e. development, construction and consumption) have
different relation between market and state on the basis of the housing policy of different regime.
As mentioned by Doling (1999)
DEVELOPMENT
FINANCE
CONSTRUCTION
LAND
HOUSING VARIETIES BASED ON PROVISION SYSTEM
LIBERAL
In liberal countries the market plays the dominant role in development , construction and
consumption
COMMUNIST
In former European Finance Land Development Construction Consumption 3 communist
countries maximum state intervention has seen in housing provision.
CORPORATIST
The corporatist old industrial countries have taken a middle way. In corporatist countries market
has been structured in order to be subservient to societal interests but housing seen as a
productive element of the economy and state take the major role in housing production .
NEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
The role of market and government in new industrialized countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Singapore and South Korea is quite different from those three ideal types. The economic and
social contexts and the balance between private and collective, market and state have developed
quite differently .
AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEMES
History of housing material and construction
Material and construction technique effect on housing
Low cost and affordable housing
Conventional indigenous material based
Energy efficient & sustainable housing
Materials
Mud
Brick & mud
Wood and timber
Concrete
Iron & steel
Steel & concrete
HOUSING POLICY AROUND THE GLOBE
Housing policy may be defined as government action to achieve housing objectives. These
objectives could include the improvement of the quality of the housing stock of dwellings or
dealing with homelessness.
Global housing policy indicators
Regulations
Infrastructure
1. Land use restrict zones
1. Roads & public transit
2. Exclusionary zoning
2. Water & sewer
3. Building regulations
3. Electricity
4. Rent control
4. Police & fire protection
5. Environmental protections
5. Planning & funding
Housing finance
Subsides
1. Availability & terms
1. Types of subsidies
2. Underwriting
2. Benefits
3. Risk management
3. Targeted groups
4. Secondary markets
4. Transparency
5. Microcredit
5. Government priorities
Property rights
1. Barriers to ownership
2. Titling & alternatives
3. Squatters rights
4. Eviction practices
5. Slum clearance
Housing Goals And Objectives around the globe
i.
To promote the preservation, rehabilitation, and investment in our regional housing stock
and neighborhoods.
ii.
To promote programs, education, and training that support and encourage appropriate
rental housing oversight.
iii.
To promote the creation and maintenance of an adequate supply of sound, affordable
housing integrated throughout the region.
iv.
To expand the opportunities for homeownership, especially for low to moderate income
households.
v.
To promote fair housing opportunity for residents in all neighborhoods.
vi.
To assist local service agencies in providing shelter and semi-independent living for
persons in need of supportive services.
vii.
To promote the understanding that the availability and affordability of workforce housing
is an important key to successful economic development.
viii.
To promote the public’s awareness of housing needs and issues through informational
and educational efforts.
ix.
To provide housing resources for aging residents.
x.
To continue to provide appropriate infrastructure and services to neighborhoods.
xi.
To provide a variety of housing types, costs and locations in cities.
xii.
To provide a variety of housing opportunities within the unincorporated areas in
appropriate locations.
xiii.
Increase resource efficiency, improve public health, and reduce environmental impacts by
using green residential building strategies.
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY : BANGLADESH
Current Situation Of Housing in Bangladesh
Three-quarters of the urban population are unable to contribute anything toward their housing
due to their low incomes.
•
Acute shortage of affordable housing – shortage of 0.95 million unit in 1991, 5 million in
2000
•
Very short supply - 5,00,000 new units/year
•
Well-built permanent housing is rare – 67.7% housing was in rural areas and 32.3% in
urban areas.
Objectives of Bangladesh Housing Policy – BNHP 1993
a. Housing development through capacity building of private and public sector
b. Facilitate availability of suitably located and affordable land and develop land delivery
processes.
c. Encouraging indigenous approaches in Research and Development to support housing
activity particularly for low income groups.
d. Provision of safeguards against malpractices, inefficiencies, institutional weaknesses and
mafia assaults.
e. Resource Mobilization through Government initiatives, mortgage loans, refinance
facility, savings and loan schemes
f. Provision of incentives through tax rationalization, reduction in property tax and
registration, simplification of procedure and enforcement of effective foreclosure Laws.
g. Support research and development for economic building material inputs and support
modernization of the Construction Technologies.
h. Developing indigenous and cost effective approaches particularly for Low income group.
Strategy of Housing Policy – BNHP 1993
•
To provide enabling strategy, capacity-building and institutional development aiming
at empowering all stake holders
•
To introduce a strategy that would combine community participation and institutional
strengthening in support of the development of a commercially based system of
housing finance for land and house purchase
•
To improve the housing conditions of the low-income population, through
development capacity building and institution of new ideas
•
Due attention would be given to construction , protection ,replacement and
rehabilitation of shelter in disaster affected and fire prone areas
HOUSING POLICY
Some of the key issues in that policy would obviously include the following :
•
Ensuring access to land and finance for housing, for all strata of the society both in
rural and the urban area.
•
The major emphasis should be given in the basis of need for the shelter-less poor,
destitute and other lower income groups.
•
Large scale donor support may be required.
•
Ensure people's participation in the product of materials.
•
Durable ,locally available materials(such as timber, bamboo and grass. Attempts will
be made to develop alternative) should be used.
•
Housing should be considered as part of a total habitat or settlement planning
programing.
•
Necessary (Administrative, development, legal and research) institutions should be
developed or strengthened
•
Develop land effective strategies to reduce the growth of slums unauthorized
constructions
Draw backs of Bangladesh housing policy
•
Affordability is not maintained properly.
•
Practice of public housing is very little.
•
home tenure ship policy is not applied properly for the target people.
•
Government contribution is poor in finance than private sector.
•
Target people (low and lower middle income people) do not get proper facilities as they
required by the policy for housing.
•
Policy is not applied properly for landless ,slum dwellers , disaster affected people .
•
Low cost and sustainable local materials are not used properly for housing
construction.
•
Policy makers give less priority about the target people’s need.
•
Peoples participation is less in housing.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PUBLIC HOUSING OF DIFFERENT
NATION
BRASIL
Minha Casa Minha Vida (My House, My Life), the Brazilian government's social housing
program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$36 billion (US$18 billion) to build
one million homes.
Canada
In Canada, public housing is usually a block of purpose-built subsidized housing operated
by a government agency, often simply referred to as community housing with easier-tomanage town houses .
MEXICO
Although the red color of its façade can now be seen faded, this enormous building is one of
the iconic sites of twentieth-century Mexico City, which dates back to the time when the
UNITED STATES
Public housing in the United States is administered by federal, state and local agencies to
provide subsidized assistance for low-income households.
Alfred E. Smith Houses
Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, or the Alfred E. Smith Houses. is a public housing
development built by the New York City Housing Authority in the Two Bridges neighborhood of
the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
There are 12 buildings in the complex, all
are 17 stories tall.
•
•
Has 1,931 apartments,
•
Houses an estimated 5,739 people.
It covers 21.75 acres (8.80 ha),
CHILE
Quinta Monroy Housing, Chile
Quinta Monroy was ELEMENTAL’s first famous housing project.
The government required Alejandro Aravena to settle 100 families in the same 5000 m2 which
they had illegally inhabited for the past 30 years. He could solve each challenge he faced in the
cleverest of ways.
Japna
The Japan Housing Corporation (JHC), now known as the Urban Renaissance Agency
(UR), was founded in 1955. During the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, the JHC built many danchi in
suburban areas to offset the housing demand of the then-increasing Japanese population.
Danchi
Danchi (団地 lit. "group land") is the Japanese word for a large cluster of apartment
buildings of a particular style and design, typically built as public housing by government
authorities.
CHINA
In China, the government provides public housing through various sources such as :
•
New housing,
•
Abandoned properties,
•
Old flats which are rented at a low price and called 'lian
zu fang”
SINGAPORE
Bukit Batok, often abbreviated as Bt Batok, is a planning area and matured residential
town located along the eastern boundary of the West Region of Singapore. Bukit Batok
statistically ranks in as the 25th largest, the 12th most populous and the 11th most densely
populated planning area in the Republi.
CONCEPT & PROVISION OF PUBLIC HOUSING IN BANGLADESH
PROVISIONS OF HOUSING
Housing provision is housing supply in a particular sate.
Housing provision being one of the most significant need of any citizen of a country has
been a vital responsibility of any state to provide this provision to its citizens through
national policies. Again after globalization as every need has been considered as product
and market has become the provider of all the needs housing need could not be any
exception. The relationship of housing provision with state and market has varied from
nation to nation having some common patterns. In comparison of housing policies of
Liberal, Communist and Corporatist nations the involvement of market and state in three
phases of housing provision (development, construction and consumption) contrastingly
dire.
Land
Development
Construction
Finance
Housing provision system
Consumption
THE DEVELOPMENT STAGE involves an agent setting up the conditions whereby house
construction is taken place. This involves acquiring land and ensuring any requisite
development permission, acquiring finance, and engaging a builder.
The compilation of the basic factors of production is necessary prerequisite of the
CONSTRUCTION STAGE which involve assembling the raw materials into physical
shelter.
Once built, the dwelling passes to a further stage during which consumption take place.
CONSUMPTION STAGE involves access to finance in the form of saving, income or loans.
Stake holder matrix
FUTURE TREND OF HOUSING, INNOVATION OF HOUSING
The net-zero house
For some time now, homeowners and homebuilders have both been striving to make the
structures where we live more energy-efficient (green housing projects accounted for 20% of all
newly built homes in 2012). But in the future, the new goal with be a net-zero home: A home
that uses between 60 to 70 percent less energy than a conventional home, with the balance of its
energy needs supplied by renewable technologies (solar, wind, etc.).
Essentially, these are homes that sustain themselves. While they do consume energy produced by
the local utility, they also produce energy of their own, which can be sold back to the utility
through a “net metering” program, offsetting the energy purchased