International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 309–320, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_032 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MEASURING AND DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SLUMS USING INDICATOR OF LIVING STANDARD Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed Assistant Professor, Sulaimani Polytechnic University Abdullah Ali Ibrahim Assistant Lecturer, University of Garmian Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy Professor, Advisor/Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Iraq ABSTRACT The challenge which is faced in the slums development is not only in the executive works but in interaction between the various development elements to create a community (population) that is distinguished in a suitable level of living. The objectives of development come through planning, implementation, and management. If these preliminaries don't achieve the standard living results, then the development is unable to attain its aims, therefore; the spending on this development are wasted the resources. One of the most popular expressions of urban poverty in developing countries is the increase of slums and informal settlements. These settlements have the most deplorable living and environmental conditions within the city. They are characterized by inadequate water supply, squalid conditions of environmental sanitation, overcrowded and dilapidated habitation, hazardous location, insecure tenure and vulnerability to serious health risks among many others. So the objectives of this research are the ensuring of a durable improvement of housing conditions and housing environment of poor people living through standard of living indicators. The standard of living includes six domains, education, health, infrastructure, and house, housing environmental and household economic status. Therefore, each domain contains a group (pack) of indicators. The total number is (37) indicators. The research aims to analyze and understand the level of Living Index, also to notice and observe the range of the improvement in slums towards achieving there's goals and reach the suitable level of living. It focuses on the indicators and their roles in development. The research also emphasizes on the effective role in evaluation of building (construction), developing; i.e. the community converts from consumer beneficiary community to a producer and effective community that makes decision in all stages of developing. Such as: economy, building (construction), society, and environment. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 309 editor@iaeme.com Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy Index terms: (Slum, level of living index, living standard) Cite this Article: Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy, Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 309–320. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4 1. INTRODUCTION The first report from United Nations about Human Development Index (HDI) has been issued in 1990 by adopting three substrates; education, life expectancy and per capita income, the progress of human development of slums is not at the required rate in most countries of the world, and did not achieve its goals because it did not improve the standard of living, with its conception in economic, social, environmental and urban (constructional). Most of the slums have been built in old ways and did not rely in many cases on the basis of urban and urban planning. Nowadays, this has become a reality that should be dealt with. As a result of the scientific and technical development in different life patterns, and increase a population, these neighborhoods may need multiple services and infrastructure which was not planned at the time of construction, also the expansion and lack of control cause a lot of problems and difficulties that require a proper scientific decision with less possible cost or damages on the citizens and the country .The correlation between planning and development has become an obvious thing to achieve the development in community. The goal of planning process is to achieve harmonization between the humanitarian needs and the required available resources to find solutions to the problem of the scarcity and need. 2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANT This study is important because of its connection with the lives of the population measures the reality of many social, economic and political problems. It has a relation with projects and development plans because the institutions depend on it to improve their services according to their specialization with connection to indicators. 3. RESEARCH AIMS This research aims to analyze and understand the level of living index and its importance in noticing and observation the range of the improvement in slums towards achieving its goals and reach the suitable level of living. It focuses on the indicators and their roles in development. The research emphasizes on the indicators and their effective role in building (construction), and developing of the community. 4. THE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD OF LIVING Level of living or sometimes called the quality of life, as an area for applied human geographic interest, has not happened by accident, human geographers, just like the other academics contemporary, respond well to cultural, social and political climate that prevails in the community in which they live. Since the beginning of the seventies writings about social problems - and then called the social welfare – expanded rapidly, these writings have been raised at that time, and then came the geographical attention towards social welfare. The attention focused on the issue of social justice in the Spatial Context (Smith D.M,1977:1112). About the standard of living, Ireland [Insolvency Service of Ireland-ISL] has launched principles and guidelines to live in an acceptable life under the title: [Guidelines on a reasonable standard of living and reasonable living expenses]. Whereby the standard of living should be available to everyone in the community, this does not mean that a person must live http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 310 editor@iaeme.com Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard in the level of well-being, also it does not mean to live in vulnerable level (Nordenanlcur, 2009: 8).The improvement of the standards of living was adopted independently by the Social Committee at the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and others, in 1952. It was approved in collaboration with the International Labour Organization by a group of the experts to prepare a report on methods for measuring living standards, which occur in different countries taking into account the possibilities of international comparisons. Although the work of this committee does not focus on cash income or distributing, but it includes a lot of information that came in later to be called social indicators. The report issued by the International Labour Organization, UNESCO, the United Nations and the World Health Organization recommended specific series for all countries including topics addressed health and food consumption and nutrition, education, employment and working conditions, housing, social security and other (LSMS, 1980: 1-16). The World Bank has adopted program for the purpose of studying the measurement of living standards (LSMS) in 1980 for the purpose of exploring ways to improve the quality of life (Oscar Altimir, Jaun Sourrille, 1980: 6) depending on Konus indicators. And the Scientist Konus suggested set of indicators in 1939 and that from what he called [Coast-of-Living] (G.S, 1979: 325-353), and built by its spatial theory of the cost of living. 4.1. Standard of living index It is a numeral scale to measure the extent of satisfaction of fundamental needs of the individual household level. The benefit of this index is to measure the standard of living for every family in calibrating the percentages of the population living within the various levels including the rate of people who are suffering from deprivation and poverty. To measure the standard of living index first we to have to determine their fields, which consist of six fields; (education, health, infrastructure, housing, housing environment, as well as, the evidence of the household economic status). Then a number of indicators are chosen to represent each field or domain. There are (37) indicator which can be increased or decreased according to the country situation. Each indicator is given a mark between (zero to two). Zero (0) is given for state of extreme deprivation of the fundamental need meanwhile one (1) indicates the state of being close to deprivation from fundamental needs. Individuals and households who obtained less than (1 mark) are deprived from the satisfaction of their fundamental needs. Table (1) shows the number of indicators for each domain. Table 1 The Number of Indicators for Each Domain Domain Infrastructure Housing Education Housing environment Health Household economic status Living Standard Index Living Standerd Index http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 311 Number of Indicators 6 5 5 9 6 6 37 editor@iaeme.com Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy 5. IMPROVING LIVING STANDARD IN URBAN SLUMS THROUGH DOMAINS 5.1. Infrastructure Domain The Infrastructure domain determines the extent of success of the industrial and agricultural activities. The Investments in water and sanitation, energy, housing and transport areas also work to improve living conditions, and help to reduce poverty. And the new technology operates to encourage growth in the field of information and communication, Also it leads to improve the delivery of health care service, other services, expand education, support social, and cultural progress. Generally it can be defined as a set of interconnected structural elements that provides supporting framework of the overall structure for the development. It represents an important term to judge the development of the country or region (Steven. Shieffrin, 2003: 474). The infrastructure refers mostly to the technical structures which are supporting the community, such as roads, bridges, water resources, sanitation and electricity networks and telecommunications… etc. This can be defined as "the physical components of the related systems that supplies essential goods and necessary services to enable the sustainability, or to improve the conditions of community life (Fulmer Jeffrey, 2009: 30-32). The guide of this domain, as shown below (table 2), has been built on six indicators (And several other indicators can be added according to the status of the country, the city, or community). They are water, electricity, sanitation and wastes, and all are considered as one domain, As are all related to services that are supposed to be available essentially in public networks by their nature as a companion provided by the government or play an essential role in providing and pricing. Therefore, infrastructure efficiency is one of the important evidences on the level of progress of any society. Table 2 Indicators of Infrastructure and their Conditions of Deprivation Indicators Conditions of Deprivation The main source of drinking water: Well, river or Spring of water , a public network, network with cut from time to time, a public network with a continuous cut, a public network without cut The level of satisfaction on the quality of water: Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, and not satisfied. Provide electricity source: Electricity from public network only, from general network and generator, from the public network and a number of other sources, no electricity The stability of electric power: Electricity for a few hours, Electricity with daily outages, Electricity with outages from time to time A means of getting rid of waste : Discarded out of the house, burnt, be placed in a container and collected by the municipality from time to time, placed in a container and collected by the municipality regularly Sanitation means: Open watercourse, septic tub, watercourse covered, and public network. River + network with a continuous cut Not satisfied No electricity Electricity for a few hours, electricity with daily outages Discarded out of the house, and burns. Open watercourse Sources: The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the National Reports: http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 312 editor@iaeme.com Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequality: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010. Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. 5.2. Housing Domain In the Holly Quran " Allah has made for you from your homes a place of rest and made for you " Researcher Elizabeth Wood emphasizes that adequate housing provides households a full stability and prosperity (Elizabeth, 1978: 78 ). The concept of housing, which human is looking forward to live in comfort and stability, is one of the elements of the standard of living just like food and all the requirements of life (Nevitt , 1975: 3-4). Housing is an expensive investment at the same time, it is a durable commodity, and also it is an expensive investment because of its high coast to be accomplished on one hand, and the importance of investment in housing from the economic and social view point on the other hand (Jean, 1991: 3-4). There are researchers who talked about the topic of housing by research and study, for example, Pierre George, Jacquelline Palmed, and Robert Leroux. Through the study of human ecology, they concluded that, housing requires three functions: preventative services security and maintaining the domestic privacy.[ Abdulhameed ] Moreover the studies conducted by international financial organizations as well as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank for Reconstruction discuss the projects for the construction of housing units, they referred to the close relationship between the housing sector and other sectors through the economic integration between them. This would lead to provision of job opportunities in wide fields and works to develop the capability and efficient of the workforce. On the other hand, the housing sector compete other sectors in employing economic and human resources) [Ismael Alsheak,1988] So housing for humans, prevents the environmental risks and at the same time ensures life continually. This would bring minimum necessary requirements for life. It's one of the main objectives which man is seeking to obtain after Food and the good housing offers a healthy environment for its residents and protects them from a lot of negative effects on their health. Generally the housing quality, space, number of rooms, components integration, construction materials, available services, and the surroundings are important indicators to the social welfare of the household indicators. Many of the studies depend on the characteristics of the housing indicators to assess the state of poverty, as alternative or supplementary indicators of low income poverty due to the strong relationship between poverty and the characteristics of the housing unit. Thus, the living conditions for the household can be evaluated accurately basing on the reality of the housing units Therefore population censuses and statistics give importance to the subject of housing and slums, because it is not necessary that all who live in Slums are the poorest people (Gulyani, 2010: 2201-2219). So, providing adequate housing for every household and individual in the community is a legitimate right and a fundamental need endorsed by international conventions and national constitutions [Marin, 1968: 33-116]. As for the fields and indicators which, used in the Domains of housing, as shown below (table 3), are five indicators. (It is possible to add or change some of them). They are ceiling building material overcrowding the energy used in the house, the extent of satisfaction with housing, and finally the number of environmental dislike (ugly) in the house. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 313 editor@iaeme.com Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy Table 3 Indicators of Housing and their Conditions of Deprivation Indicators Conditions of Deprivation Ceiling building materials : Iron sheet , cane / clay, iron, and concrete Iron sheet , cane / clay Number of rooms in the house (overcrowding ): Number of rooms / household size The type of energy used to heat water: Solar cells, electricity, oil, gas, non-available Extent of satisfaction with housing: Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, and not satisfied. Abominations that found in the house: Animal feces, stagnant water at home or its courtyard, sewage in the yard of the house ,and the yard of the house The per capita is less than 0.5 room Oil + non-available Not satisfied Yes, if available Sources: The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the National Reports: Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequality: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010. Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. 5.3. Housing Environment Domain Housing Environment is one of the most contemporary significant problems which interact with many variables. It is distinguished from other problem that all sections of society have an active role, and participation in the presence of this problem which is influenced by their negatives more prominent than other problems. The pollution, which surrounds the house, interacts with all community sectors (social ecological, economic, political and cultural). There are several studies about housing environment, or a surrounding of housing environment. For example, a study by Anna Radamejr, under the title "Slums ecology" (Anne 2009: 516), and a study by Cullen Bramley, and Christine Browning, about the relationship between poverty and housing, the surrounding environment, and its effects on living standards (Glen, Besemer, 2010: 9). As shown below (table 4), they are indicators for Housing Environment measuring index. They are (Roads and Transport, provide the markets, cleanliness and the non-pollution outside the housing, Abominations environmental around the housing, spam sites near the house and finally personal safety). http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 314 editor@iaeme.com Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard Table 4 Indicators of Housing Environment and their Conditions of Deprivation Extent of satisfaction with transportation and traffic: Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, and not satisfied. Not satisfied The quality of path leading to the house: Unpaved road - gravel road – paved road paved partially - stone path Gravel road+ stone path + unpaved road The possibility of the accessibility the ambulance and a fire engine: Either , only one , neither Neither, only one The extent of satisfaction about the availability of shops - (markets): Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, not satisfied Not satisfied The extent of satisfaction about the cleanliness and non-pollution outside housing: Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, not satisfied Not satisfied The existence of Abominations environmental around the house : Garbage, stagnant water, sewage, smoke, the stores The existence of undesirable sites near the of destructive weapons and vehicles stores housing, total (8): River, rail, highway, industrial zone, high-pressure, collect garbage, slope, the beginning of the valley Yes, if it finds Yes, if it finds Extent of satisfaction with safety for children outside housing: Very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, not satisfied Not satisfied The noise and chaos: Daily, several times a week, few, never heard. Daily + few, several times a week Sources: The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the National Reports: Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequality: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010. Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 315 editor@iaeme.com Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy 6. THE ROLE OF DOMAIN OF SOCIAL DIMENSION IN IMPROVING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF SLUMS 6. 1. Education Domain There are clear hostility between poverty and education, where there is poverty manifestations of illiteracy and dropping out of school, are found. Meaning that; there is an inverse relation between the level of income and the level of leaving school. Whenever income decreased the possibility of students to leave school increases. The Education came within a second goal after the goal of poverty eradicating in the Millennium Development Goals series. The education is the basic right of human beings which helps in satisfying, their needs, and enable them to exercise their different roles effectively. Moreover, the education is can considered an important factor for combating and eradication poverty by giving people, skills more than their ability to gain and get better jobs. In addition to that, the education provides the human beings with the ability to communicate effectively belong to the community and to resist marginalization and isolation. The indicators that measure the educational domain are many and varied. Some indicators give a picture of the reality educational in the state and some of them measure the extent of educational services provided by the State to its citizens. The index of educational deprivation in this study includes five indicators: (Follow-up study and the educational level of adults, 16 years and over), the distance to the nearest elementary school, the distance to high school, and finally the extent of satisfaction with school. As shown in table (5). Table 5 Indicators of Education and their Conditions of Deprivation Indicators Conditions of deprivation Level of the education (6-15 years The level of education for adults (15 and above) The distance from the housing to school (the distance calculated in meters) The distance from the housing to the Illiterate and Had not finish the primary Illiterate and atschool the primary school More than 500 m More than 1 km secondary school (the distance Extent of satisfaction with school: Not satisfied calculated in kilometers) very satisfied, to some extent Sources:satisfied The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the ,acceptable ,not satisfied National Reports: Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequalit: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010. Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. 6. 2. Health Domain Health constitutes one of essential cornerstones of human development, and an essential of element of human security, because the survival and protection from the disease are two various concepts of human well-being. The good health helps a person increasing susceptibility of choice and enjoy the freedom and makes progress. The healthy citizens are http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 316 editor@iaeme.com Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard more benefit from available opportunities which enhances the economic and social security of the country, On the contrary, the deterioration of health such as illness, injury, and disability deprive individuals of these basic options. The index of health domain measured in six indicators. Three of them are about of the household and three on individuals. The indicators represent five fields of health domain. Which are (Chronic diseases, health problems, nutritional status of children, health care during pregnancy, access to the health institutions, and finally the qualitative level of health services), as shown in table (6). Table 6 Indicators of health and their Conditions of Deprivation Conditions of deprivation Indicators Number of household members suffering from chronic physical illness or disability. Malnourished children (6-5 years). Health care during pregnancy? Are from: Doctor, nurse, authorized midwife, other people, there is no (no one) . The distance from the housing to the General Hospital (the distance is calculated in kilometers). The distance from the housing to a health center or a doctor (calculated distance in meters) The extent of satisfaction with the health services: very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, and not satisfied If there are situations If there are situations other people and there is no (no one) If the distance is more than 3km (Depending on the size of the city and transport) If it is more than 1000m (Depending on the size of the city and transport) Not satisfied Sources: The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the National Reports: Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequality: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010.4- Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. 6.3. Household Economic Status Domain After the Second World War, poverty and underdevelopment emerged in many countries more pronounced and widespread way than the previous problems then the development economy appeared, to study, and care the development economics problems which related with underdevelopment, and deficient development in those countries [Midhut Alqurayshy,200] It is known that human development is measured accordance with three pillars which are (income, health and education), that requires a focus on the life economic system, because the well-being development and redistribute it, handle by the entire economic system and any economic policy, away from the objectives cannot be drafting unless after theoretical characterization of mechanisms of the economic system's work, the removal of deprivation http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 317 editor@iaeme.com Dr. Hussein D.Mohammed, Abdullah Ali Ibrahim and Dr. Muhsin A. Ali Alfurajy are expression of the total disappearance of the manifestations of unemployment, low incomes, poor housing situation, the lack of opportunities to benefit from the family home of contemporary techniques, and the deterioration of city services. Although the Human Development Index (HDI) adopted by the United Nations Development Program since 1990 for describe the level of welfare of the people, and expanding their choices gives equal weights to three domains (income, health and education), but the constant over the years of the guide measurement was the great disparity in the income level for direct expression to the standard of living that requires be given proper attention (Al-Alak,1994 :34-35). Were identified six indicators represent, the domain of Household economic status: namely, (financial situation it means the average per capita income, access to certain amount of money in a week, work, and ownership), as shown in table (7). Table 7 Indicators of household economic Status &their Conditions of Deprivation Indicators Conditions of deprivation Average per capita income (GP) The possibility of obtaining Certain amount in the week No, I cannot The level of satisfaction about the availability of work and job opportunities: very satisfied, to some extent satisfied, acceptable, and not satisfied. Not satisfied The status of work for members (sustenance rate) If the sustenance rate more than 4 Number of durable goods in the household of the 16 commodity: Refrigerator, gas or electric oven, heater, fan, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, electric mixer, TV, radio and recorder, video camera, a PC air conditioner, refrigerated. If the household has less than 7 Asset ownership: Housing only, only cars, cars and housing, and non- available. Not- available Sources: The table is constructed by the researcher depending on the UN Reports and the National Reports: Report by the commission on the" measurement of Economic performance and social Progress" Professor Joseph E. STIGLITZ, Chair Columbia University; Amarta SEN, Chair Adviser, Hazard University, Professor Jean- Paul FITOUSSI, Coordinator of the Commission, IEP, 2008. Rethinking poverty: Report on the World Social Situation, 2010, UNDESA, 2010. Combating poverty and Inequality: Structural change Social policy and politics; UNRISD 2010. Multidimensional poverty index, or MPI, was developed and applied by Oxford poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) with UNDP; support; 2010. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 318 editor@iaeme.com Measuring and Developing Management System of Slums Using Indicator of Living Standard 7. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the spatial variations of the life indicators which constituent the domains of standard of living. Planning spatial development policies take the priorities of deprivation spatial and have sectorial basis. Addressing imbalance in the planning, and implementation project management at the level of local authorities or the central government. Adopting the principle of deprivation mainly in interest of areas. Reconsider construction of industrial and agricultural projects in the region, their impact in spatial and social development. Improve the income-earning opportunities, job creation income-generating. Building schools in residential neighborhoods and in line with the size of the population and the renovating dilapidated schools. The establishment of paved to Infrastructure projects REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Al-Alak, M. M, (1994)"Human Development Index" Un published thesis, (CD), Jawaariar Nehru University, pp.: 34-35. Anne Rademacher, (2009), " When Is Housing an Environmental Problem?" 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Holly Quranالقرآن الكريم ،سىرة الىحل ،االيت 08 عبذالحميذ دليميه ،دراست في العمران ،السكه واالسكان ،مخبر االوسان والمذيىت ،دار الهذي Abdul hammed للطباعت والىشر،.6882، اسماعيل ابراهيم شيخ درة ،إقتصادياث االسكان ،سلسلت عالم المعرفت ،الكىيج Ismael Alsheak . .8800، مذحج القريشي ،التىميت القتصاديت -وظرياث وسياساث ومىضىعاث،دار المسيرة Midhut Alqurayshy, ،عمان6882، editor@iaeme.com 320 ][16 ][17 ][18 ][19 http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp