Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
B. TRANSFER PRICING
B. minimize the transfer price
C. maintain goal congruence between the divisions and the entire firm
D. none of the above
THEORIES:
Nature
5. Transfer prices are charges for
A. transportation of goods outside units of an organization.
B. goods sold by subunits to outside customers.
C. goods exchanged among subunits.
D. goods stored within a subunit.
2. The objective(s) of transfer pricing are
A. to motivate managers
B. to provide an incentive for managers to make decisions consistent with the firm's goals
(i.e., goal congruence)
C. to provide a basis for fairly rewarding the managers
D. all of the above
23. A transfer price is a price charged
A. to outside customers
B. when one division sells its goods or services to another division
C. by the selling division to the buying division when outside market does not exist
D. a and b
4. A transfer pricing system should satisfy which of the following objectives?
A. accurate performance evaluation
C. goal congruence
B. preservation of divisional autonomy
D. all of the above
34. The market price method satisfy a key objective of transfer pricing, namely:
A. objectivity
C. consistency
B. usability
D. reliability
24. Transfer prices are
A. necessary to calculate costs in a cost, profit, or investment center
B. preferred by buying divisions are the lowest possible
C. do not make any difference for the company's bottom-line no matter what number is used
D. all of the above
Irrelevant costs
29. Which item is usually not relevant to a decision by a divisional manager to reduce a transfer
price to meet a price offered to another division by an outside supplier?
A. opportunity cost
B. variable manufacturing costs
C. fixed divisional overhead
D. the price offered by the outside supplier
36. Which of the following is a key factor to consider in deciding whether to make internal
transfers, and, if so, in setting the transfer price?
A. Is there an outside supplier?
B. Is the seller's variable cost less than the market price/
C. Is the selling unit operating at full capacity?
D. All of the above are key factors.
Minimum & Maximum Transfer Price
General rule
9. The general rule in establishing transfer prices consistent with economic decision making is
the
A. differential cost plus opportunity cost if goods are transferred internally.
B. actual cost plus opportunity cost if goods are transferred internally.
C. standard cost plus opportunity cost if goods are transferred internally.
D. all of the above.
32. From the standpoint of the company, the important question in transfer pricing is
A. what is fair to the divisions
B. how to determine the profit of the divisions
C. whether or not the transfer should take place
D. when the transfer should be made
Objectives
1. The objective of a transfer pricing system should be to
A. maximize the transfer price
Seller’s standpoint (minimum price)
26. The minimum transfer price should be:
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
A.
B.
C.
D.
opportunity cost for selling division
opportunity cost for buying division
opportunity cost for the company as a whole
only variable cost for the selling division
A. cost or cost plus
B. market prices
C. negotiation
D. all of the above
35. Which of the following are transfer pricing models?
A. Variable cost method
C. Market cost method
B. Average price method
D. All of the above
14. A selling division produces components for a buying division that is considering accepting a
special order for the products it produces. The selling division has excess capacity. The
minimum price the selling division would be willing to accept is the
A. selling division’s variable costs
B. buying division’s outside purchase price
C. price that would allow the buying division to cover its incremental cost of the special order
D. price that would allow the selling division to maintain its current ROI
Market price
10. If a firm operates at capacity, the transfer price should be the:
A. external market price.
C. actual cost.
B. differential cost.
D. standard cost.
12. To avoid waste and maximize efficiency when transferring products among divisions in a
competitive economy, a large diversified corporation should base transfer prices on:
A. full cost
C. replacement cost
B. variable cost
D. market price
25. The minimum transfer price from the seller's standpoint is
A. market price when excess capacity exists
B. market price when excess capacity does not exist
C. incremental costs when excess capacity exists
D. b and c
13. If an intermediate market exists, the optimal transfer price is the:
A. outlay cost for producing the goods.
B. opportunity cost of not selling to the outside market.
C. market price.
D. variable costs associated with producing the product.
Buyer’s standpoint (maximum price)
7. Generally, the outside market price would be
A. a floor for internal transfer price.
B. a ceiling for internal transfer price.
C. both a and b
D. none of the above.
16. If there is no excess capacity, the transfer price is often
A. market price
B. opportunity cost plus incremental cost
C. variable cost or variable cost plus profit
D. a or b
Methods of transfer pricing
3. The basic methods used in transfer pricing are
A. variable or full costs
C. market price or negotiated price
B. dual prices
D. all of the above
20. Market pricing approach in transfer pricing
A. helps to preserve unit autonomy
B. provides incentive for the selling unit to be competitive with outside suppliers
C. may be the most practical approach when there is significant conflict
D. both a and b
8. An example of a transfer price policy is
A. market price.
B. actual cost plus markup.
C. standard cost plus markup.
D. all of the above.
28. The best transfer price is usually
A. actual cost plus a percentage markup
B. a reliable market price
27. Transfer prices are set by:
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
C. budgeted full cost plus a percentage markup
D. budgeted variable cost plus a percentage markup
D. all of the above
22. A company may consider using variable costs in transfer pricing when there is
A. excess capacity because variable costs would stay the same
B. no excess capacity because variable costs would not stay the same
C. excess capacity because fixed costs would stay the same
D. no excess capacity because fixed costs would stay the same
30. Market-based transfer prices are best for the
A. company when the selling division is operating below capacity.
B. company when the selling division is operating at capacity.
C. buying division if it is operating at capacity.
D. buying division.
Full cost
18. If full cost is used in transfer pricing, it is preferable to use
A. standard full cost because the buyer does not wish to be stuck with unknowns
B. standard full cost because the seller does not wish to pass along the variations in cost
C. actual full cost because the buyer is well-advised to deal with the real rather than
anticipated costs
D. actual full costs because the seller is well-advised to deal with the real rather than
anticipated costs
33. Which transfer price is ideal for the company when the selling division is at capacity?
A. Market price
B. Incremental cost
C. Budgeted full cost
D. Actual variable cost plus a percentage profit
Actual costs
6. Disadvantages of transfer prices based on actual cost include:
A. reducing the incentive of managers of supplying divisions to control their costs.
B. passing on efficiencies or inefficiencies of supplying divisions to receiving divisions.
C. both a and b.
D. none of the above.
Negotiated
11. Negotiated transfer prices are appropriate when:
A. there are cost savings to the selling division.
B. there is no external market price.
C. the internal market price reflects a bargain price.
D. all of the above.
15. Which of the following types of transfer prices do not encourage the selling division to be
efficient?
A. transfer prices based upon market prices
B. transfer prices based upon actual costs
C. transfer prices based upon standard costs
D. transfer prices based upon standard costs plus a markup for profit
17. A negotiated transfer pricing system is set up where
A. the two sides cannot agree on a price and the difference between the two sides is
absorbed by the home office
B. a ready market price is not available and the two sides must come up with an agreeable
price
C. the buyer buys at variable cost and the seller only sells at full cost
D. the two sides agree to use a cost basis for transfer pricing
31. The worst transfer-pricing method is to base the prices on
A. market prices
C. budgeted variable costs
B. budgeted total costs
D. actual total costs
Multinational transfer pricing
19. To minimize taxes, some multinational companies set low transfer prices when goods are
shipped from
A. low tax countries to other low tax countries
B. low tax countries to high tax countries
C. high tax countries to low tax countries
Variable costing
21. Variable costing method of transfer pricing is
A. easy to implement
B. intuitive and easily understood
C. more logical when there is excess capacity
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
D. c or b
Capacity in units
Number of units being sold on the intermediate market
Selling price per unit on the intermediate market
Variables costs per unit
Fixed costs per unit (based on capacity)
PROBLEMS:
Residual income
i. Marsh Company that had current operating assets of one million and net income of P200,000
had an opportunity to invest in a project that requires an additional investment of P250,000
and increased net income by P40,000. The company's required rate of return is 12%. After the
investment, the company's residual income will amount to
A. 80,000
C. 90,000
B. 85,000
D. 95,000
Division Y:
Number of units needed for production
Purchase price per unit now being paid to an outside supplier
The minimum transfer price to be charged by the Division X should be:
A. P60
C. P68
B. P75
D. P74
200,000
160,000
P75
60
8
40,000
P74
With excess capacity
Bargaining range
ii. An appropriate transfer price between two divisions of the Reno Corporation can be
determined from the following data:
Fabrication Division
Market price of subassembly
P50
Variable cost of subassembly
P20
Excess capacity (in units)
1,000
Assembling Division
Number of units needed
900
What is the natural bargaining range for the two divisions?
A. Between P20 and P50
C. Between P50 and P70
B. Any amount less than P50
D. P50 is the only acceptable price
Effect on profit of make decision
v. Bearing Division of Phantom Corp. sells 80,000 units of Part X to the outside market. Part X
sells for P10.00 and has a variable cost of P5.50 and a fixed cost per unit of P2.50. Bearing
has a capacity to produce 100,000 units per period. Motor Division currently purchases
10,000 units of Part X from Bearing for P10.00. Motor has been approached by an outside
supplier willing to supply the parts for P9.00. What is the effect on XYZ’s overall profit if
Bearing refuses the outside price and Motor decides to buy outside?
A. no change
B. P20,000 decrease in Phantom profits
C. P35,000 decrease in Phantom profits
D. P10,000 increase in Phantom profits
Minimum transfer price
iii. Family Enterprises has two divisions: Davy and Johnny. Davy Division has a capacity to
produce 2,000 units and is expecting to sell 1,500 units. Johnny Division wants to purchase
100 units of a product Davy produces. Davy sells the product at a selling price of P100 per
unit, the variable cost per unit is P25 and the fixed costs total P30,000. The minimum transfer
price that Davy will accept is?
A. P100
C. P43.75
B. P45
D. P25
vi. Bearing Division of XYZ Corp. sells 80,000 units of Part X to the outside market. Part X sells
for P10.00 and has a variable cost of P5.50 and a fixed cost per unit of P2.50. Bearing has a
capacity to produce 100,000 units per period. Motor Division currently purchases 10,000 units
of Part X from Bearing for P10.00. Motor has been approached by an outside supplier willing
to supply the parts for P9.00. What is the effect on XYZ’s overall profit if Bearing refuses the
outside price and Motor decides to buy inside?
A. no change
C. P35,000 decrease in XYZ profits
B. P20,000 decrease in XYZ profits
D. P10,000 increase in XYZ profits
iv. Assume that Division X has a product that can be sold either to outside customers on an
intermediate market or to Division Y of the same company for use in its production process.
The managers of the division are evaluated based on their divisional profits.
Division X:
At capacity
Minimum transfer price
vii. Company Y is highly decentralized. Division X, which is operating at capacity, produces a
component that it currently sells in a perfectly competitive market for P13 per unit. At the
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
current level of production, the fixed cost of producing this component is P4 per unit and the
variable cost is P7 per unit. Division Z would like to purchase this component from Division
X. What would be the price that Division X should charge Division Z?
A. P 7
C. P 11
B. P 13
D. P 9
intermediate market or to Fabrication Division of the same company for use in its production
process. The managers of the division are evaluated based on their divisional profits.
Steel Division:
Capacity in units
200,000
Number of units being sold on the intermediate market
200,000
Selling price per unit on the intermediate market
P90
Variables costs per unit (including P3 of avoidable selling expense)
70
Fixed costs per unit (based on capacity)
13
viii. The Black Division of Pluma Company produces a high quality marker. Unit production
costs (based on capacity production of 100,000 units per year) follow:
Direct materials
P 60
Direct labor
25
Overhead (20% variable)
15
Other information
Sales price
120
The Black Division is producing and selling at capacity.
What is the minimum selling price that the division would consider as a “transfer price” to the
Red Division on which no variable period costs would be incurred?
A. P120
C. P 88
B. P 91
D. P117 (?)
Fabrication Division:
Number of units needed for production
Purchase price per unit now being paid to an outside supplier
The appropriate transfer price should be:
A. P90
C. P70
B. P87
D. P86
40,000
P86
Partial excess capacity
Decision
xi. Chips Division manufacturers electronic circuit boards. The boards can be sold either to
Compo Division of the same company or to outside customers. Last year, the following
activity occurred in division A:
ix. Harem Corporation consists of two divisions, Mining and Builders. The Mining makes black
steel, a product that can be used in the product that the Builders division makes. Both
divisions are considered profit centers. The following data are available concerning black
steel and the two divisions:
Mining
Builders
Average units produced
150,000
Average units sold
150,000
Variable mfg cost per unit
P2
Variable finishing cost per unit
P5
Fixed divisional costs
P75,000
P125,000
The Mining Division can sell all of its output outside the company for P4 per unit. The
Builders Division can buy the black steel from other firms for P4. The Builders Division sells
its product for P12.
What is the optimal transfer price in this case?
A. P2 per unit
C. P7 per unit
B. P4 per unit
D. P9 per unit
Selling price per circuit board
Production cost per circuit board
Numbers of circuit boards:
Produced during the year
Sold to outside customers
Sold to Compo Division
P125
90
20,000
16,000
4,000
Sales to Compo Division were at the same price as sales to outside customers. The circuit
boards purchased by Compo Division were used in an electronic instrument manufactured
by that division (one board per instrument). Compo Division incurred P100 in additional cost
per instrument and then sold the instrument for P300 each.
Assume that Chips Division’s manufacturing capacity is 20,000 circuit boards. Next year
Compo Division wants to purchase 5,000 circuits board from Chips Division rather than
4,000. (Circuit boards of this type are not available from outside sources.)
x. Assume that Steel Division has a product that can be sold either to outside customers on an
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
Should Chips Division sell 1,000 additional circuit boards to Compo Division or continue to
sell them outside customers?
A. No, because the overall profit will decrease by P35,000.
B. Yes, because the overall profit will decrease by P35,000.
C. No, because there is no change in the overall profit.
D. Yes, because the overall profit will increase by P75,000.
anticipated to be produced. Actual cost, however, amounts to P50 for variable costs. Fixed costs
were same as budget. However, actual output was twice as many.
xiii. Actual cost per unit amounts to
A. P90
B. P92
Maximum transfer price
xii. Chips Division manufacturers electronic circuit boards. The boards can be sold either to
Compo Division of the same company or to outside customers. Last year, the following
activity occurred in division A:
Selling price per circuit board
P125
Production cost per circuit board
90
Numbers of circuit boards:
Produced during the year
20,000
Sold to outside customers
16,000
Sold to Compo Division
4,000
C. P115
D. P120
xiv. The transfer price based on actual variable costs plus 130% markup amounts to
A. P90
C. P115
B. P92
D. P120
xv. The transfer price based on budgeted full cost plus 30% markup amounts to
A. P117
C. P150
B. P140
D. P156
i.
Sales to Compo Division were at the same price as sales to outside customers. The circuit
boards purchased by Compo Division were used in an electronic instrument manufactured
by that division (one board per instrument). Compo Division incurred P100 in additional cost
per instrument and then sold the instrument for P300 each.
Answer: C
New Operating Profit
Less Required Returns
New Residual Income
(P200,000 + P40,000)
(P1,250,000 x 0.12)
P240,000
150,000
P 90,000
ii. Answer: D
The Fabrication division has excess capacity, therefore the division can transfer the units at
a minimum transfer price of P50
Assume that Chips Division’s manufacturing capacity is 20,000 circuit boards. Next year
Compo Division wants to purchase 5,000 circuits board from Chips Division rather than
4,000. (Circuit boards of this type are not available from outside sources.)
iii. Answer: D
The minimum Davy would accept is the opportunity cost to make the product, which would be
the variable cost of P25.
Chips Division proposed that a transfer for additional 1,000 units be produced by requiring
its workers to work overtime. Chips Division indicated that the transfer price may be
unreasonably high because of the overtime premium.
iv. Answer: A
The minimum transfer price is P60 because the Division X has excess capacity
What is the maximum transfer that Compo Division will accept for the additional 1,000 units?
A. P 90
C. P200
B. P125
D. P300
v. Answer: C
The profit of the company will decrease by P35,000 which is the difference between the
variable (relevant) cost and the purchase price.
(P9.00 – P5.5) x 10,000 units = P35,000
Use the following data to answer questions 11 through 13.
N & R Company transfers a product from division N to division R. Variable cost of this product is
anticipated to be P40 a unit and total fixed costs amount to P8,000. A total of 100 units are
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Responsibility Accounting and Transfer Pricing
(B. Transfer Pricing)
xii. Answer: C
Final selling price by Compo
P300
Less additional processing cost
100
Maximum material cost (transfer price)
P200
At a transfer price of P200, Compo will not realize any profit on the additional 1,000 units
vi. Answer: A
There is no change in the profit because the Motor Division did not buy from the outside
supplier
vii. Answer: B
The division is operating at capacity (zero excess capacity). Any quantity of production to
be transferred to the Division Z must be at P13; Any price below P13, as transfer price,
would decrease its profit.
viii. Answer: D
Selling price (market price)
Less avoidable selling expense 15 x 20%
Minimum transfer price
xiii. Answer: A
The actual cost is the sum of unit variable cost plus fixed cost divided by actual units
produced.
50 + (8000 ÷ 200) = P90
xiv. Answer: C
Variable cost
Markup (P50 x 1.3)
Transfer price
P120
3
P117
ix. Answer: B
The optimal transfer price is P4 per unit, which represents the value of using the black steel
in the Builders Division because the black steel will cost P2 to manufacture and each unit
used internally is a unit that cannot be sold to external buyers. If an intermediate market
exists, the optimal transfer price is the market price.
xv. Answer: D
Budgeted full cost
Markup
Transfer price
x. Answer: B
The division is operating at capacity, therefore, the minimum transfer price must be the
amount of selling price, less avoidable selling expense.
Selling price
P90
Avoidable selling expense
3
Net Price
87
xi. Answer: D
Selling price charged by Compo Division
Selling price charge by Chips Division
Additional selling price
Less additional processing cost by Compo
Additional profit per unit
Additional profit:
1,000 x P75
P300
125
P175
100
P 75
P75,000
399
P 50
65
P115
P40 + (P8,000 ÷ 100)
(P120 x 0.3)
P120
36
P156