02.05.2019
Lecture
Operating Systems
SS 2019
Prof. Dr. Werner Filip
filip@fb2.fra-uas.de
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General Topics
Content
1.
Introduction
2
2.
P
Processes
and
d Process
P
M
Management
t
3.
Memory Management
4.
File Systems
5.
Input/Output
6.
Multiple Processor Systems
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Reference
• A. S. Tanenbaum, H. Bos
General Topics
G
Modern Operating Systems,
Systems 4th Ed.,
Ed Pearson,
Pearson 2015
• A. S. Tanenbaum
Moderne Betriebssysteme, Pearson Studium, 2016
• A. Silberschatz, P. Galvin, G. Gagne
Operating Systems Concept,
Concept 9th Ed.,
Ed J.
J Wiley & Sons,
Sons 2013
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Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
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Outline
Introduction
• What is an Operating System
• The history of Operating Systems
• Hardware of Operating System
• Important
I
t t concepts
t off Operating
O
ti Systems
S t
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What is an Operating System
Introduction
A modern computer consists of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
One or more processors
O
Main memory
Disks
Printers
Various input/output devices
...
Managing all these components requires a layer of
software – the operating system
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What is an Operating System
Introduction
• A modern computer is very complex.
–
–
–
–
Networking
Disks
Video/audio card
….
• It is impossible for every application
programmer to understand every detail
• A layer of computer software is introduced to
provide a better, simpler, cleaner model of the
resources and manage them
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What is an Operating System
• On top of hardware is OS
Introduction
• Most computers have two modes of operation:
– Kernel mode and user mode
– OS runs in kernel mode, which has complete access to
all hardware and can execute any instruction
– Rest of software runs in user mode, which has limited
capability
– Shell or GUI is the lowest level of user mode software
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Introduction
What is an Operating System
Where the operating system fits in.
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What is an Operating System
Introduction
• Two functions:
– From top to down: provide application programmers a
clean abstract set of resources instead of hardware ones
– From down to top: Manage hardware resources
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What is an Operating System
Introduction
o Users use various OS
• Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.
o User interacts with shell or GUI
• they use OS to get their work done
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Introduction
Operating System as a Resource Manager
•
Allow multiple programs to run at the same time
•
Manage and protect memory
memory, I/O devices,
devices and
other resources
•
Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two
different ways:
• In time
• In space
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Operating System as a Resource Manager
Introduction
• Modern OS runs multiple programs of multiple
users at the same time
– Imagine what would happen if several programs want to
print at the same time?
– How to account the resource usage of each process?
– Resources can be multiplexed:
• How to ensure fairness and efficiency?
y
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Operating System
• Operating system is a software
Introduction
– Is
I a complex
l software
ft
– Runs in kernel mode
– Manages hardware
– Provide a friendly interface for application programmer
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History of Operating Systems
• First generation 1945 - 1955
Introduction
– vacuum tubes,
tubes plug boards
• Second generation 1955 - 1965
– transistors, batch systems
• Third
hi d generation
i
1965 - 1980
– ICs (Integrated Circuits) and multiprogramming
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History of Operating Systems
• Fourth g
generation 1980 - 1990
Introduction
– personal computers
• Fifth generation 1990 - present
– mobile computers
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Introduction
1st: vacuum tubes
• Large and slow
• Engineers design, build, operate and maintain the
computer
• All programming is done with machine language,
or by wiring circuits using cables
• Insert plugboards into the computer and operate
y numerical calculations
• The work is mainly
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Introduction
1st: vacuum tubes
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Introduction
2nd: transistors and batch systems
• Also called mainframes
• Computers are managed by professional operators
• Programmers use punch card to run programs;
operators operate (load compiler, etc.) and
collect output to the user
• Complains soon come:
– Human Operation between computer operation
– Lead to batch system
– Collect a batch of jobs in the input room, then read them
into a magnetic tape; the same for output
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Introduction
2nd: transistors and batch systems
Early batch system
–
–
–
–
Operating Systems
bring cards to 1401
read cards to tape
put tape on 7094 which does computing
put tape on 1401 which prints output
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Introduction
2nd: transistors and batch systems
• Structure of a typical FMS job – 2nd generation
FMS – Fortran Memory System
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Introduction
2nd: transistors and batch systems
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Introduction
2nd: transistors and batch systems
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3rd: IC and Multiprogramming
• OS/360: “a dinosaur”
Introduction
– Aims to adapts 1401/7409, covers all trades of life
– However, OS/360 introduces several key techniques
• Multi-programming: solve the problem of CPU idling
• Spooling: simultaneous peripheral operation on line
– Whenever a job finishes, OS load a new job from
disk to the empty-partition
pyp
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Introduction
3rd: IC and Multiprogramming
• Multiprogramming system
– three jobs in memory
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Introduction
3rd: IC and Multiprogramming
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3rd: IC and Multiprogramming
Introduction
• Problems:
– 3rd generation OS was well suited for big scientific
calculations and massive data processing
– But many programmers complain a lot … for not be
able to debug quickly…
– And the solution to this problem would be ... ?
– Timesharing:
• a variant of multiprogramming
• sharing of a computing resource among many users by
means of multiprogramming
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3rd: IC and Multiprogramming
Introduction
• A system to be remembered: MULTICS
– A machine that would support hundreds of
simultaneous timesharing users (like a web server
nowadays)
– Introduces many brilliant ideas but enjoys no
commercial success
– Its step-child is the well-known and time-honored
UNIX
– System V/ FreeBSD, MINIX, Linux
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
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4th: Personal Computers
• Computers have performance similar to 3rd
generation, but prices drastically different
Introduction
• CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers)
– First disk-based OS
• 1980, IBM PC, Basic Interpreter, DOS, MS-DOS
• GUI--Lisa—Apple: user friendly
• MS-DOS
MS DOS with GUI
GUI– Win95/98/ – WinNT/XP…
WinNT/XP
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Introduction
4th: Personal Computers
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5th: Mobile Computers
Introduction
Mobile devices - designed for many applications.
• Mobile Internet devices
• Tablet computers
• Wearable computers
• Calculator watches
• Smartwatch
• Head-mounted displays
• Personal digital assistants
• Enterprise digital assistants
• Calculators
• Handheld game consoles
• Portable media players
• Digital media player
• Digital still cameras
• Digital video cameras
• Digital camcorders
• Mobile phones
• Smartphone
• Pagers
• Personal navigation devices
•…
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Introduction
5th: Mobile Computers
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Introduction
5th: Mobile Computers
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Introduction
5th: Mobile Computers
libguides.riphah.edu.pk
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Computer Hardware Review
Introduction
Monitor
Bus
• Components of a simple personal computer
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Computer Hardware Review
Introduction
Monitor
Bus
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Hardware: processor
• Brain of computer
– Fetches instruction from memory and execute
Introduction
– Cycle
C l off CPU (Central Processing Unit):
• fetch, decode, execute
– CPU has registers to store variable and temporary
result: load from memory to register; store from
register to memory
– Program
g
counter: next instruction to fetch
– Stack pointer: the top of the current stack
– ...
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Introduction
Computer Hardware Review
• Typical memory hierarchy
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Introduction
Computer Hardware Review
• Typical memory hierarchy
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Memory
Introduction
Questions when dealing with cache:
•
When to pput a new item into the cache?
•
Which cache line to put the new item in?
•
Which item to remove from the cache when a slot is
needed?
•
Where to put a newly evicted item in the larger
memory??
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Introduction
Disks
Structure of a disk drive
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Introduction
Disks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cheap and large: two orders better than RAM
Slow: three orders worse than RAM
M h i l movementt to
Mechanical
t fetch
f t h data
d t
One or more platter
Information is stored on concentric circles
Arm, track, cylinder, sector
Disk helps to implement Virtual Memory
– When not enough memory is available, disks are used
as the storage, and memory as cache
RAM - Random Access Memory
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Introduction
I/O Devices
(a)
((b))
(a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt
(b) How the CPU is interrupted
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I/O Devices
• Two parts: a controller and a device
Introduction
• Controller: to provide a simpler interface to OS
• Device driver: talks to controller, give
commands and accepts response
• Busy waiting/interrupt/DMA (direct memory access)
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Booting the Computer
• BIOS — basic input/output system
Introduction
– On the motherboard (now parentboard), low-level I/O
software
ft
– Checks RAM, keyboard and other basic devices
– Determine the boot device: floppy, CD-ROM, disk
– First sector of the boot-device is read into memory
– The sector contains program to check which partition
is active
– Then a secondary boot-loader is read into memory
and reads in operating system from the active partition
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Introduction
Computer Hardware Review
Structure of a large Pentium system
ISA - Industry Standard Bus
USB - Universal Serial Bus
Operating Systems
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
SCSI – Small Computer System Interface
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The Operating System Zoo
• Mainframe operating systems
Introduction
• Server operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems
• Personal computer operating systems
• Real-time operating systems
• Embedded operating systems
• Smart card operating systems
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Introduction
Operating System Concepts
• A process tree
– A created two child processes, B and C
– B created three child processes, D, E, and F
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Introduction
Operating System Concepts
intersection
(a) a potential deadlock.
(b) an actual deadlock.
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Introduction
Operating System Concepts
File system for a university department
SOSP - Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
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System Calls
Introduction
• System calls - interface for users to contact OS
and hardware
• System calls vary from system to system, but
the underlying concepts are similar
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Introduction
Steps in Making a System Call
SP - Stack Pointer
There are 11 steps in making the system call
read (fd, buffer, nbytes)
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Introduction
Some System Calls For Process Management
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Introduction
Some System Calls For File Management
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Introduction
Some System Calls For Directory Management
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Introduction
Some System Calls For Miscellaneous Tasks
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Introduction
System Calls
(a) File system before the mount
(b) File system after the mount
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Introduction
System Calls
Some UNIX and Win32 API calls
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Operating System Structure
Monolithic systems – basic structure:
Introduction
•
•
•
A main program that invokes the requested service
procedure.
procedure
A set of service procedures that carry out the system
calls.
A set of utility procedures that help the service
procedures.
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Introduction
Operating System Structure
Structure of the THE operating system
Technical High School Eindhoven, E.W.Dijkstra 1968
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Introduction
Operating System Structure
Structure of VM/370 with CMS
VM/CMS (Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System) – IBM
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Introduction
Operating System Structure
a type 1 hypervisor.
a type 2 hypervisor.
hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a piece of
computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs
virtual machines
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Introduction
Operating System Structure
The client-server model
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Introduction
Operating System Structure
The client-server model in a distributed system
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