High School Reference Sheet
California Science Test
Force and Energy
PE  mgh
F  ma
F  w  mg
Fg =
F =
Gm1m2
d2
ke q1q2
d
2
KE 
1
mv 2
2
W = ΔKE
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
w = weight
g = acceleration due to gravity
G = gravitational con stant
d = distance
ke = Coulomb’s constant
q = charge
PE = potential e nergy
h = height
KE = kinetic en ergy
v = velocity
W = work
Motion
s=
d
t
a=
v
t
s = speed
d = distance
t = time
a = accele ratio n
v = velocity
ρ = mv
ρ = momentum
J = F t = mv
m = mass
J = impulse
F = force
Copyright © 2017 California Department of Education
Page 1 of 3
High School Reference Sheet
California Science Test
Kepler’s Laws
e 
e = eccentricity
f
d
f = distance between foci of an ellipse
d = major axis length of an ellipse
T = orbital period
T 2 ∝ R3
R = semi -major axis of an orbit
Waves
E = energy
E  hƒ
h = Planck ’s constant
ƒ = frequency
v = wave speed
v  ƒ
 = wavelength
Experimental Design
Percent Error =
accepted value - experimental value
accepted value
•100
⎛ actual yield ⎟⎞
⎟
Percent Yield = ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ theoretical yield ⎟⎟⎠ • 100
Copyright © 2017 California Department of Education
Page 2 of 3
High School Reference Sheet
California Science Test
Constants
Acceleration Due to Gravity: g  9.8
m
s2
Mass of Earth: ME = 5.97 ´1024 kg
23
Avogadro’s Number: NA  6.02  10
particles
mol
Planck’s Constant: h = 6.63 ´10-34 J • s
Charge of an Electron: e  1.60  1019 C
Radius of Earth: R E = 6.37 ´106 m
N • m2
Coulomb’s Constant: ke = 9.00 ×10
C2
8
Speed of Light in a Vacuum: c  3.00  10
9
Gravitational Constant: G = 6.67 ´10-11
N • m2
kg2
m
s
Volume of a Gas at 0˚C and 100 kPa: Vm  22.4
L
mol
Conversions
Calorie to Joule: 1 cal = 4.184 J
Pressure: 1 atm = 760 Torr = 101.3 kPa
Units
Energy: 1 J  1 N • m
Force: 1 N = 1
Frequency: 1 Hz  1
cycle
s
kg • m
s2
Copyright © 2017 California Department of Education
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