Group 15107
Capstone Portfolio
Grade 10 ( 2016 / 2017 )
Second Semester
Group Members: Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud
Mohamed Medhat
Mostafa Snosy
Mohamed Atef
INDEX
I.
Present and Justify a Problem and Solution Requirements
Egypt Grand Challenges
2
Problem to be Solved
5
Research
7
Other solution already tried
42
Design Requirements
48
II. Generating and Defending a Solution
50
Selection of solution:
Selection of solution:
50
52
III. Constructing and Testing a Prototype
55
Materials and Methods
55
Test plan
58
Data collection
61
IV. Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations
Discussion
3
64
64
Recommendations
67
Learning outcomes
69
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Present and Justify a Problem and Solution Requirements:
Egypt grand challenges:
Egypt is the land of the history, the land of science, but now it faces a lot of
grand challenges, these grand challenges treat the Egyptian economy and
sociality, these grand challenges are connected to each other like tree if we
solve the stem the branches will be solved.
Figure 1:Egypt Grand Challenge
The Grand challenge that we are addressing:
“Improving the use of alternative energies for personal use”
Our grand challenge is how to manage energy at the personal level like
generating, consuming, conserving energy to solve personal problems such as
personal transportation, keeping cool on a hot day, being able to
communicate.
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The importance of addressing the problem:
1-
Improving energy represents the engine of the Egyptian economy that
pushes it to stability and high performance.
2- In the last years, the consuming of the energy increases, caused electric
shortage and that harmed the Egyptian bases like industry
3- Using personal expiration, makes the consuming be less than it was in
centralized because we will save the energy in different machines
which has little consumption or much consumption
The crisis of the energy consuming increases
Figure shows : - Egypt energy consuming
The causes of the energy base problem:
1) Increasing personal consuming of energy and increasing the consuming
of energy in the local level.
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2) The Increasing of the Egyptian population growth that’s made
increasing of energy consuming “personal-local”.
3) Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure of power generating
equipment is yet another reason for energy shortage that the firms still
using the outdated equipment that restricts the production of energy
that prevents the equipment to be upgraded
4) Renewable energy still remains unused is most of the countries. Most
of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like “coal, oil, gas,
etc...”
5) There are miscellaneous reasons Tax hikes, political events, severe hot
summers or cold winters can cause sudden increase in demand of
energy and can choke supply.
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED
The Specific idea of the team is generating
energy from body power. It's more specific
when we generate energy from body
movement. The team will utilize the pressing
with foot on the sneaker or the shoes to
generate energy without causing any
problem that affect the body movement or
the human.
Human Energy: - The human
body contains enormous
quantities of energy. In fact,
the average adult has as much
energy stored in fat as a oneton battery. That energy fuels
our everyday activities, but
what if those actions could in
turn run the electronic devices
we rely on ?
Figure shows how energy is generated from mechanical stress
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Movement produces kinetic energy, which can be converted into power. In the
past, devices that turned human kinetic energy into electricity, such as handcranked radios, computers and flashlights, involved a person's full participation.
But a growing field is tapping into our energy without our even noticing it.
Consider, for example, a health club. With every step you take on a treadmill and
with every bicep curl, you turn surplus calories into motion that could drive a
generator and produce electricity. The energy from one person's workout may
not be much, but 100 people could contribute significantly to a facility's power
needs.
Advantages of Human energy: Primarily the advantage of using human power is the efficiency of muscles. Our
bodies are much better at converting calories to energy than converting those
calories to biofuels. Ethanol, butanol, syngas, methane, wood, and other biofuels
and biomass can’t compete but they can be used without humans being present
which is the main disadvantage of human energy. Additionally, using human
power is a cleaner energy source if the food source is being produced sustainably
without the use of oil for pesticides and fertilizers or mono crops which deplete
arable agricultural land which is how biofuel crops are produced.
Disadvantages of Human Energy: Using human power as a source of energy has many benefits but there are also
disadvantages. First off it requires food and water as that is how humans generate
energy. The energy costs associated with the production and delivery of that food
and water must be taken into account when you figure out the net energy
produced.
This means that to be considered a useful source of energy human power needs to
be harnessed in forms where it’s currently being wasted. For example, if someone
exercises 2-3 hours every day to stay in shape that is wasted effort that could be
recaptured through things like treadmill or bicycle generators. This would be an
advantageous use of human power since it’s just going to waste anyway.
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However, if someone doesn’t exercise and is solely doing so to generate electricity
for example you have to take into account the other things they could be doing
instead. For example, would it be more productive to have a human ride a bicycle
for 2-3 hours a day for electricity or over the course of a single week setup a small
scale hydroelectric or wind power generator that would then produce electricity
with only maintenance to worry about?
Research
Topics we researched:
After justifying the problem, we had to mention about some important topics
to research
1) some are related to the problem
2) some are related to the possible solution.
First we will talk about the topics which related to the problem
1) the types of energy in Egypt
1) the renewable energy
2) the non-renewable energy
First the renewable energy:
It is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and
geothermal heat
The types of renewable energy:
1) Hydropower energy
2) Solar energy
3) wind power
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Wind Power
Solar energy
Hydropower
1) First: Hydropower energy
The definition:
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A
turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then
a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical
energy.
Figure illustrates how energy is generated from Dams " Hydro power "
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2) The material that's needed to generate electricity.
1. Dam: Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also controls
the flow of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect, stored energy.
2. Turbine: The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades
causes the turbine to spin. A water turbine is much like a windmill, except the
energy is provided by falling water instead of wind. The turbine converts the
kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.
3. Generator: Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when the
turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also. Converts the mechanical
energy from the turbine into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants
work just like the generators in other types of power plants.
4. Transmission lines: Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes
and business.
2) How Much Electricity Can a Hydroelectric Plant Make?
The amount of electricity a hydropower plant produces
depends on two factors:
1. How Far the Water Falls. The farther the water falls, the more power it has.
Generally, the distance that the water falls depends on the size of the dam. The
higher the dam, the farther the water falls and the more power it has. Scientists
would say that the power of falling water is "directly proportional" to the
distance it falls. In other words, water falling twice as far has twice as much
energy.
2. Amount of Water Falling. More water falling through the turbine will produce
more power. The amount of water available depends on the amount of water
flowing down the river. Bigger rivers have more flowing water and can produce
more energy. Power is also "directly proportional" to river flow. A river with
twice the amount of flowing water as another river can produce twice as much
energy.
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The Hydropower energy production in Egypt: -
Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (kWh) in Egypt was last
measured at 12934000000 in 2011, according to the World Bank. Sources of
electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to
electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants. This page has the latest
values, historical data, forecasts, charts, statistics, an economic calendar and news
for Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (kWh) in Egypt.
The methods in Egypt:
Egypt uses a lot of methods to generate energy from the hydropower energy.
For example: 1) The high dam:
Egypt has been always suffering from the Nile river floods, and because the
population and the agriculture has been significantly growing along the river
because of the fertile soil around it, so there came the idea of building a dam to
control the floods of the river to protect
the people and the farms from the
danger of the floods.
So Pres Jamal Abdul Nasser decided to
build a dam in the city of Aswan
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Specifications:
The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 m in length, 980 m wide at the base, 40 m
wide at the crest and 111 m tall. It contains 43 million m³ of material. At
maximum, 11,000 m³ of water can pass through the dam every second.
There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5000 m³ per second and
the Toshka Canal links a reservoir called Lake Nasser, is 550 km long and
35 km at its widest with a surface area of 5,250 km² and holds 111 km³
The advantage:
the dam now powers twelve generators, each rated at 175 megawatts,
producing a hydroelectric output of 2.1 gig watts, furthermore when the dam
first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's entire electricity
production and allowed for the connection of most Egyptian villages to
electricity for the first time. On the other hand, it has also completely
stopped the floods of the Nile, and created a new fishing industry around
Lake Nasser, and of course it had a part in the agriculture field as it releases
on average 55 billion m3 water per year of which some 46 billion m3 are
diverted into the irrigation canals in Nile valley and delta, almost 8 million
Fadden benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crop per year.
The disadvantage:
1. Many potentials finds of Antiquities are now buried under hundreds of
feet of water. (Some major ancient structures had to be moved to higher
ground during the building too).
2. Nile river relied on the silt flowing down the river to replenish the soil
along the banks of the
river. The dam has
caused an imbalance of
the lower Nile
ecosystem as a result.
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Second: Solar energy
1)The definition:
Every day, the sun radiates (sends out) an enormous amount of energy
called solar energy. It radiates more energy in one day than the world uses
in one year. This energy comes from within the sun itself, the sun is a big
gas ball made up mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. The sun makes energy
in its inner core in a process called nuclear fusion
.
How does a solar cell turn sunlight into electricity?
the bonds [between silicon atoms] are made of electrons that are shared
between all of the atoms of the crystal. The light gets absorbed, and one of
the electrons that's in one of the
bonds gets excited up to a higher
energy level and can move
around more freely than when it
was bound. That electron can
then move around the crystal
freely, and we can get a current.
The materials of solar panel:
The basic component of a solar cell is pure silicon
How Much Electricity Can a solar panel Make?
The amount of electricity a solar panel produces is not only proportional to
the sun’s intensity, but also depends on three factors: solar cell efficiency,
solar panel size and the amount of sunlight directly hitting the panel. Your
Solar City energy consultant will work with you to decide how much energy
you are using and map the solar installation to meet those needs.
Each solar panel should have a number listed on the back identifying how
much power will be made during peak conditions, also known as a max
power rating. All solar panels are rated by the DC power produced in
standard test conditions. A typical solar panel produces about 200 watts of
electricity based on the efficiency and size of what’s installed. For example,
if you have 25 panels installed, you may have an output of about 5 kilowatts
(kW).
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Why does solar panel size matter?
The more solar cells working in tandem, the more power they’ll create.
That’s why the size of the panel matters if you’re trying to calculate how
much electricity a panel makes. Solar panels have been about this size for
decades, but modern panels make more electricity than in the past. That’s
because panel manufacturers have found ways to improve cell efficiency
over time
The production in Egypt:
Egypt supplies 20 percent of generated electricity from renewable sources
and the Hydro power is 5.8 percent of the 20 percent of the renewable
sources. Egypt’s Solar Atlas states that Egypt is considered a “sun belt”
country with 2,000 to 3,000 kWh/m2/year of direct solar radiation. The sun
shines 9-11 hours a day from North to South in Egypt with few cloudy days.
The methods in Egypt:
Egypt uses a lot of methods to generate energy from the solar energy like
1) in 2011was concluded, with a
total installed capacity of
140MW with solar share of
20MW based on parabolic
trough technology integrated
with combined cycle power
plant using natural gas.
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2) A 10 MW power
plant also has been
operating in Siwa since
March 2015, and the
remaining plants
should be implemented
and operated
consequentially during
2016.
The advantage:
1) Solar energy is a resource that is not only sustainable for energy
consumption, it is indefinitely renewable (at least until the sun runs out in
billions of years). Solar power can be used to generate electricity, it is also
used in relatively simple technology to heat water (solar water heaters). The
use of skylights in home construction can also greatly reduce energy
expenditure required to light rooms in a home’s interior during the day.
2) Solar panels also require little maintenance. After installation and
optimization, they are very reliable due to the fact that they actively create
electricity in just a few millimeters and do not require any type of
mechanical parts that can fail. Solar panels are also a silent producer of
energy, a necessity if dealing with picky neighbors. The federal government
has also introduced generous tax credits for individuals and companies that
invest in solar and other clean energy systems.
The disadvantage:
1) The primary disadvantage of solar power is that it obviously cannot be
created during the night.
2) The power generated is also reduced during times of cloud cover (although
energy is still produced on a cloudy day)
3) Solar panel energy output is maximized when the panel is directly facing the
sun. This means that panels in a fixed location, such as the building above,
will see a reduced energy production when the sun is not at an optimal angle
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3) Wind power:
The definition:
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern
wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
How Wind Power Is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind
is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the
kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be
used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator
can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses,
schools, and the like.
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And we can generate them by: Wind Turbines:
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an
electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is
the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind
turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a
shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like
the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axisdesign,
like the eggbeater-style Darrius model, named after its French inventor. Most large
modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
1)
blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft
energy;
2)
a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
3)
a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
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4)
other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment.
Turbine Configurations
Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also
known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these
turbines is fed into a utility grid and distributed to customers, just as with
conventional power plants.
Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings
Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. The
largest machine has blades that span more than the length of a football field, stands
20 building stories high, and produces enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. A
small home-sized wind machine has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and
stands upwards of 30 feet and can supply the power needs of an all-electric home
or small business. Utility-scale turbines range in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts.
Single small turbines, below 50 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications
dishes, or water pumping.
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The production of Egypt:
Since 2011, there were a serial of large production of wind power in Egypt which
contribute to 430MW as total in cooperation with Germany, Denmark, Spain and
japan.
Advantages
1) Renewable resource: Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no
matter how much is used today, there will still be the same supply in the
future.
2) Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike
conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse
gases.
3) If wind generating systems are compared with fossil-fueled systems on a
"life-cycle" cost basis (counting fuel and operating expenses for the life of
the generator), however, wind costs are much more competitive with other
generating technologies because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal
operating expenses.
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4) Environmental Concerns :Although wind power plants have relatively
little impact on the environment compared to fossil fuel power plants, there
is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic
(visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat
mortality) by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been
resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by
properly siting wind plants.
Disadvantages:
1- Higher initial investment: Even though the cost of wind power has
decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the technology requires a higher
initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Roughly 80% of the cost is
the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and installation.
2- Supply and Transport Issues: The major challenge to using wind as a
source of power is that it is intermittent and does not always blow when
electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although wind-generated
electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds can be
harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites
are often located in remote locations far from areas of electric power
demand (such as cities). Finally, wind resource development may compete
with other uses for the land, and those alternative uses may be more highly
valued than electricity generation. However, wind turbines can be located on
land that is also used for grazing or even farming.
2-Non-renewable resources in Egypt
1) Crude oil
2) natural gas
3) coal
4) Nuclear energy
1) Crude oil/ petroleum:
Introduction
Crude oil is a non-renewable resource that builds up in liquid form between the
layers of the Earth’s crust.
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from plants and animals that
lived millions of years ago.
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Crude oil is a fossil fuel, and it exists in liquid form in underground pools or
reservoirs, in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks, and near the surface.
It is retrieved by drilling deep into the ground and pumping the liquid out. The
liquid is then refined and used to create many different products.
How did it form?
Crude oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived
millions of years ago in a marine environment before the existence of dinosaurs.
Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by
layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and pressure from these layers turned the
remains into what we now call crude oil. The word petroleum means rock oil or oil
from the earth.
General usage:
After crude oil is removed from the ground, it
is sent to a refinery where different parts of the
crude oil are separated into useable petroleum
products. These petroleum products include
gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and
heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feed stocks,
waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt.
Advantage:
1) Efficient transportation fuel for the world.
2) Basis of many products, from prescription drugs to plastics.
3) Economical to produce.
4) Easy to transport.
5) A main source of economy for the exporting countries
Disadvantages:
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1) High CO2 emissions.
2) Found in limited areas.
3) Supply may be exhausted before
natural gas/coal resources.
4) Possible environmental impact
from drilling/transporting.
And due to the population growth in Egypt the amount of the crude oil is
decreasing and its usage is increasing in all its products as shown in the figures
(1,2,3,4) below:
Egypt’s total production, export and import of crude oil
1) Total Production (January 2015): 680,000 bbl/day1
2) Imports: 80,000 bbl/day6
3) Exports: 189,000 bbl/day7
Some Crude oil fields in Egypt:
1. (Port fouad) in Port Said, Egypt.
2. (Ras El Bar) in Dumyat, Egypt.
3. (Alexandria Petroleum, A.P.C) in
Alexandria, Egypt.
2) Natural Gas:
Introduction:
Natural gas occurs deep beneath the earth's surface. Natural gas consists mainly of
methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Natural gas
also contains small amounts of hydrocarbon gas liquids and non-hydrocarbon
gases. We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals. Egypt is
the second largest producer of natural gas in Africa after Algeria, yet Egypt’s
production has decreased by approximately 3 percent every year between 2009 and
2013. The country does have multiple areas of undeveloped reserves, but Cairo had
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not been able to afford their development, as the Egyptian government had not
offered high enough prices to foreign firms capable of developing the reserves. As
with oil, Egyptian consumption of natural gas has been increasing by
approximately 7 percent per year over the past decade the increasing level of
consumption combined with the decreasing level of production meant that Egypt
was only able to export 5 percent of its total natural gas production.
How did it form?
Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and
built up in thick layers, sometimes mixed with sand and silt. Over time, these
layers were buried under sand, silt, and rock. Pressure and heat changed some of
this organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural
gas. In some places, the natural gas moved into large
cracks and spaces between layers of overlying rock. In
other places, natural gas occurs in the tiny pores
(spaces) within some formations of shale, sandstone,
and other types of sedimentary rock where it is referred
to as shale gas or tight gas. Natural gas also occurs in
coal deposits and is called coal bed methane.
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Common usage:
Natural gas is a major source of electricity generation through the use of
cogeneration, gas turbines and steam turbines.
Natural gas is also well suited for a combined use in
association with renewable energy sources such as
wind or solar and for alimenting peak-load power
stations functioning in tandem with hydroelectric
plants. Most grid peaking power plants and some
off-grid engine-generators use natural gas.
Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved
through combining gas turbines with a steam
turbine in combined cycle mode. Natural gas burns
more cleanly than other hydrocarbon fuels, such as
oil and coal, and produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released. For
transportation, burning natural gas produces about 30 percent less carbon dioxide
than burning petroleum. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas
produces about 45 percent less carbon dioxide than burning coal for power
Advantages:
1) Widely available
2) Cleanest-burning fossil
fuel
3) Often used in
combination with other fuels
to decrease pollution in
electricity generation
4) made safe by adding
artificial odor so that people
can easily smell the gas in
case of a leak
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Disadvantage:
1) Transportation costs are high
2) Lack of infrastructure makes gas resources unavailable from some areas
3) Burns cleanly, but still has emissions
4) Pipelines impact ecosystems
Egypt’s total production, export of Natural gas:
1) Total Production: 2 trillion cubic feet per year
2) Exports: 0.1 trillion cubic feet per year
Some Natural gas fields in Egypt:
1) (Zohr Field) in the East of the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt.
2) Atol field) in the East of the Nile Delta, Egypt.
3) (The North of Alexandria field) Alexandria, Egypt.
2) coal:
Introduction:
Coal is not a major source of energy in Egypt and makes up only about 2 percent
of its energy consumption. Due to the increasing consumption and falling
productivity of the country’s oil and gas sector, however, the use of cheap
imported coal is
projected to
increase in Egypt.
Coal is
approximately 30
percent cheaper
than imported
natural gas.
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How did the coal form?
Coal takes millions of years to form. Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. Coal is classified
as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form. Coal
contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in
swampy forests. The plants were covered by layers of dirt and rock over millions of
years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into a substance now known
as coal. As show in the figure below:
Types of Coal:
Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous,
subbituminous, and lignite. The ranking depends on the types and amounts of carbon
the coal contains and on the amount of heat energy the coal can produce. The rank
of a coal deposit is determined by the amount of pressure and heat that acted on the
plants over time.
1)Anthracite: Mature coal is call anthracite. Anthracite
coal is very hard and shiny. It contains 86-97% carbon and
has a heating value slightly higher than bituminous coal.
2)Bituminous: More chemical and physical changes to
sub-bituminous develop the coal into bituminous coal.
Bituminous coal is dark and hard. It contains 45-86%
carbon. It is used to generate electricity.
3)Subbituminous: subbituminous coal typically contains 35%–45% carbon, and it
has a lower heating value than bituminous coal. Most
subbituminous coal is at least 100 million years old.
4)Lignite: Lignite Over time, heat and burial pressure
turn peat into lignite. Lignite is somewhat light in color,
soft and crumbly. It is considered an “immature” coal
with only 25-35% carbon. It is mainly used at power
plants to generate electricity.
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General usage:
Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through
combustion. When coal is used for electricity generation, it is usually pulverized
and then burned in a furnace with a boiler. The furnace heat converts boiler water
to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create
electricity.
Advantages:
1) Abundant
supply.
2) Currently
inexpensive to
extract.
3) Reliable
and
capable of generating large amounts of power.
Disadvantages:
1) Emits major greenhouse gases/acid rain.
2) High environmental impact from mining and burning, although cleaner coalburning technology is being developed.
3) Mining can be dangerous for miners.
Egypt's consumption and production of coal:
Egypt’s production of coal is much less than it’s consumption due to the big usage
of coal because of the huge population as show in the figure below
Some coal mines in Egypt:
1) (The Eyes of Moses) Sinai, Egypt.
2) ( Elmaghara) Sinai, Egypt.
3) (Bedaa and Thawra) Sinai, Egypt
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4) Nuclear Energy:
Introduction:
Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom. Atoms are tiny
particles that make up every object in the universe. Bonds that hold atoms together
contain large amounts of energy that is released in the form of heat in two ways:
nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
How Nuclear Energy is formed?
In nuclear fusion, atoms release energy as they
combine or fuse together to form a larger atom.
For instance, this is how the sun produces
energy. Fusion creates energy with less
radioactive material, but it is harder to control
the reaction.
Nuclear fission is the process of splitting apart
uranium atoms in a controlled manner that
creates energy. If the chain reaction of splitting
the atoms is not controlled very carefully, an
atomic explosion could occur (although the
conditions have to be perfect in order for an atomic bomb to occur, and these
conditions are not present in nuclear reactors). The fission process gives off heat
energy, which is used to boil water in a power plant’s reactor core. The steam
created with this water is used to turn a turbine, generating electricity.
Physics and chemistry played an important role in the discovery of nuclear fission,
and today physicists and chemists work together with engineers to make nuclear
power possible. Expertise in physics and chemistry are critical to controlling the
chain reaction of splitting atoms.
Where does Uranium Come from?
Uranium, which is used for nuclear reactions, is a mineral found in the Earth’s crust
in spots around the globe. Major producers include:
• Canada
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Australia
Kazakhstan
United States
South Africa
Namibia
Brazil
In uranium’s early days as an energy source, the mineral was usually extracted in
open pit mines on the surface of the Earth. This practice continued until the 1960s,
when most mining moved underground.
Advantages:
1)
2)
3)
4)
No greenhouse gases or CO2 emissions
Efficient at transforming energy into electricity
Uranium reserves are abundant
Refueled yearly (unlike coal plants that need trainloads of coal every day)
Disadvantages:
1) Higher capital costs due to safety, emergency, containment, radioactive waste,
and storage systems.
2) Problem of long-term storage of radioactive waste.
3) Heated waste water from nuclear plants harms aquatic life.
4) Potential nuclear proliferation issue.
Egypt’s only Nuclear energy station (El dabaa station) Matrouh, Egypt.Our project is stand for transportation the kinetic energy from
walking and stressing to electric energy which we can use
it in our daily life.
The team has researched for long time to find
the best method to benefit from this waste
energy.
There are many Topics to define it so the start
will be from the base.
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Researches about the topics that's related to the Solution:
1)Piezoelectricity: - is the electric charge that
accumulates in certain solid materials in response to
applied mechanical stress
The nature of the piezoelectric effect is closely
related to the occurrence of electric dipole moments
in solids. The latter may either be induced for ions on
crystal lattice sites with asymmetric charge surroundings (as in BaTiO3 and PZTs)
or may directly be carried by molecular groups (as in cane sugar). The dipole
density or polarization may easily be calculated for crystals by summing up the
dipole moments per volume of the crystallographic unit cell.
There are different materials which is used in piezoelectricity, such as: 1)
Naturally occurring crystals
2)
Bone
3)
Other natural materials
4)
Synthetic crystals
5)
Synthetic ceramics
6)
Lead-free piezoceramics
7)
III–V and II–VI semiconductors
8)
Polymers
There are many impacts on the piezoelectric, the most abundant is the heat
energy: - Variation with temperature of the piezoelectric effect in quartz. The
piezoelectric effect increased by 20 percent from room temperature to 60°C and
decreased thereafter, reaching zero at about 573°C. Cooling curves showed a lag.
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2) Piezoelectric Ceramics
A piezoelectric ceramic is a mass of perovskite crystals. Each crystal is composed
of a small, tetravalent
metal ion placed inside a
lattice of larger divalent
metal ions and O2, to
prepare a piezoelectric
ceramic, fine powders of
the component metal
oxides are mixed in
specific proportions. This
mixture is then heated to
form a uniform powder.
The powder is then mixed with an organic binder and is formed into specific
shapes, e.g. discs, rods, plates, etc. These elements are then heated for a specific
time, and under a predetermined temperature. As a result of this process the
powder particles sinter and the material forms a dense crystalline structure. The
elements are then cooled and, if needed, trimmed into specific shapes. Finally,
electrodes are applied to
the appropriate surfaces of
the structure. Above a
critical temperature,
known as the “Curie
temperature”, each perovskite crystal in the heated ceramic element exhibits a
simple cubic symmetry with no dipole moment.
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3)Quartz: Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous
framework of (SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra), with each oxygen being shared
between two tetrahedra, giving an overall
chemical formula of (SiO2). Quartz is the
second most abundant mineral in Earth's
continental crust, behind feldspar.
There are many different varieties of quartz,
several of which are semi-precious
gemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of
quartz have been the most commonly used
minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings.
Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties;
they develop an electric potential upon the
application of mechanical stress. An early use
of this property of quartz crystals was in
phonograph pickups. One of the most
common piezoelectric uses of quartz today is
as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock is a
familiar device using the mineral. The resonant
frequency of a quartz crystal oscillator is
changed by mechanically loading it, and this principle is used for very accurate
measurements of very small mass changes in the quartz crystal microbalance and
in thin-film thickness monitors. Such as: • Compressional
• Shear
• Length Extensional
• Torsional
the electricity will be produced.
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4)Mathematical description: There are many equations that's describes the mechanism of piezoelectric
mathematically. There are some simple equations and some those are related to
calculus but the researches have considered all of the equations system, such as: Linear piezoelectricity is the combined effect of
•
The linear electrical behavior of the material:
where D is the electric charge density displacement (electric displacement), ε is
permittivity (free-body dielectric constant), E is electric field strength.
Hooke's Law for linear elastic materials:
Where S is strain, s is compliance under short-circuit conditions, T is stress.
These may be combined into so-called coupled equations, of which the straincharge form is:
In matrix form: -
where [d] is the matrix for the direct piezoelectric effect and [dt] is the matrix for
the converse piezoelectric effect. The superscript E indicates a zero, or constant,
electric field; the superscript T indicates a zero, or constant, stress field; and the
superscript t stands for transposition of a matrix.
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5)Applications of piezoelectric: ❖ High voltage and power sources
Direct piezoelectricity of some substances, like quartz, can generate potential
differences of thousands of volts.
❖ Actuators
As very high electric fields correspond to only
tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this
width can be changed with better-than-µm
precision, making piezo crystals the most
important tool for positioning objects with
extreme accuracy — thus their use in actuators.
❖ Frequency standard
The piezoelectrical properties of quartz are useful as a standard of frequency.
❖ Piezoelectric motors
Types of piezoelectric motor include:
▪ The traveling-wave motor used for
auto-focus in reflex cameras.
▪ Inchworm motors for linear motion
▪ Rectangular four-quadrant motors
with high power density (2.5 W/cm3)
and speed ranging from 10 nm/s to
800 mm/s.
▪ Stepping piezo motor, using stick-slip
effect.
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❖ Reduction of vibrations and noise
Different teams of researchers have been investigating ways to reduce
vibrations in materials by attaching piezo elements to the material. When the
material is bent by a vibration in one direction, the vibration-reduction system
responds to the bend and sends electric power to the piezo element to bend in
the other direction. Future applications of this technology are expected in cars
and houses to reduce noise. Further applications to flexible structures, such as
shells and plates, have also been studied for nearly three decades.
❖ Infertility treatment
In people with previous total
fertilization failure, piezoelectric
activation of oocytes together with
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
(ICSI) seems to improve fertilization
outcomes.
❖ Surgery
A recent application of piezoelectric ultrasound sources is piezoelectric
surgery, also known as piezo surgery.
Piezo surgery is a minimally invasive technique that aims to cut a target
tissue with little damage to neighboring tissues.
❖ Photovoltaics
The efficiency of a hybrid photovoltaic
cell that contains piezoelectric materials
can be increased simply by placing it
near a source of ambient noise or
vibration.
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❖ Diode bridge: A diode bridge is an arrangement of four
(or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same
polarity of output for either polarity of
input.
There are two kind of Diode bridge: 1) Hand - made bridge.
2) Made in factory – bridge.
When used in its most common application, for
conversion of an alternating current (AC) input
into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as
a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides
full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC
input, resulting in lower cost and weight as
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input
from a transformer with a center-tapped
secondary winding.
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that
the polarity of the output is the same
regardless of the polarity at the input.
According to the conventional model of current flow. Current is defined to be
positive when it flows through electrical conductors from the positive to the
negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from
the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however,
the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion
below the conventional model is retained.
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the
diamond is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative,
current flows from the upper supply terminal to the right along the red(positive)
34 | P a g e
path to the output, and returns to the lower supply terminal via the blue
(negative) path.
When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected
to the right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the
right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply
terminal via the blue (negative) path.
After the rectifier " diode
bridge " was added to the
circuit the wave will be
edited and showing different
shape.
35 | P a g e
Battery: An electric battery is a device consisting of one
or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical
devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and
electric cars. When a battery is supplying
electric power, its positive terminal is the
cathode and its negative terminal is the
anode. The terminal marked negative is the
source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and
deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical
reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the
external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows
current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery"
specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage
has evolved to additionally include devices composed of a single cell.
Cell types: Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying chemical
processes and designs, including galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow cells
and voltaic piles.
There are different kinds of battery: •
Dry cell
•
Wet Cell
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Rechargeable Battery: A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type
of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged
many times. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term
"accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores
energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction.
Rechargeable batteries are produced in many
different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells
to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an
electrical distribution network. Several different
combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes
are used, such as: •
•
•
•
•
lead–acid.
nickel cadmium (NiCd).
nickel metal hydride (NiMH).
lithium ion (Li-ion).
lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Lifespan and cycle stability: If batteries are used repeatedly even without mistreatment, they lose capacity as
the number of charge cycles increases, until they are eventually considered to
have reached the end of their useful life.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries reach according to the manufacturer more than
5000 cycles at respective depth of discharge of 70%. After 7500 cycles with
discharge of 85% this still have a spare capacity of at least 80% at a rate of 1 C;
which corresponds with a full cycle per day to a lifetime of min. 20.5 years.
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VOLTAGE: Voltage, electric potential difference, electric
pressure or electric is the difference in electric
potential energy between two points per unit electric
charge. The voltage between two points is equal to
the work done per unit of charge against a static
electric field to move the test charge between two
points. This is measured in units of volts (a joule per
coulomb).
Voltage can be caused by static electric fields, by electric current through a
magnetic field, by time-varying magnetic fields, or some combination of these
three A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage (or potential difference)
between two points in a system; often a common
reference potential such as the ground of the system is
used as one of the points. A voltage may represent
either a source of energy (electromotive force) or lost,
used, or stored energy (potential drop).
Instruments for measuring voltages include the
voltmeter, the potentiometer, and the oscilloscope.
The voltmeter works by measuring the current
through a fixed resistor, which, according to Ohm's
Law, is proportional to the voltage across the
resistor. The potentiometer works by balancing the
unknown voltage against a known voltage in a
bridge circuit. The cathode-ray oscilloscope works by
amplifying the voltage and using it to deflect an
electron beam from a straight path, so that the
deflection of the beam is proportional to the
voltage.
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Ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one
meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal
to 2×10−7 newtons per meter of length.
SI defines the ampere in terms of other base
units by measuring the electromagnetic force
between electrical conductors carrying electric
current. The earlier CGS measurement system
had two different definitions of current, one
essentially the same as the SI's and the other
using electric charge as the base unit, with the
unit of charge defined by measuring the force
between two charged metal plates. The ampere
was then defined as one coulomb of charge per
second. In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb,
Direction of electricity
is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during
one second.
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, "is the quantity of
electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere".
Conversely, a current of one ampere is one coulomb of
charge going past a given point per second: In general, charge Q is determined by steady current I flowing for a time t as Q = It.
Constant, instantaneous and average current are expressed in amperes and the
charge accumulated, or passed through a circuit over a period of time is expressed
in coulombs
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Resources that's the team collected information from it: We have depended on a lot of sources like ( governates sites – PDFs – journals –
scientfic books ) while researching our project's topics.
So here are our resources: -
1) "All About Energy | Energy4me". Energy4me.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 19 Feb.
2017.
2) "Coal Mining Resources And Technology Overview". Teeic.indianaffairs.gov.
N.p., 2016. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.
3) "‫"الصفحة الرئيسية وزارة الكهرباء والطاقة‬. Moee.gov.eg. N.p., 2015. Web. 25 Dec. 2015.
4) Holt physics. (2001). Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
5) Nadrljanski, M. M. (n.d.). Piezoelectric effect | Radiology Reference Article.
Retrieved Match 13, 2016
6) Piezoelectric Materials - How It Works". People.bath.ac.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 13
jan. 2017.
7) Nechibvute, Action, Albert Chawanda, and Pearson Luhanga. "Piezoelectric
Energy Harvesting Devices: An Alternative Energy Source For Wireless Sensors "
8) Egypt | RCREEE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2015, from
http://www.rcreee.org/content/egypt
9) "Wind Energy | Open Energy Information". En.openei.org. N.p., 2014 Web. 20
Mar. 2014.
10) "What Is Uranium? How Does It Work - World Nuclear Association". Worldnuclear.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Apr. 2016.
11) "What Are Biofuels - Biofuel Information". Biofuel.org.uk. N.p., 2009. Web. 17
Apr. 2017.
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12) "Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics | NREL". Nrel.gov. N.p., 2013. Web. 4
Feb. 2013.
13) "Home - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy
Information Administration". Eia.gov. N.p., 2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.
14) "FAQ About Nuclear Energy - Nuclear Energy Institute". Nei.org. N.p., 2015.
Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
15) "Energy Sources: What Are The Pros And Cons | DLIST Benguela". Dlist.org.
N.p., 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2009.
16) Instructables.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Jan. 2016.
17) "Geothermal Basics - Basics". Geo-energy.org. N.p., 2008. Web. 18 Mar. 2008.
18) Howard Perlman, USGS. "Hydroelectric Power And Water. Basic Information
About Hydroelectricity, The USGS Water Science School.". Water.usgs.gov. N.p.,
2004. Web. 12 Feb. 2004.
19) "Coal & Electricity". World Coal Association. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.
20) "‫"استراتيجية الطاقة فى مصر‬. Petroleum.gov.eg. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.
21)
Ledoux, A. (2011). Theory of Piezoelectric Materials and Their Applications in, 4: 35.
41 | P a g e
22) "Piezo Systems: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's) About Piezoelectricity And
Piezoelectric Transducers.". Piezo.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.
Other Solutions Already Tried:
The current solution for this problem:)
After many researches, we found a current solution that considers a good solution
for the problem of exploiting human’s energy
Thermal power: In this topic, we can use every heat that can human make to generate energy by
small thing. This thing can but in the human hand to make the watch work or can
put in the torch to make it light. this thing is the Peltier (TEC
Figure shows the Peltier element
The definition:
A Peltier cooler is a cooler that uses a Peltier element (TEC). Peltier coolers
consist of the Peltier element itself, and a powerful heatsink/fan combination to
cool the TEC. The Peltier element come in various forms and shapes. Typically,
they consist of a larger amount of thermocouples arranged in rectangular form, and
packaged between two thin ceramic plates. Multi-stage modules, to reach higher
delta T values, are also available, but less common. The commercial TEC unit of
interest for PC geeks is a single stage device, about 4 - 6 mm thick and somewhere
from 15 to 40 mm on a side
42 | P a g e
How we use it:
Using thermoelectric modules, a thermoelectric system generates power by taking
in heat from a source such as a hot exhaust flue. In order to do that, the system
needs a large temperature gradient. That we can make this gradient by make the
cold sides is the air and the hot side is the human body
Problems it faces:
It has high cost. Peltier elements have very low efficiency. They will consume
more power than they transportWe researched about previous solutions for our
problem in order to study their advantages and disadvantages and work on
improving them.
Prior Solutions in exploiting human’s energy
There were many previous attempts to solve this problem and they had both
strength points and weaknesses. As there is no researcher who begins from zero,
we researched about these prior solutions to benefit from their strength points and
avoid their weaknesses
1-the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
The maker:
A team of researchers from MIT
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The definition:
the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Harvard-MIT Division of Health
Sciences and Technology has harvested the energy of a guinea pig’s inner ear to
power a small sensing device. The electrical potential of the cochlea operates like a
biological battery and is essential for turning sound pressure waves into the
electrical signals sent to the brain. Researchers have developed a chip that can
harness this electrical energy without interfering with normal hearing
The advantages:
1)
the devices could monitor
biological activity in the ears of
people with hearing or balance
impairments, or responses to
therapies. Eventually, they might
even deliver therapies
themselves.
2) It is small and safe for the
patients and don’t have cables
3) It has high efficiency
The disadvantage:
1) It has a high cost Raise a minimum of $1,500 by May 17, 2017
2) It can be used by only people who 18 years of age or older by April 17, 2017
44 | P a g e
2-low-power cardiac pacemaker:
The maker: French researchers at CEA-Leti and the Sorin Group
The definition:
They are developing a low-power cardiac pacemaker (5μW instead of 25 μW in
current pacemakers), powered by mechanical energy from a patient’s own heart
beats The objective is to eliminate the need for batteries, which must be surgically
replaced every six to ten years in conventional pacemakers, and to
develop a cardiac stimulator eight times smaller than conventional designs from 8
cm3 to 1 cm3. Such miniaturization would allow for the attachment of the
pacemaker directly to the epicardium. Fully functional prototypes should be
manufactured by the end of the year. The industrialization is expected within five
to ten years, after validation tests and agreements from health administrations.
Figure illustrates the technique of the prior solution
The advantages: 1) It has low cost. Small. It doesn’t effect on the body mechanism
2) It makes the heart patients to be useful
The disadvantage: it has low voltage and low current by respect with the other energy resources
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3- concept mask (AIRE): Maker: João Paulo Lammoglia, an industrial designer based in London
The definition:
converts wind energy -provided by
the wearer's breath- into electricity for
the recharging of small electronic
devices. Inside the unit, there are
small wind turbines that make the
conversion and the energy is
transferred through a cable to one's
small electronic device
the advantage:
1) AIRE can be used in any situation,
indoors or outdoors. It can be used
while sleeping, walking, running, or
reading a book
2) It was the winner of a Red Dot
design concept award, the competition
for design concepts and prototypes.
Figure illustrates the technique of the prior solution
The disadvantage:
1) The tend to consume the high amount of energy
2) This may cause the problem for our environment
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4-the Green Wheel: The maker: Nadim Inaty
The definition:
an energy recycling wheel that transforms
kinetic energy produced by the human
body into electricity. Comprised of a single
unit complete with a bench and patches of
real grass
The advantage:
1) the green wheel features three different
levels for runners of varying strengths and
produces roughly enough energy in 30
minutes to charge 12 mobile phones.
2) It has low cost with respect to other
human energy resources.
3) The disadvantage:
1) It is big machine .it couldn’t put in all places
2) We can’t use it in all situations.
3) it's depending on the running or walking, and not all people lovers for the
running and walking, so not everybody can use this machine to generate energy.
4) it's recommended to people who are have enough time to walking and have
good health to running and doing exercises.
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After researching the prior solutions, we made some conclusions about them.
Lessons we learned from the attempts to solve this problem:
1) All solutions must be developed, and ideas can be merged to get the most
2)
3)
4)
5)
efficient solution.
We have to be careful for choosing the material we use because some ideas
are hard to apply because of the materials. Some materials are very
expensive, and others are totally forbidden
Some solutions are based on each other. Some other solutions are updated
from previous solutions.
Each country searches for a solution according to its economic and social
state
We should get benefit from others trials either benefits or avoiding
weaknesses.
Design requirements:
1st Availability:
In order for a solution to be successful, the solution needs to be available according
to the materials. The materials have to be available in Egypt, and they need to be
easy to purchase.
That will ensure that the solution can be achieved in real life,
and the prototype is an evidence for the material availability.
2nd Cost effectiveness:
The solution must be cost effective or have low cost in order to be reliable and
efficient. That the total cost of the materials is 140 L.E and the Low cost of
materials and other technicalities will help facilitate the construction of the
solution.
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3rd High level of efficiency:
The efficiency of the solution can be measured by two ways. The first way is the
measurement of how the solution meets the other design requirements that we
increased the piezo electric voltage and current and the second way if the solution
highly applies these design requirements then it's an efficient solution. The other
way is measuring the production rate of the solution itself like the production rate
of the machine of solution.
4th Sustainability:
The sustainability of a solution is a measure of how much the solution can be long
lasting while keeping its efficiency. That it the prototype made 24 V maximum and
the efficiency still high
5thEnvironmental friendliness:
The environmental impact that the solution has is the most important thing to
consider when creating a solution. The environmental Impact is a measure of the
effect that something has on the surrounding environment. And it becomes better
or highly recommended as this environmental impact decrease more.
-A solution being environmentally friendly means it has very low
environmental impact and it starts that the solution is efficient and successful.
Generating and Defending a Solution
Selection of solution:
The solution that we decided to pursue:
Our project is a system that exploit human energy during walking to charge a
power bank as storing energy in shoes for personal usage.
This system depends on the human foot pressure to generate energy by the piezo
electric. We will use the foam to focus all the body pressure in only 3 points for
49 | P a g e
each shoe then store it as electricity by using a power bank. By adding the foam
part to the system, the efficiency will increase.
System description:
Our system consists of two parts:
1) The piezo electric
2) The foam
1st the piezo electric:
This piezo electric is the electric charge that
accumulates in certain solid materials in response
to applied mechanical stress.
Piezo electric consists of many parts the main
part that generate electricity is the quarts
How the quartz generates the electricity?
The quarts are some atoms has a positive charge and negative charge a positive
charge in one place cancels out a negative charge nearby. However, if you squeeze
or stretch a piezoelectric crystal, you deform the structure, pushing some of the
atoms closer together or further apart, upsetting the balance of positive and
negative, and causing net electrical charges to appear then the electricity is
generated by this prosses so we will generate the electricity by press on the quarts
of the piezo to generate energy put the prosses isn’t finished that we will go to the
part 2
2nd the foam:
A foam is a substance formed by trapping
pockets of gas in a liquid or solid. A bath sponge
and the head on a glass of beer are examples of
foams
We will use this to focus the pressure of the body
on the quarts of the piezo using the pascals law
that we will put the foam on and under the piezo to increase the efficiency of
generating the electricity.
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, then we will storage this electricity in a power bank to use it for the personal
usage like charge the phone or light a torch
Our system has met the design requirements that we have chosen in the
following ways:
1st Availability:
1) We have chosen a list of materials that are available in Egypt like the foam
and the piezo electric and the cables and other materials
2) Some components of the system can be bought from any electronics store
like the piezo electric and the cables
2nd Cost effectiveness:
We have reduced the cost of our project by using some cheap materials like
the foam
3rd High level of Efficiency:
1) We will increase the efficiency of the piezo electric by using a cheap material
which is the foam
2) We increase the voltage and the current of the electricity which will the piezo
electric generates
4th Eco-Friendliness:
1) Our system has absolutely no harmful emissions or any wastes so there's no
negative environmental impact.
2) The system of the generating the electricity didn’t produce any gases or any
harmful materials
5th Sustainability:
That we used the materials that cannot end like the foam that it is a renewable
source
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Selection of Prototype
First: The design requirements for our prototype
After identifying the design requirements for the solution that we decided to
pursue, we need to determine the design requirements for the prototype that we
construct. We have chosen to test our prototype for the following design
requirements:
1. Efficiency:
The efficiency of our system is divided to be measured through two stages
the piezo electric without the foam and the piezo electric with the foam
2. Availability:
During manufacturing the prototype, we need to make sure that both
materials and components of our system are available.
3. Eco-friendliness:
We need to test our prototype for its environmental impact and see if it has
any harmful emissions or wastes on the environment.
Second: Methods of testing the prototype:
1- Testing the efficiency:
1. The piezo electric without the foam
We will test the production of the piezo electric without the foam by
measuring the voltage and the current
2.The piezo electric with the foam
We will test the production of the piezo electric with the foam by measuring
The voltage and the current
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2-Testing the availability:
We need to test if we can achieve the following:
1) Some components will be bought from electronics store like piezo
electric
2) We will connect the cables to the piezo in any electric fab
3) We will find the foam in any store
3-environmental friendliness:
• The prototype must not have any type of waste like material waste or have
any type of emissions coming out of the system.
Constructing and testing a prototype
Materials and Methods:
Here's a list of the materials that we used in constructing our prototype with the
cost of each material
Figure
Name
QTY.
Cost
source
Piezo
electric
5
125 LE RAM
electronics
store
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Electric
wires
3 meter
5 LE
RAM
electronics
store
Diodes
4
4 L. E
RAM
electronics
store
Old shoes
1 pair
Foam
Home
Book
store
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USB
1
10 L. E Mobile
store
Safety precautions:
The safety of the people should be the highest priority, so we put the safety as the
top of our work. So, we did that:
1) We made the prototype in the fab lab to not hurt our selves
2) We wear safety glasses and ear protection where required
3) We didn’t not wear long sleeve shirts
Methods for designing our system
We followed many steps to find out the perfect place for the piezoelectric to
reach a high efficiency without interrupting the shoes’ design or the foot comfort:
1) We took the size of the shoes’ insole
to build our design over it.
2) We decided to put the piezoelectric
in the shape of triangle to be suitable
for the shoes’ size.
Method to select the perfect place to put piezoelectric
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3) We used the cutter to make the piece
of the foam’s surface flat.
4) We used a pencil to sketch where to put
the piezoelectric.
5) We cut some foam pieces in cubes.
6) We used these foam cubes and put
them over the quartz area of the
piezoelectric to increase the
efficiency of the piezoelectric.
Test for the output voltage of the
piezoelectric after covering it by foam
7) We went to the Fab lab and used the tin to solder the piezoelectric and
connected them together in parallel circuit.
8) We also used the tin to connect four diodes together to make a bridge.
9) We connect the piezoelectric to the
bridge to convert AC into DC.
10) We connected the output electric
wires to a multimeter.
11) The result was much better than
the default usage of the
piezoelectric which prove the
efficiency of the new design
requirements and methods.
Test for the output current ( in ampere ) of
the piezoelectric after covering it by foam
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Test plan
Before the prototype has been tested or built The Team has decided to choose
specific design requirements to ensure that the prototype is working and fully
complete to test again with other people and to ensure that the prototype can
deal with the repetition of other tests.
• The design requirements which has been chose to determine the successful
of out prototype: Abbreviated:
1) increasing the
efficiency
2) Availability of
Materials
3) confident when
walking
4) Sustainability
5) Eco- friendly
 increasing the output of current and voltage efficiency of single Piezoelectric
by more than 450%. " at the beginning a single piezoelectric can produce
maximumly 3 volts and 0.4 Mamp, finally the single piezoelectric achieved
21.22 volts (+/- 2 volt) and ( 3 Mamp).
 put piezoelectric in the shoes or the sneakers without affecting the body
movement or the human's confident.
 Materials can be found in whole Egypt or you can buy it by internet.
 The piezoelectric will continue with your shoes until your shoes will be cut off,
because the foam which protect it.
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 The team concentrate on the budget and low cost of materials with high
efficiency so the prototype costed us 140 L.E.
 piezoelectric doesn't effect on the environment with any damages.
TEST PLAN PROCCES: -
Testing
requirement
1) Increasing
the efficiency
Parameters used in
testing
1) Multimeter.
2) high accuracy of
observation
Steps
1) testing the piezoelectric
independently on a solid surface
just with hand pressing.
2) testing the piezoelectric
independently on a solid surface
just with foot pressing.
3) write the results to compare it
with the final results.
4) testing the piezoelectric after
covering it with foam on the top
and beneath it with hand pressing.
5) testing the piezoelectric after
covering it with foam on the top
and beneath it with foot pressing.
6) the results of two processing
have been recorded and the team
starts to analyze it.
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2) testing the
1) normal shoes
sustainability of
movement
3) Availability of 1) searching for
materials and
materials.
low cost.
4) Eco-friendly
1) observation.
1) wearing normal shoes and start
to walk on the streets about 30
minutes.
2) walking with the same normal
shoes but with putting
piezoelectric and foam in them for
30 minutes and record and
damages on the piezoelectric or
the foot if it wasn't confident.
1) searching on the electronics
stores on the internet or in the real
world, and we found that's
piezoelectric is very abundant
along Egypt country and whole
world with very low cost doesn't
exceed 35 L.E for single
piezoelectric
1) observing if the piezoelectric is
radiate any impacts that can
damage the environment or the
human that's wearing the shoes.
Supporting repetition of the test plan:
If someone follows these steps accurately, they can repeat our test plan. But they
have to take some points in consideration:
1-The same materials must be used in order to obtain the same results.
2- The Same methods must be follow with the safety rules to obtain the same
results.
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Data collection
Testing the prototype has revealed some result, and this is a list of data collected
from our test.
We have chosen two cases of the system to construct as a prototype and make the
tests on. They are the piezo electric without the foam and the piezo electric with
the foam
Results of each case of the system:
1st Testing the efficiency:
In order to measure the efficiency of the foam we have to compare the results
between the piezo electric with the foam and without the foam
1-The piezo electric without foam:
In order to measure the efficiency of the piezo without foam. we need to measure
the production of the piezo electric if we press on it by human foot, so we
performed the following tests
The
type of
case
The
piezo
electric
without
foam
Test
description
Result
(voltage)
Result
(current)
Measuring
the amount
of the
production
of the piezo
electric
(voltage and
current)
the piezo
generate
output
3.2 V
maximu
m
the piezo
generated
output
0.05 mA
maximum
Visual representation
(voltage)(V)
Visual representation
(current)(mA)
Series 1
Series 1
0.1
3.5
0.09
3
0.08
2.5
0.07
2
0.06
0.05
1.5
0.04
1
0.03
0.5
0.02
0.01
0
Category Category Category
1
2
3
Series 1
0
trail 1 trail 2 trail 3
Series 1
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2- The piezo electric with foam
In order to measure the efficiency of the piezo with foam. we need to measure the
production of the piezo electric if we press on it by human foot, so we performed
the following tests
The
type of
case
The
piezo
electric
with
foam
Test
Result
description (voltage)
Result
(current)
Measuring
the amount
of the
production
of the piezo
electric
(voltage
and
current)
the piezo
generated
output 3.8
mA
maximum
the piezo
generated
output
21.22 V
maximum
Visual representation
(voltage) (V)
Visual representation
(current)(mA)
ambere (mA)
Voltage
16
14
3.8
3.5
12
3.2
10
8
6
4
2
0
trail 1
trail 2
trail 3
Series 1
TRAIL 1
TRAIL 2
TRAIL 3
amber (mA)
Measurement tool used in each of the three tests:
The test
Measurement tool
To measure the voltage and the
current
Multi-meter
2nd Testing the availability:
We have constructed the parts of the prototype by ourselves that we bought some
materials of electronics store (RAM). So, both the materials and the components of
the prototype are available
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3rd Testing the eco-friendliness:
The system has no harmful emissions or contaminated wastes. This proves
that they have no negative impact on the environment.
IV. Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations
Discussion
The purpose of our project is how to exploit waste human energy especially while
walking so our solution was pursed to generate electricity from our own
movements without any
problems during using the
product. it is sneakers with
foam piezoelectric module
which is turning kinetic energy
to electrical energy and store it
in power bank. And have an
efficiency that's higher than
450%.
Final Result of our prototype after
increasing the efficiency.
Our system is consisting of 2 main parts which are:
1- Piezoelectric module: which is using for charging the solid material in
response to applied mechanical stress.
2- Foam part: which is using for focusing the stress in only 3 points.
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The efficiency of the project:
The efficiency was calculated by 2 factors which are:
1- Finding the difference in the voltage and the current output between the two
2- components the normal piezo electric and our foam piezoelectric: -
Factors
Normal piezoelectric
voltage 3 volts
Current 0.4 mA
Efficiency rate 1 time
Foam piezoelectric
21.22 volts
3 mA
4.5 times
Table shows the final difference results before and after putting the foam
and concluded our Capstone project
voltage; 21.22
Final Result of Voltage & current
20.1
15.1
10.1
5.1
voltage; 3
current ; 3
current ; 0.4
0.1
voltage
current
with foam
without foam
chart shows the final difference results before and after putting the foam
and concluded our Capstone project
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3- The cost of our prototype:
Our total cost of foam piezoelectric is only 140 L.E. the output of charging a
power bank can supply the mobile phone batteries instead of using home
electricity so we can save percentage of total electric capacity.
The accuracy of our measurements:
We measured the total voltage and current of the system. We used a multimeter to
calculate them. So, we drew conclusions based on the difference in efficiency
between the normal and foam piezoelectric that we have calculated.
Meeting the design requirements of the prototype:
The data collected shows that we were able to meet the design requirements of the
prototype which through the following:
1st Cost effectiveness:
We have reduced the cost of our project by using some cheap materials like
the foam
2nd High level of Efficiency: -
1) We will increase the efficiency of the piezo electric by using a
cheap material which is the foam
2) We increase the voltage and the current of the electricity which
will the piezo electric generates
3rd Eco-Friendliness:
1) Our system has absolutely no harmful emissions or any wastes so
there's no negative environmental impact.
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2) The system of the generating the electricity didn’t produce any
gases or any harmful material
Recommendation
For further studies and developing the
Project, the team has listed some of our
recommendations as research areas to
improve the quality of the project, this list is
made from some points - :
1)Develop Wireless power transfer to
recharge the mobile or laptops without
requiring to recharge batteries
2( The Quartz in the piezoelectric material can
be replaced with other cheaper materials and
have approximately output electricity. For
example, " wool – Silk– sugar cane."
3) Increasing the output power of vibration piezoelectric energy harvesters using
multilayer structures, "double layer - triple layer.“
4) manufacturing the shape of the piezoelectric
technology for triangle shape to distribute the
force of along the two sides of the triangle and
increasing the output power. "physical theory "
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If another team wants to start from where we have stopped, we advise them to
do the following:
1) They can follow our recommendation for further studies to improve our
work or add on it.
2) They can check our poster for more details about our project so they will not
repeat the same project but instead use it as prior solutions and improve it
Learning outcomes:
Turning learning into action is a proven methodology of effective transfer of
learning and so, the stem curriculum was the first thing to introduce us to the
problem definition and the main source we based our solution on.
Subject
Chemistry
Physics
Learning
outcome number
LO 15
LO.08
LO.09
Objectives
How it was useful to
us
examine a variety 1)That we used it to
of commercial
explain hoe the quarts
batteries and use
generate the
their
electricity by press on
understanding of
it
electrochemistry
2)we knew the
to explain how
difference between
they work and
the voltage and the
why the
current and hoe to
manufacturers
determined them
used the materials 3)we knew how the
they did
battery storage the
electricity and how we
can charge it
use pressure
1)We learned the
difference
pressure and hoe we
between two
can determined it to
points of a fluid
know the production
and Newton's laws of the piezo by
different number of
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Arabic
Lo.11
Novel: antra ebnshadad
German
Lo.2
Grammatik
English
LO.41
Reading
pressure and we knew
the unit of it “pascal”
2)We knew how to
measure it by using
some tools like
manometer
3) we knew the
voltage and the
current and the work
and the series and the
parallel
We learned about the
importance of
following logic in
making decisions and
how we can benefit
from our current
resources and improve
their uses.
This learning outcome
helped us understand
some of the websites
that we found in our
research that were
written in German and
we were able to
understand some
relatable concepts
We depended on both
of them in getting the
information as we
read different research
papers and data, in
addition to the
deferent levels of
websites.
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LO.36
Speaking and
presentation
We learn how to make
a good presentation
with right rubrics to
show our solution for
the problem by a good
way. And how speak
by formal way
English
LO.38
Writing
Computer
Science
LO. 3
Editing and
formatting
We made use of it in
writing our portfolio
and poster. Also,
without these rules,
we would not be able
to understand the
things we found on
the websites of the
research. Also, we
applied these things as
maximum as we could
in the writing of the
poster and the
portfolio.
Helped us in develop
our knowledge about
word document
2016. And how to
format the design to
present it with
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Physics
LO. 1
Unless this
Learning out come
in first semester
but it helped us a
lot in knowing the
concept of
ACCURACY.
Helped us during
measurements in the
prototype and we
repeated the
measurement to reach
accuracy. -Be very
accurate in
measurement and
avoiding any problem,
correcting the
inaccurate
measurements.
FAB LAB
LO.9
LO.10
Knowing the best
way to building
the prototype
The team learned
How to solder the
prototype component
With iron and how to
work with this danger
Tool perfectly.
Build simple circuits
to practice on how
circuits is made and
work.
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