3/24/2019 mental illness essay - Google Docs
Xu 1
Jacqueline Xu
Mr. Oakchunas
English 3, Period 6
25 March 2019
Limited Access to Mental Health Treatment for AI/ANs
Indigenous people suffer from mental illness like the rest of us, but recently, the numbers have been rising to above the national average across all races. This is likely due to many different reasons, which may include a lack of professional help, genetic differences, financial instability, and others. According to SAMHSA’s call volumes, more and more people have been getting help since 2017. However, this may not stand true to American Indians and Alaska
Natives. Mental illness, from anxiety to substance abuse, disproportionately affects Native
American individuals, and there should be increased opportunities for accessing help for this minority as they are underprivileged in the status quo.
The rate of recorded mental illness is higher among the indigenous people of the United
States, due to the lack of funds from many families contributing to less professional care.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, “AI/ANs have the highest poverty rate of any race/ethnic group, with 26.6 % living in poverty (The national poverty rate is 14.7%).”
While Native Americans make up a small portion of the population, much of them live in impoverished conditions. Many racial minorities have higher poverty rates compared to White
Americans, but Natives have surpassed those statistics. Because they are poor, they are less likely to be able to cover the costs of the visits (transportation, medical, etc.) Healthcare is notoriously expensive in this country. Most people have health insurance often paid for by their workplace (regardless of coverage) which will cover the vast majority of any given medical bill. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 1/9
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However, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Groups reports that 22.6% of Native Americans remain completely uninsured as of 2012, opposed to 9.4% of the general population (APA). This means that many more Native Americans do not have health insurance that can assist in paying for their mental health care, especially without insurance.
Those who are insured mostly pay for only the copay portion of medical bills, but these already impoverished people sometimes cannot even afford the monthly fee for insurance so they risk their lives instead.
The high rate of suicide and mental health issues is not incidental, but directly caused by the absence of access. American Indians and Alaska Natives usually receive their physical healthcare from Indian Health Service (IHS) or from their own tribal facilities. However, there are only 12 areas of the United States that receive coverage from IHS hospitals, and not all of them offer mental health services. According to Levinson from the United States Department of
Health and Human Services, “Of the 630 IHS and tribal facilities that responded to our survey,
514 reported that they provided some level or type of mental health service.” This means that many Indians may have access to basic healthcare, but it is limited. However, it is clear that the services made available to them are not enough, evident in the high statistics in even the raw data. Mental wellbeing is also being overlooked in many cases, as with many other demographics. Even worse, the coverage on American Indian reservations is so primitive that many cannot even physically reach their nearest facility. “Approximately 53 percent of facilities reported that transportation was a barrier to accessing services. More than onethird of the facilities reported that physical barriers, such as poor roads, distance, or weather, prevented clients living on rural reservations from obtaining mental health services” (Levinson). This is
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3/24/2019 mental illness essay - Google Docs
Xu 3 part of a bigger problem that is of American public infrastructure, but affects Natives more severely because reservations are in rural areas. Because you must physically get to their healthcare provider before receiving care, having a tree knocked over in the only road out of your town for several weeks is a big deterrent to receiving the help one may need. Rural occupations are not the same as those we are used to in urban developments. Because those living on reservations do different things from day to day, many do not even use cars, bikes, or motorcycles, the common modes of transportations that citydwellers utilize everyday. This makes their commute even more difficult. According to HHS, “Twenty facilities reported that their clients may use alternative means of transportation—including snowmobile, dogsled, tractor, horse, or boat—to get to facilities.” In many cases, there are not mediums in which people can travel upon using their main form of transportation. In other cases, it may be too costly or otherwise impossible for them to reach their destination. Whether the problem be that many AI/ANs do not have facilities near them that can cater to them, or that they cannot physically reach it to get help, these are all huge barriers that Natives should not have to face to get the resources they need to survive; it should be a basic human right.
It is well documented that racial bias exists in the medical field, implicit or explicit, and
Native Americans and Alaska Natives are not exempt from the occurrence. A personal interview with social media influencer, activist and student Allen Salway (@lilnativeboy) revealed how
Natives are treated when it comes to healthcare. “Y’all think I’m joking but try being Native & going to the hospital and see how a White doctor will treat you. I remember seeing this post
about a hospital specifically not allowing Native patients to ask for medication or they would call the cops. If I wanted to I could add over 100 more articles, but you get the point. These hospitals https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 3/9
3/24/2019 mental illness essay - Google Docs
Xu 4 don’t want to help us. They would literally have us die than treat us, so where are we supposed to go? My grandma has had horrible experiences with white doctors and so has my mother. I have dealt with it as well... and when you’re sick dealing with white doctors who want you to suffer
[it] is a whole different feeling and another reason why I hate/avoid hospitals at all costs.
Obviously we aren’t the only ones; I’m sure any Native person you ask has had a horrible experience with discrimination in hospitals and/or by white doctors/nurses.” Salway is someone with direct lived experience, and he believes that the discrimination is especially apparent when it comes to the indigenous people in healthcare. In his experience, he has either witnessed or personally has had symptoms downplayed and mistreated. In other incidents, according to Tello,
M.D. for Harvard Medicine, 1 in 5 patients of minority groups report perceive being discriminated against by doctors and nurses. This clearly shows that it is not just Salway who goes through such an experience. Because the issue is so widespread and noticeably confronted, it should be prioritized to prevent further offenses from occurring.
The fact of the matter is that Natives are disproportionately underprivileged in the United
States. With the increased rates of poverty and many being uninsured, it is simply the truth that many of them are missing out of medical care, especially when it comes to mental health. The root of the problem lies in the cruel treatment of this group in history. Through events like the
Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears, many AI/ANs were moved into the midwest to segregate them from the white population. According to “The Poverty Cycle” by Running
Strong, “ the government placed reservations in areas away from fertile land, population centers, water supplies and other vital resources, compounding economic challenges with geographic isolation.” Because they faced such overall discrimination and historical trauma, many of those who moved out of their homes became poor from lack of resources and a loss of jobs. Like any https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 4/9
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Xu 5 other poor demographic, Native Americans also suffer from the cycle of poverty. Families living in poverty have very little means of advancing through society, and leave their children just as underprivileged as they were. The National Center for Children in Poverty collects statistics for rates of various risk factors. “The Young Child Risk Calculator provides national and statespecific information about the number of young children who are at risk of poor outcomes in such areas as school performance, health, and mental health due to family or life circumstances known as “risk factors.”” While many are predisposed to poverty because of the cycle of poverty, there are ways to break the cycle. Ruby Payne, Ph.D. says in her book A
Framework for Understanding Poverty that government subsidies and increased temporary assistance may be the solution for many poor families. This would include EBT/SNAP food stamps, Earned Income Tax Credit, housing assistance, and other programs. Helping raise families out of poverty is a long process, however, but it will eventually lead to more wealth which will in turn allow once impoverished American Indians to pay for healthcare. Because this is attacking the problem at the root, it is a longterm solution, so an alternative solution that is both quicker and projected to be effective is expanding the Medicaid program to include more individuals who do not currently fit the criteria. Many states have not opened their system to accommodate many needy adults, and focusing on disabled and elderly individuals
(Skowronski). If the Medicaid and Medicare systems were to be more inclusive, many mentally ill Native Americans and Alaska Natives’ financial need when it comes to healthcare would be solved or lessened dramatically. This could eventually allow the rate of Mental Illness to decline in years to come. Poverty proves to be a big issue for Natives, but proposed solutions like expanding Medicaid and providing more government assistance are likely to dramatically positively affect their experiences at mental health facilities. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 5/9
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Unfortunately, all too many Native Americans physically cannot reach hospitals where they can get mental health help. There are not enough facilities, and many cannot reach their closest center because of poor infrastructure. The government promises healthcare for Natives on reservations, but the legal obligation often goes unfulfilled, because it goes through only the
Indian Health Service. According to Friedman for NPR, “The IHS is chronically underfunded. It receives a set amount of money each year to take care of 2.2 million native people — no matter how much care they may need. On the reservation, IHS facilities often don't have services that people elsewhere expect… and those limited facilities can be hours away by car.” There are simply not enough hospitals for the demand, and of those that exist, the care is not sufficient.
Mental health care is something that is relatively new, and many of these IHS run facilities do not even have MRI machines, surgeons, emergency wards, etc. for common physical healthcare needs (Friedman). The United States Federal Government can solve the problem by reallocating sectors of the federal budget to better the opportunities of those whom this very land belongs to.
In fact, this is not as hard as it may seem as much of the budget is misused anyway. For example, the expenditures are seen in $610B of American military spending compared to $578B of defense that China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, India, France, United Kingdom, and Japan spends, combined (Peter G. Peterson Foundation). Other wastes are even more obtuse, like $2B in the maintenance of unused buildings (Sullivan). The budget is limited, however, out of a total $4T, an estimated $98B is wasted (CRFB). The U.S. could easily support more hospitals and doctors, along with infrastructure projects across the nation, but especially on reservations. With roads in good working condition, and mental health facilities people can get to easily, there is no doubt that conditions for mentally ill Native Americans would dramatically improve.
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Xu 7
Racial discrimination toward Natives is not new nor is it fraudulent. It occurs widely throughout the nation, and it is well documented as well. However, there are ways to lessen the effect racial bias holds in the medical field. According to the National Institute of Health,
“Certain health care disciplines may be more prone to implicit bias. It is possible that certain types of training address problematic attitudes throughout the education period so that practicing professionals demonstrate lower levels of bias” (Hall, et al.). There are certain types of
“sensitivity training” that can be used for those learning to work in medicine to be more mindful of different cultures. The training would help prevent implicit bias when the professionals are not aware of their mistreatment of patients. While there are differing opinions that may cause explicit bias, the training would help alleviate the effects of racial discrimination in both physical and mental health. It is proven racial discrimination exists, and it can affect some Natives to the point where they may lose their lives. Because of the high stakes and the simple solution, action should be taken immediately to eliminate racial bias. Native Americans should not be subjected to debilitating illness or even death because of other people’s racism.
American Indians and Alaska Natives have higher incidence of mental illness and it is often because they cannot get sufficient treatment. The largest problems are attributed to the vicious cycle of poverty, physical barriers, and racial bias to Native Americans being treated in mental health facilities. However, there are many simple solutions like increased welfare, more psychiatric facilities, and sensitivity training. These problems often can cause worsening conditions and must be prioritized in order to protect American Indians and Alaska Natives in
their own home. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 7/9
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Works Cited
American Psychiatric Association . Mental Health Disparities: American Indians and Alaska
Natives, 2017. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget . Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, 17
May 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Friedman, Misha. "For Native Americans, Health Care Is A Long, Hard Road Away." NPR .
NPR, 13 Apr. 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Hall, William J, Mimi V Chapman, Kent M Lee, Yesenia M Merino, Tainayah W Thomas, B
Keith Payne, Eugenia Eng, Steven H Day, and Tamera CoyneBeasley. "Implicit
Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care
Outcomes: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Public Health . American Public
Health Association, Dec. 2015. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Levinson, Daniel R. "ACCESS TO MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AT INDIAN HEALTH
SERVICE AND TRIBAL FACILITIES." Department of Health and Human Services .
N.p., Sept. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
National Center for Children in Poverty . The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of
New York, 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Payne, Ruby K. FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING POVERTY: A Cognitive Approach .
S.l.: AHA! PROCESS, 2018. Print.
Peter G. Peterson Foundation . Peter G. Peterson Foundation, 07 May 2018. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Salway, Allen. Personal Interview. 20 March 2019
"SAMHSA." Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 14 May 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2019. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 8/9
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Skowronski, Jeanine. "A Statebystate Guide to Medicaid: Do I Qualify?" Policygenius
Magazine . Policygenius Magazine, 05 Feb. 2019. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Sullivan, Laura. "Government's Empty Buildings Are Costing Taxpayers Billions." NPR . NPR,
12 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
Tello, Monique. "Racism and Discrimination in Health Care: Providers and Patients." Harvard
Health Blog . Harvard University School Of Medicine, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Mar. 2019.
"The Poverty Cycle." The Poverty Cycle | Running Strong . Running Strong for American Indian
Youth, 2018. Web. 25 Mar. 2019.
"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health." American
Indian/Alaska Native The Office of Minority Health . N.p., 28 Mar. 2018. Web. 25 Mar.
2019. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FtEuH6OLLD_EDB5BQ3z9VyUikGNVqxph9j7vrQRMNYg/edit 9/9