International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 585-593. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_060
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
SIMULATION OF THE DRILLING PROCESS IN
GFRP COMPOSITES USING SYSTEM
DYNAMICS AND VALIDATION BY ANN AND
RSM
Murthy B. R. N and Vijay G. S*
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Corresponding author *
ABSTRACT
This paper intends to present the System Dynamics (SD) as a novel method to
simulate the thrust force developed during drilling of GFRP composites. Good quality
holes are extremely fundamental so as to accomplish equally good joints amid
creation of components prepared from composite for better execution. Since the
nature of a drilled hole is subject to material properties and machining conditions, it
is important to think about the impacts of these factors on the nature of hole obtained.
In the present work, the machining parameters thickness of the material, drill point
angle, drill size, drill speed and feed rate are selected to evaluate their effect on the
quality of the hole. Past works uncover the fact that the damage caused to the drilled
hole is primarily due to the thrust force. Consequently it is fundamental to limit the
thrust force so as to accomplish better quality of the drilled hole. The SD simulation
model was implemented through a causal loop diagram. A mathematical equation
used in the simulation was developed utilizing the Design of Experiments (DOE)
technique. VENSIM programming was utilized to create and run the SD model. The
SD simulation results were compared with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) results,
Response Surface Methodoly (RSM) results and the experimental results. A decent
agreement was seen between SD, ANN and RSM results.
Key words: System dynamics, GFRP drilling, Thrust force, Artificial Neural
Network. Cite this Article Murthy B. R. N and Vijay G. S, Simulation of the Drilling
Process in Gfrp Composites Using System Dynamics And Validation By Ann And
Rsm, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019,
pp. 585-593.
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Simulation of the Drilling Process in Gfrp Composites Using System Dynamics and Validation by
Ann and Rsm
1. INTRODUCTION
In the fields like aerospace, transport, biomedical, sport goods, etc, we can find the wide
usage of various types of fiber reinforced plastics due to their excellent structural and
functional properties, easy of manufacturing, durability and low cost [1]. The drilling process
in composites involves various parameters such as material properties, drill material, drill
geometry and machining conditions [2]. The execution of these items is chiefly subject to
surface quality and dimensional precision of the hole produced.
As distinguished by numerous scientists, the nature of the hole drilled is primarily
impacted by the thrust force produced during machining. This thrust force is mainly affected
by variables, such as drill geometry, drilling speed, feed rate, and so on [3]. Subsequently,
numerous researchers have attempted to limit the thrust force, through different
methodologies, for example, changing the drill geometry, optimizing parameters, developing
simulations, etc.
Scientists have utilized various distinctive methodologies, while recreating boring, so as
to most likely portray precisely the intricacy just as to compute push powers, torques,
temperatures, instrument wear and so on. Three primary bearings have been embraced
throughout the years.
1. The systematic numerical methodology, where the drilling device is scientifically
described through complicated equations in 3D space and utilized for thorough
geometrical calculations of the drilling procedure. In most of the research
endeavours, 2D anticipated geometry is utilized rather, so as to minimise the
necessary calculations. [3-6].
2. The experimental one, in which extensive amount of experiments were done and
the outcomes are put away in databases so that various parameters can be utilised
for experimentally derived equations [7-11].
3. The numerical approach, where tools like finite element analysis is used, based on
the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods [12-18].
By the literature survey, it is evident that huge contribution has already been given by
many researchers for the advancement of different simulation techniques. In any case, in this
exploration paper we are utilizing System Dynamics (SD) as a simulation tool to build up a
simulation for the thrust force generated while drilling the GFRP composite material.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS:
2.1 Test specimen: For the present research work, GFRP composite sample specimen was
prepared by hand layup process. As a reinforcement material E glass chopped strands of
density 2590 kg/m3 and modulus of elasticity of 72.5 GPa is utilised. General purpose resin
[GP] is the matrix material and the fiber reinforced volume fraction is 44%. Methyl ethyl
ketone peroxide is the harder used.
2.2 Drilling process: To conduct the drilling experiments, 3-hub TRIAC CNC vertical
machining centre is used. Kistler dynamometer and the charge amplifier were used to measure
the thrust force produced while machining. Once the essential data is collected in the
dynoware format, the graphs were converted to word format in order to obtain the mean
values of the force generated. The complete experimental set is presented in figure 1.
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Figure 1: Experimental set up
Various machining parameters are considered for this study. The details of such selected
factors and the levels of them are presented in table 1. Taguchi full factorial design is used to
decide the number of experiments.
Table 1: Factors and levels.
Factor
Level 1
A: Tool speed (rpm).
900
B: Feed (mm/min).
75
C: Drill diameter (mm).
6
D: Drill point angle (deg).
90
E: Thickness of the material (mm). 8
Level 2
1200
110
8
103
10
Level 3
1500
150
10
118
12
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
3.1 ANOVA: ANOVA results of the thrust force is presented in Table 2. As per the table the
factors which are having very significant influence on the thrust force are drill point angle and
the spindle speed. So it is evident that changes in parameters have significant effect on the
cutting force. The table also indicates the effects of combined design parameters. It is evident
from the table that, combinations of Speed* Drill point angle and Speed*Diameter have
significant effect of on the generated cutting force.
Table 2: ANOVA table for thrust force.
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Simulation of the Drilling Process in Gfrp Composites Using System Dynamics and Validation by
Ann and Rsm
3.2. Optimization of the thrust force using Taguchi method:
Table 3 represents the response table for data means of the thrust force generated. According
the table, on the basis of smaller is the better concept, the most significant parameter which is
affecting the thrust force is the drill angle, and the next significant parameter affecting is the
spindle speed. Hence to obtain the minimum thrust force it is necessary to keep these two
parameters at lower values.
Table 3: Response table for data means
From the response table for means, the optimum combination of parameters to achieve
low thrust force is: drill angle = 90o, drill diameter = 6 mm, material thickness = 8 mm, drill
speed = 1500 rpm and feed rate = 75 mm/min
3.3 Development of system dynamics simulation model:
The VENSIM model to simulate the thrust force is developed by following the steps listed
below.
1. Drill angle, material thickness, drill speed, drill diameter and feed rate are chosen
as input parameters.
2. Thrust force is selected as the response variable.
3. Each input variable is connected to the output variable in the VENSIM model as
illustrated in the figure 2.
4. To obtain the change in the response variable with respect to changes in the input
variables, a mathematical model (developed using the MINITAB software) which
co-relates all the input parameters with the response, is fed in to the output variable
box.
5. Once the development of the model is completed, it ready to show the changes in
the response value with respect to changes in the input variables.
Figure 2: VENSIM model for the thrust force
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3.4 Simulation of thrust force by system dynamics
The thrust force developed for the several combinations of process parameters were found out
by changing the input parameter by moving the sliding bar of the individual variable and the
results were charted. Lastly with the aid of tabulated results, simulation graphs were
developed using MATLAB software. Figures 3-5 shows the simulation graphs of thrust force
for various combinations of input parameters.
Figure 3: Simulation graph of thrust force for various spindle speeds and drill angles.
Figure 4: Simulation graph of thrust force for various spindle speeds and drill diameters
Figure 5: Simulation graph of thrust force for various feed rates material thickness.
3.5. Validation of system dynamic as simulation tool
In order to validate the thrust force simulated by Systems Dynamics, the simulation results
were validated by comparing them with those simulated by two well-known simulation tools,
viz., Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
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Simulation of the Drilling Process in Gfrp Composites Using System Dynamics and Validation by
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3.5.1. Validation using ANN
A single hidden layer perceptron neural network (SHLPNN) was modelled to simulate the
drilling process. The input layer consisted of 5 nodes corresponding to the drilling parameters
viz., drill angle, drill diameter, material thickness, spindle speed and feed rate. The output
layer consisted of one node corresponding to the drilling response, the thrust force. Since for
most non-linear applications, one hidden layer is sufficient to successfully model the problem
under consideration, only one hidden layer was used in this paper. However, the number of
nodes of the hidden layer (h), learning rate () and the momentum rate () were optimized by
hybridizing the SHLPNN and Genetic Algorithm (GA). A customised MATLAB code was
developed for achieving the same. The fitness function of the GA depended upon the
classification accuracy of the SHLPNN on the training data and the test data. The other
parameters used in the network were wij: Connection weights between input and hidden
layers, wjk: Connection weights between hidden and output layers. The structure of the GASHLPNN used in this work is shown in figure 6.
In this work, the SHLPNN was set to run for a maximum of 5000 epochs. Out of the 243
input-output pairs, 170 pairs were randomly chosen for training, and the remaining 73 pairs
were used for testing. The training goal considered here was the Mean Square Error (MSE)
which was set to 110-4. In the GA, a real valued chromosome of length three units
corresponding to the three training parameters (h,  and µ) was considered. A population size
of ten was used. The GA was set to run for a maximum of 100 generations. The crossover and
mutation rates were selected to be 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. The multi-point crossover was
adopted. The selection of the parent chromosomes for reproduction was done by the
Normalized Geometrical Ranking method. The fitness function used in GA has been given in
equation 1.
Fitness=
 ηTrg +ηTst 
(1)
2
where, Trg and Tst are the prediction accuracy on the training and the test data
respectively. The expressions for computing the prediction accuracy,  is given in equation 2.
η=
nc
×100
n
(2)
where, nc is the number of correctly predicted SHLPNN output values and n is the total
number of experiments (data) under consideration.
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Figure 6: Structure of the GA-SHLPNN
Figure 7 shows the comparison of the thrust force obtained from experimentation, and that
predicted by the system dynamics and ANN technique. A good agreement between the three
is observed.
Figure 7: Comparisons of experimental, ANN and SD simulation results.
3.5.2. Validation using Response Surface Methodology:
RSM is a mathematical and statistical data collection method which is useful in modelling and
analyzing problems of engineering. The main goal of the response surface analysis is to
determine the global optimization of the process parameters involved in the problem. In this
technique, the main goal is to optimize the response surface that is influenced by various
machining parameters.
Since RSM is a well-known and widely used simulation method, the comparison of the
SD and RSM results is carried out and results are illustrated in Figure 8. The RSM was
carried out using the MINITAB software. A very close match is observed between the two
results which validates the application of SD as a simulation tool in the machining process.
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Simulation of the Drilling Process in Gfrp Composites Using System Dynamics and Validation by
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Figure 8: Comparisons of SD results with RSM simulation results.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper investigates the possibility of the System Dynamics to be used as a simulation tool
in the drilling process of GFRP composite material. The SD results are compared with those
obtained from ANN and RSM. A comparison is also made with the experimental results.
From the present study it is evident that,
1) For the machining conditions considered in this paper, the thrust force
increases with increase in material thickness, point angle, drill diameter and
feed rate. However, it deceases with increase in spindle speed.
2) Machining with the obtained optimum combination of parameters yields the
least thrust force and better quality holes.
3) With the help of simulation graphs, one can predict the thrust force at any
intermediate values of the machining conditions within the considered range.
4) The System dynamics results shows a good agreement with the experimental
and ANN results, whereas it closes matches with the RSM results.
5) Hence system dynamics can be effectively used as a simulation tool in drilling
of composite materials.
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