International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 2023–2032, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_210
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
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SMART CITY: INTERACTION OF NATURAL,
SOCIAL AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
A. A. Yamashkin
D.Sc. (Geography), Professor, Geography Faculty,
National Research Mordovia State University - 430005, Saransk, Russia
S. A. Yamashkin
Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Institute of Electronic and Lighting Engineering,
National Research Mordovia State University - 430005, Saransk, Russia
ABSTRACT
The article article is dedicated to the analysis of the strategy of the modern smart
development of the smart cities, which should be aimed at harmonizing the interaction
of natural, social and production systems. Formed with new technologies, urban
landscapes should emerge as the imprint of a transforming society for a long time.
The harmonization of interaction smart cities systems should be based on the
technological, human, institutional and energy frameworks and active use of Internet
of things, modern building materials. at the same time, it is necessary to preserve the
objects of cultural heritage in parallel with the development of effective modern smart
cities.
Key words: smart city, urban landscape, industrial systems, sustainable development
Cite this Article: A. A. Yamashkin and S. A. Yamashkin, Smart City: Interaction of
Natural, Social and Production Systems, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 2023–2032.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of modern society, the introduction of new information technologies
and building materials make new demands for the formation of urban cultural landscapes and
harmonious interaction of natural, social and production systems. The cultural landscape is an
integral formation, the unity of which is determined by the spatio-temporal organization of the
geographical envelope, the processes of economic and information development. Under the
influence of the natural conditions of a particular region, economic and social activities,
characteristic features of the material and spiritual heritage are formed, passed from
generation to generation in the form of material objects, traditions, language, etc.
The necessity of developing theory and methods of preserving the natural and historical
heritage on the basis of the theory of the landscape is dictated by the following circumstances:
1) natural and urban landscapes, with peculiar medium-forming and resource-reproducing
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properties, largely determine the nature of economic development of the territory, and,
resettlement and economic framework of the territory; 2) in the process of centuries-old
economic development of landscapes in which different ethnic groups participate, material
and spiritual values are formed that make up the cultural heritage - the totality of
achievements and historical experience of economic and informational development of the
nature of the region; 3) objects of natural and cultural heritage can be a qualitatively new
resource of socio-economic development of regions in conditions of partial replacement of
traditional industrial and agricultural industries by social sphere branches - recreation and
tourism.
2. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AS A RESULT OF THE INTERACTION
OF NATURAL, SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
Recognition of the existence of links between nature and society is the pivot in many
scientific studies. Thus, in the Course of Russian History, V.O. Klyuchevskiy notes:
"Beginning the study of the history of a people, we meet the force that holds the cradle of
each people in its hands - the nature of its country" [10]. He conducts an in-depth analysis of
the influence of the properties of individual components of nature on the processes of
economic development of the region. It is necessary to pay special attention to the historian's
thought, set out in the section "The Nature of the Country and the History of the People." He
notes: "Our thinking is accustomed to dismembering the studied subject into its constituent
parts, and nature does not like this dismemberment in itself or in its action on people; she has
all the forces of her work, in every action the dominant factor is helped by inconspicuous
employees, in every phenomenon involved diverse conditions ... Undoubtedly, that a person
every minute and alternately adapts to the surrounding nature, to her forces and ways of
acting, then their adapts to himself, to his needs, which he can not or does not want to give up,
and on this bilateral struggle with himself and with nature he develops his wit and his
character, energy, concepts, feelings and aspirations, and by the part of their relationship to
other people. And the more nature gives excitement and food to these abilities of a person, the
wider it reveals its internal forces, the more its impact on the history of its surrounding
population should be recognized stronger, even if this influence of nature affects the activity
of a person, his excited and turned on her itself "[10]. In fact, V.O. Klyuchevskiy formulates a
provision on the interaction of natural components (factors), which leads to the formation of
natural landscapes that are in direct and inverse relations with the societies populating them.
The diversity of nature and differences in the behavior, methods and methods of human
activity have determined the high mosaic nature of the ethno-cultural space, which manifests
itself in the peculiarities of the structure of cultural landscapes, their influence on the
formation of the worldview, the perception of the beauty of the world, etc. Comparative
analysis of landscapes in the aspect of their influence on the worldview of people populating
them is given in F. Engels's article "Landscapes". He begins his exposition from the analysis
of the Greek landscape. "Hellas was lucky to see how the nature of its landscape was realized
in the religion of its inhabitants. Hellas is a country of pantheism. All its landscapes are
covered - or, at least, covered - by the framework of harmony. And yet every tree, every
source, every mountain is too prominent, its sky is too blue, its sun is too dazzling, its sea is
too magnificent, so that they can be satisfied with the harsh spirituality of the glorified
Shelley Spirit of nature, somehow all-encompassing Pan; each separate part of nature in its
perfect perfection claims to its own god, each river requires its nymphs, each grove its own
dryads; thus the religion of the Greeks was created" [5]. The landscape of Northern Europe is
completely different from F. Engels. "If I tried to determine the religious character inherent in
a particular locality, then the Dutch landscapes are essentially Calvinistic. The continuous
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prose, the impossibility of any spiritualization that gravitates over the Dutch landscape, the
gray sky that alone can approach it, all this evokes the same impression that the inimitable
decisions of the Dordrecht Synod leave in us. Windmills, the only ones moving in this
landscape, remind of the elect of predestination, which are only moved by the breath of divine
grace; everything else is in "spiritual death." And the Rhine, like the impetuous, living spirit
of Christianity, loses its fertilizing power in this withered orthodoxy and completely becomes
shallow!" [5]. As follows from the above, the author with great depth reveals the features of
the influence of the natural and cultural landscape on the spiritual life of people.
Features of landscapes are unequally perceived by different people. For example, J.
Lebbock in this regard notes: "It is very interesting to read the curious opinion of Dr. Beatti in
his treatise:" Truth, poetry and music", written at the end of the last century. He writes:
"Mountain Scotland produces a very sad impression, there are endless chains of mountains
covered with dark heather, the sky is often darkened by clouds, narrow valleys are almost
uninhabited by the inhabitants and surrounded on all sides by the cliffs from which noisy
streams rush down The soil of this country is so rude and unpractical that the inhabitants can
not graze their livestock or enjoy the fruits of agriculture. The waves of the sea sadly strike
there on the shore, the sinister howling of the wind is continually being heard in this lonely
country, the echo passes them to the rocks and the cave. These sounds are depressing,
especially in the moonlight illuminates the bleakness of this sad area "and so on." [12]. A
completely different image of this territory arises from D.S. Likhachev: "In the landscapes of
Scotland, in Hylande, which many believe (I admit, me too) are the most beautiful, it strikes
an extraordinary laconic lyrical sense. This is almost naked poetry. And it is not by chance
that one of the world's best poets was born there - the English "lake school". The mountains,
raising meadows, pastures, sheep, and after them people, to their powerful slopes, inspire
some special confidence. And people entrusted themselves and their cattle to mountainous
fields, left their cattle without a stable and shelter" [11]. The cultural landscapes of Scotland,
for example, were sung in many of the poetic works of Robert L. Stevenson. Academician
D.S. Likhachev repeatedly stressed the unity of nature and society in the space of the cultural
landscape. In the work "The Earth's Native," he writes: "The opposition of nature to culture is
not at all ... Nature has its own culture. Chaos is not a natural state of nature. On the contrary,
chaos (if only it exists at all) is a state of unnaturalness" [11]. He convincingly shows that
nature is "social" in its own way. This is manifested in the fact that nature "can live side by
side with a person, to sit with him, if he in turn is social and intelligent himself" [ibid]. The
features of natural landscapes have a significant impact not only on the types of land use, the
construction of cities and individual constructions, arrangement of sanctuaries and temples,
but also on painting and literature.
The cultural landscape should be seen as a kind of reflection, a reflection that transforms it
over a long time of society. Very vividly this thesis is revealed by the professor of the
Moscow University V.A. Nikolaev, who writes: "The law is established: what is the society,
its culture, mentality and historical destinies, such is the landscape created by it." He further
notes: "The cultural national landscape is the" relay race "of generations" [14]. Argumenting
this situation, he quotes the following quotation from work A. M. Gorkiy: "The man of the
West in his early childhood, having just got up on his hind legs, sees everywhere around him
the monumental results of the work of his ancestors. From the channels of Holland to the
tunnels of the Italian Riviera and the vineyards of Vesuvius, from the great work of England
to the powerful Silesian factories - the whole land of Europe is closely covered with grandiose
incarnations of the organized will of people ... This impression is absorbed by the child of the
West and educates in it the consciousness of value rights, respect for his work and a sense of
his personal significance as heir to the miracles of work and the creativity of his ancestors "
[14]. The multifaceted aspects of the interaction of nature and man at the regional and local
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levels are reflected in many -the nature of other observations, while the feeling of a living
connection between man and his natural environment is preached, the inseparable unity of
practical, religious and aesthetic demands of people.
The given points of view on the interaction of nature and society in the aspect of
preserving the natural and cultural heritage in ethnocultural space show that apart from
individual individual objects, certain sets of objects and phenomena in their mutual relations
should be distinguished, reflecting in aggregate the features of the enclosing natural
landscape, the nature of the material and spiritual activity. For a truly cultural landscape there
must be a definite unity between the natural environment and the material objects created by
man, which are collectively reflected in the spiritual culture of the population. The general
program on the allocation of cultural landscapes and the study of the natural and cultural
heritage should include the following stages: landscape analysis of the territory and
assessment of the natural resource potential; determination of the nature and extent of
economic development of the territory: the existing system of dispersion, land use and
infrastructure, analysis of ethnographic features of localities and their manifestations in the
material heritage, determination of the aesthetic qualities of landscapes. Integral
characteristics of the cultural landscape, assessment of natural and historical heritage can be
obtained through close interaction of natural and scientific and humanitarian studies, on the
basis of a comprehensive analysis of geographic, ecological, historical archeological,
ethnographic, toponymic, cultural-logical information.
3. FORMATION OF SMART CITIES AND CONSERVATION OF THE
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Today, with the development of modern information technologies, the introduction of new
building materials radically changes the appearance of the urban cultural landscape. As a part
of the formation of smart cities, the harmonization of the interaction of natural, social and
industrial urban systems should be based on the technological, human, institutional and
energy frameworks. The strategy of modern smart urban development should focus on
harmonizing the interaction of natural, social and production systems, minimizing the
development of destructive ecological processes, preserving the material and spiritual heritage
through the use of modern information and communication technologies. Formed with the use
of new technologies, urban cultural landscapes should act as a kind of reflection, the imprint
of a transforming society for a long time.
Building materials and minimization of the development of destructive ecological
processes. Eco-friendly houses are an important element of the cultural urban landscape. At
the same time, the problem of reducing energy costs occupies an important place. However,
an eco-friendly house that really conforms to all the regulations and regulations can be much
more suitable for tenants than a house with good energy indicators. The natural and
technogenic environment under the conditions of information development has acquired and
continues to acquire attributes and properties that justify its naming by the environment of
risk. The reason and justification for such naming is the underreceipt of the processes that
occur in nature, first, regardless of human activity; secondly, depending on the activity of a
person; third, as a result of mutual influence and interaction of events, independent and
dependent on human deeds. The analysis and assessment of the interconnection of ecological,
social and anthropogenic systems in architecture and construction make them define their role
in the formation and restoration of a healthy environment.
The natural system, consisting of interdependent components belonging to the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere and the biosphere, functioning and developing in time as a whole,
has a significant and multifaceted impact on engineering structures. The building structures,
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buildings and structures, as a rule, are affected by a set of unfavorable factors. The complexity
of studying these processes is due to the fact that the mechanisms of chemical, physical and
biological destruction can, firstly, be initiated in all environments (air, water, soil,
lithological); second, they are able to move from one environment to another; thirdly, they
can be manifested both sequentially and simultaneously in any combination, causing the
development of corrosion processes [15]. At the same corrosion of one category, changing the
properties and characteristics of the material, contributes to the development of corrosion of
another category. The prevention of the destruction of buildings, structures and engineering
networks as a result of corrosion is one of the important requirements, the realization of which
is necessary to achieve ecological comfort [6].
Technologies of intellectual support of the functioning of the national economy. The
connecting element of the formation of the urban cultural landscape should be the active use
of cloud information services, the Internet of things, intelligent intellectual software and
hardware technologies, new materials. At the same time, the active use of modern building
materials and intellectual technologies to increase the efficiency of a smart city also carries
potential threats, such as the erasure of traditional cultural features and the historical
appearance of settlements. For this reason, it is necessary to preserve the objects of cultural
heritage in parallel with the development of effective modern smart cities.
The formation of a harmonious interaction of natural, social and production systems in a
smart city should be based on the application of modern IT technologies and the competent
observance of the principles of management - systemic, goal-setting, hierarchy, feedback, and
complexity.
Harmonious development is impossible without access to the necessary up-to-date
information. Logistics, tax reporting, interaction of legal entities, the functioning of
enterprises should be based on multifactor information support. Operational processes must
be carried out using ERP-systems, which allow to competently and efficiently build the
strategy of production integration, personnel management, financial management,
optimization of enterprise resources [17]. Decision-making in complex technological
economic systems should be based on the use of expert systems and intelligent algorithms for
analyzing large amounts of data. Modern expert systems are able to partially replace the work
of the relevant specialists within the framework of various technological processes.
Web-technologies provide access of the interested persons to the necessary information for
effective management of the processes of harmonious and sustainable development of a smart
city using the Internet and allow quickly combining different blocks of data and knowledge
bases for carrying out an inter-related analysis of various economic, social and environmental
problems, development of a set of measures for their solution, informing the population with a
view to ensuring its social self-organization [21]. The notion of a cultural landscape as a
complex system assumes that its information base should be formed from the information of
social and natural sciences: history, archeology, ethnography, cultural studies, sociology,
geography, ecology and others [20]. In this context, geographic information systems (GIS)
and geographic web portals (geoportals) are relevant as the main instrument for collecting,
analyzing and assessing the state of natural and cultural heritage and landscape planning for
their sustainable development [19].
As a basic tool for collecting, analyzing and assessing the state of the natural and cultural
heritage and landscape planning for their sustainable development, it is expedient to create a
regional geoinformation system (GIS), the design of which should be based on systemic,
horological (geoinformation), landscape, historical genetic, nature and social-ecological
principles [18].
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An information portrait of the place of residence activates the cognitive forms of tourism,
the development of which in turn will promote the popularization of ecological and culturalhistorical knowledge among the population. Another important task is the education of man's
ecological culture as part of the overall culture of people's relationships with each other and
the relationship of man to nature.
Information scientific and educational environment. The scientific, educational and
innovation spheres in the key to sustainable development should be endowed with the
possibility of creating, updating and using specialized data banks. The latest achievements of
scientists should be made available to those who need them: for the purpose of training or for
further scientific research [9]. The results of the experiments, new innovative methods, the
latest scientific articles and defended theses - all of them should be effectively disseminated
and useful, becoming the basis for the creation of new technical solutions and scientific
discoveries. Practice shows that information web technologies can greatly facilitate the
communication of scientists and specialists and, consequently, accelerate the development of
knowledge.
Internet of things. Huge prospects in the field of information support for the strategy of
harmonious development of smart cities are played by the technology of Internet Things
(Internet of Things, IoT). This concept, formulated at the end of the last century at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is becoming very popular these days. The
Internet of things is a computer network, the nodes of which are physical objects ("things"),
technologically equipped for interaction with each other without human participation through
various data exchange protocols [8]. The Internet is able to change the image of all spheres of
society (life, production, health, safety, education) and to support the sustainable development
of the region. Within the Internet of things Smart City, includes tools for the effective use of
energy-saving automation and monitoring tools, intelligent traffic management systems and
traffic violations control. A number of technologies will enter the life of society in the near
future, for example, telemedicine. IoT will be increasingly introduced with increasing Internet
accessibility, the development of common standards, the involvement of key IT companies in
the implementation of this concept, leading to the formation of new opportunities for
informational support for the implementation of the sustainable development strategy of the
region.
Crowdsourcing. In addition to the practical application of web-based GIS and the Internet
of things, the question of using crowdsourcing technologies to solve the problem of providing
effective information support for the harmonious development of a smart city is of interest.
Crowdsourcing ("crowd" and "sourcing" - "use of resources") involves involving a wide range
of people in the solution of various problems of the region's development to use their
knowledge and experience on a voluntary basis using web technologies [3]. Using this
concept will provide instant access to talented specialists of the region and all interested
people, organize various social, environmental and economic events. Crowdsourcing will
allow the population of the region to also signal about various communal problems,
committed crimes, incidents and so on.
Modern smart city, as a complex system, is not deprived of various problems to be solved.
Informative support in this area is exactly what is capable of ensuring the stability of the
society in its development. Road accidents, crimes, accidents in the field of housing and
communal services are problems, the negative consequences of which can be significantly
minimized if they are signaled in a timely manner via web portals. Citizens who witnessed
different events should be able to talk about them on the Internet in order to attract public
attention to problems and implement a mechanism of self-regulation in the system of
sustainable development of the region.
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Outposts of smart cities. The formation of new strategies for the development of smart
cities should be based on the successful experience of predecessors. Thus, the patriarchal
Moscow, which attracts tourists with the ensembles of the historic Kremlin and modern
Moscow City, successfully becomes a smart city, thanks to the introduction of information
technologies in the daily life of the city [13]. Uniform information medical system (EMIA), a
single city electronic journal of Moscow schools, a traffic monitoring system and housing and
communal services on the basis of GLONASS, crowdsourcing Portals of electronic
interaction with Muscovites attract attention.
An interesting strategy is the municipality of Florence, which aims to transform the capital
of Tuscany "from the museum city into Italy's first intelligent city with museums", which will
be comfortable for both locals and tourists [7]. Before our eyes, Florence is becoming a
modern and smart city, where we respect the environment and the cultural landscape. The city
with a new mobility strategy, with new tourist offers and cultural policies harmoniously
accommodates the historical heritage of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and modern
innovative projects such as FURBA (Urban express bus transport of Florence), within the
framework of which it is planned to activate the public transport corridor with fully electric
buses and electric taxis.
Among the successful cases, one can cite the example of Amsterdam in which Amsterdam
Smart City Initiative has been developing for almost 10 years, which currently includes about
200 projects jointly developed by local residents, government, scientists and enterprises [2].
These projects operate on an interconnected platform with the help of wireless technologies to
increase the possibility of making decisions in real time for the coordination of traffic, saving
energy and improving public safety. For the development of the concept, initiative proposals
and developments are annually adopted. On the example of Amsterdam, we see how
centuries-old objects of cultural heritage harmoniously coexist in the urban landscape
(Damrak street, canal houses, the Royal Palace, medieval towers, chambers and museums)
and new buildings of innovative architecture from modern materials of the center of the new
architecture of Amsterdam Osterdoks, the National Center science and technology, the Music
Hall on Eee, the Netherlands Film Institute.
In Barcelona, a number of projects for a smart city is developed in the framework of the
strategy "City OS" [1]. Smart technologies here have touched on irrigation systems (the
Internet of things is harmoniously introduced into horticulture), public transport networks (by
the example of smart traffic lights for traffic management and intellectual coordination of
emergency services in road accidents). The economically efficient technologies and modern
architecture of the New Barcelona, including the futuristic Agbar Tower, the Museums of
Design, Contemporary Art, the Porte Thira Towers, the Barcelona Forum do not erase the
cultural and historical appearance, based on the splendor of the National Palace at the foot of
Montjuic and the Sagrada Familia.
In Stockholm, Green IT Strategy [4] was created, designed to reduce the burden of the
city's impact on the environment through the construction of energy-efficient buildings that
reduce heating costs; monitoring and management of traffic, leading to a reduction in time
spent on the road; development of electronic services. The e-Stockholm platform focuses on
the provision of electronic services, including the automation of government agencies,
reservation of parking spaces, snow removal. The Science City Kista realizes the triplehelix
concept in building smart cities, where universities, industry and government focus on
developing and implementing modern information and communication technologies for the
development of a smart city and the preservation of cultural heritage.
Smart Dubai focuses on maximizing the happiness of people, improving the quality of life
and the conditions for doing business [16]. At the same time, according to the vision of smart
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city development, technologies should be a pratform and a means, and not the ultimate goal
for improving welfare, energy efficiency and security. Thanks to intelligent technologies, the
government of Dubai, providing citizens and tourists with more than 1000 electronic services,
is trying to create the "smartest" city on Earth. Dubai derives maximum from its geographical
location and infrastructure to attract global players, the formation of new development centers
and the construction of a modern cultural landscape. Currently, the city has acquired more
than 300 global and regional companies in the field of modern infocommunicative
technologies.
Paying attention to the development of certain smart cities, within the framework of which
the harmonious interaction of natural, social and production systems is organized, it is
necessary to note the importance of network interaction between developing megacities,
because only global cooperation of scientists, engineers, humanitarians and managers will
contribute to the co-directional progress of the high-tech development and preservation of
traditions.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The most important object in the study of the cultural heritage of the planet Earth is the
ethnocultural space - an integral formation, the unity of which is determined by the spatiotemporal organization of the landscape envelope, the processes of economic and information
development. Under the influence of the natural conditions of a specific region, economic and
social activities, cultural landscapes, characteristic features of the material and spiritual
heritage, are transferred from generation to generation in the form of material objects,
traditions, language, etc.
Harmonization of the interaction of natural, social and production systems in smart cities
requires the provision of comprehensive information support, which, in turn, must be based
on respect for the cultural landscape. The creation of a managed system for the development
of a smart city should be based on the following provisions:
• a truly cultural landscape is characterized by the unity of the natural environment and the
objects of the material heritage, which are collectively reflected in the spiritual culture of the
population;
• the formed cultural landscapes act as a reflection of the transforming society;
• objects of natural and historical heritage represent a resource for the development of
cities in conditions of partial replacement of traditional industrial production by social sectors
- recreation and tourism;
• harmonization of interaction of natural, social and production systems is based on the
technological, human, institutional and energy frameworks and is aimed at minimizing the
development of destructive ecological processes, preserving material and spiritual heritage
through the use of modern information and communication technologies;
• active use of modern building materials and intellectual technologies to enhance the
efficiency of a smart city often carries potential threats: the erasure of traditional cultural
features and the historical appearance of settlements; proceeding from this, it is necessary to
preserve the objects of cultural heritage in parallel with the development of modern cities;
• the formation of harmonious interaction of natural, social and production systems in a
smart city is based on the application of modern IT technologies and the competent
observance of the principles of management - systemic, goal-setting, hierarchy, feedback, and
complexity; the most important are the technologies of intellectual support of the functioning
of the national economy, web technologies, the information scientific and educational
environment, the Internet of things and crowdsourcing. Active use of cloud information
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services, the Internet of things, intelligent intellectual software and hardware technologies,
new materials should become a connecting element of harmonious interaction of systems in
smart cities;
• the formation of new strategies for the development of smart cities should be based on
the successful experience of predecessors; it is important to organize their network
interaction, ensuring cooperation of scientists, specialists and managers.
Recreational development of the natural and historical heritage of smart cities is closely
linked with the active involvement of local residents in the development of tourism. It is
necessary to support the entrepreneurial activity in order to increase the employment of the
local population; conduct training and create the conditions necessary for the effective
participation of local people in the cultural development of smart cities based on modern
information technologies.
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