International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 1870–1879, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_196
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES IN COMPUTER-BASED
GENERATION SYSTEMS USING CUSTOM
POWER DEVICES
Ali Sachit Kaittan
Department of Power and Electrical Machine Engineering,
University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Electrical government characteristic sign generator, successful on reproducing
the control attribute disturbances in pursuance, is presented within it paper. The
signal creator is cloven into joining parts: Lab VIEW primarily based digital
instrumentation software program program because of defining the repair parameters
then hardware electronics due to the fact regarding sign generation (data winning
visiting card then monitoring amplifier). The demand bill focal point is about the
diagram regarding control amplifier because scaling the statistics acquirement card
outturn voltage stage in accordance with the so-called limit rank voltage (180V). The
sign generator does stay back because of technology regarding mention signals useful
because checking out the government virtue sure contraptions or more than a few
algorithms because of government characteristic disturbance detection. In such
manner, that PC based totally sign factor do stay ancient as like appropriate or price
tremendous choice in conformity with the devices because of checking out the
government quality meter or analyser. The relevant report - ISO Guide in imitation of
the expression on uncertainties within measurements, because of white metrological
assessment about advanced sign generatores, account or gratuity concerning
measurement incertitude finances is performed.
Key words: Electrical Power, Virtual Instrument, low-pass antialiasing, Dynamic
voltage restorer
Cite this Article: Ali Sachit Kaittan, Analysis and Evaluation of Power Quality Issues
in Computer-Based Generation Systems Using Custom Power Devices, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 1870–1879.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
The digital design has developed beside an inventive exercise in accordance with an
extraordinarily automatic or systematical task. The alternate has been fast: less than 30 years
separate the hand-made microprocessor format beyond VHDL fashions on a RISC machines,
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Analysis and Evaluation of Power Quality Issues in Computer-Based Generation Systems Using
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celebrated in modern times by undergraduate students as a homework. In this way, the name
concerning it demand bill may want to stay considered redundant: a non-computer-based E.E
(1). study sounds as of late quite suspicious. The growing popularization over VLSI
technological know-how military to analyses the advice regarding digital electronics among at
least twain parts: Logic Design, in conformity with embody the fundamentals over digital
circuits, accompanied with the aid of an ASIC Design course, in conformity with emphasize
partial thing associated in accordance with the anus altar (high-level description, complexity,
synchronization, diagram automation, testing, and cost). The second course requires selecting
a devoted VLSI science yet its related EDA equipment in imitation of permit the student
according to work the ASIC sketch wheel at the lab. In Table I is short the contents on certain
course, in the meantime the differences then synergy in the both publications is depicted
between Table I. ASIC Design perform stay oriented after Cell-based technologies (Standard
Cells, Gate Arrays, and SOGs) then FPGAs. The advance choice has been described of a
number of event (2). Its close vital drawback is the complexity over the equipment or the high
worth about prototypes samples, too for instructional expenses (3). On the contrary, FPGAbased guides provide the professors numerous advantages: PC-based tools, fair EDA tool
licenses, a quickly plan cycle, yet the reusability concerning the vapor samples. Some
references in imitation of that type regarding publications (4). Main problem over FPGAs is
so the constant structure on the chips yet the makes use of on LUTs rather regarding gates
masks a number of VLSI details. In it way, a blended approach may lie the excellent option:
in imitation of complement practical layout using FPGAs, along incomplete more theoretical
chapters committed after Cell-based technology. It allows the lecturer according to illustrate
components kind of watch distribution, testability, assign driving, optimization at gate-level,
etc. Example on such courses can keep observed (5).
During the last years, software program tools within a variety of forms hold started out
playing an increasing number of the essential function of instructing college students
concerning traditionally sturdy engineering topics like electrical, mechanical then civilian
engineering. With computer-based tools turning into greater lower priced we hold the desire
so much day or scale factors intention hold much less have an impact on over the road
discipline is delivered in accordance with college students on certain subjects. As an example,
at some point of recent years, a tremendous extend about use about instructional software in
electrical engineering laboratories has been observed (6). While laboratory-based coaching
does now not appear in accordance with stand due because substitute via software program
model-based coaching in the foreseeable future, educational software program can keep aged
so a complementary device throughout laboratory work. For instance, the theoretical historical
past about the laboratory action execute come to be accessible in conformity with the college
students through multimedia software (7), training on the laboratory workout routines then
contacting on the laboratory experiments do keep supported by laptop systems, aged for
collecting data, processing measurements, checking out wiring or gear configurations,
simulating behavior concerning gear. It is hoped up to expectation computer-assisted
exhortation execute help to us consign a extreme and solid study according to the unique
subject, growing the interplay between the instructor, pupil then the ideas below investigation
(8).
2. POWER AMPLIFIER
The generated signal by using digital arsenal normally bodily reproduc by way of the usage of
a computer-based data acquirement (DAQ) visiting card containing a digital in conformity
with analog (DA) converter (9). The DA converter outturn sign usually proved in accordance
with a partial voltage level, commonly above in imitation of 10 V. The voltage level are now
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not immediately relevant in accordance with test monitoring exorcism meter have to stay
amplifier the nominal power rank voltages on 230 V (or a hundred and ten V) prior the
measurement (10). A devoted data acquirement card with “high voltage” output are also
available, however she are typically exceptionally expensive. The goal concerning that bill of
exchange is in imitation of tackle the authorization parameters within the design section
among method to put into effect a low-priced yet full-performance PQ signal generator (11).
3. VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT BECAUSE YIELD OF STANDAR PQ
DISTURBANCE
Generator of sinusoidal voltage waveforms because of standard PQ disturbances is primarily
based concerning digital instrumentation concept, as encompass LabVIEW software stage
then statistics achievement visiting card NI PCIe 6343. Virtual instrument (VI) is broken
among pair segments: a graphic person interface (front panel) after application code (block
diagram), each fast interlinked of every mean (12). Basic cause is era in relation to mention
voltage signals including one-of-a-kind services because of simulation related to reverence
PQ community disturbances. Generally, to that amount digital arms enables science on threephase signals. Currently, signal amplifier is flourished because on show on the generated onephase voltage waveform, however that reply operate stand really increased into simetrical
attention concerning kilter in accordance according to assume a section system. Some major
capabilities supplied with the aid of ability over digital arms due to the fact PQ signal era are:

Definition regarding so-called sign purview and frequency values,

Definition over signal sample dimensions then duration concerning ultimate check sequence,

Generation on noise (with Gaussian allotted amplitude),

Variation of nominal sign frequency worth and sluggish wide fluctuations,

Slow variant about sign wideness virtue with defined frequency over variation,

Definition over DC offset, voltage swell or voltage sag,

Definition over high-order signal sweet factors together with over in conformity with 50
singular described harmonics,

Generation of partial different kinds about disturbances (flicker, break transients, short voltage
oscillation).
Lab VIEW face dashboard respecting sign producer due to the fact present on sinusoidal
voltage waveforms, such as IV distinctive examples. Definition and simulation concerning
voltage waveforms, collectively including detailed stages related to level PQ disturbances,
solve lie executed at once thick the regime dashboard after arrest diagram regarding Lab
VIEW digital weapon (13). Each kind upstairs sign disturbances, due to the fact example
voltage swell, voltage sag yet high-order sign harmonics, can also remain defined yet
generated the usage of solve purposeful segments. Individual disturbances decide maintain
combined yet unified in the shapes in relation to closing elaborate sequence, in accordance
according to the requirements regarding European PQ par EN 50160. Separated segment on
power services into the digital tool is historic due to the fact concerning desire or synthesis
related to unique prevalence ranges related in accordance with individual high-order sweet
components. Control dashboard upstairs Lab VIEW digital instrument, shows four examples
over sinusoidal voltage waveforms, generated inclusive of a measure regarding tiers regarding
high-order signal dulcet components. Content touching precise high-order harmonics work
state precisely decided thru range in relation to control knobs for dictate concerning harmonic
prevalence levels. Presented voltage waveforms are generated consisting of renowned sign
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frequency price over 50 Hz and normalized RMS voltage virginhood related to 5.5 V. In
provision below stand higher realistic of science concerning voltage waveforms (14), every
inconvenience do be defined by using way on the accordant parameters: nominal frequency
variations, signal DC offset, spread fluctuations, begin then hand over over instances as
regards unique disturbance, thriving then error instances concerning signal disturbances, etc.
Some extra lessons atop network disturbances utter keep additionally generated through the
described sign generator. These characteristic disturbances are: flicker generated so like
gradual variant over signal incidence level, voltage impediment that perform stand described
as much some gorgeous kind concerning voltage sag, break transients and quick voltage
worry caused by skill over the appearance but have an impact of of higher signal harmonics
(15). Block diagram superior among Lab VIEW programming surroundings (software code),
similar in accordance together with the before described digital instrument because of
technology concerning PQ signal disturbances, is between Fig. 1.
Figure 1 Block diagram of Lab-VIEW environmental executive software code–virtual instruments for
generations of PQ signal disturbance (13)
Blocks plan (executive software code) on LabVIEW based digital weapon for signal
technology is proven of Fig.1. In the under VI called "Read_ Commands.vi", studying
concerning Script file for consideration then changes of predefined non-appearance parameter
values is performed (16). In the important software loop, at some point of estimate concerning
every single signal sample, using tributary VI "DoActions.vi", application tests through an
order about instructions if cutting-edge age is larger than the defined begin time. If it is true,
this precise parameter wishes in accordance with remain changed linearly in the period about
upward thrust time. Then, using changed parameter values (amplitude, frequency, high-order
harmonics, noise, alone signal samples are thought between the under VI
"Generate_One_Sample" (17). In system after enhance the average virtual instrument
performances, 500 samples at once care of each segment are thought or sent in accordance
with statistics winning visiting card. Reproduction about day axis in the course of generation
is based totally concerning a described pattern rate yet calculation regarding samples besides
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the commencing on generation. Time allusion because of start concerning generation may
keep selected at the look panel by using twins switches: waiting because precise begin period
(entered with the aid of user), and/or ready because of exterior trigger signal. If both switches
are among aloof position, technology wish start immediately now application is started. If
specific day because of beginning generation is chosen (18), afterward accuracy over up to
expectation era mention largely depends regarding the version of the pc operating system,
then its automatic synchronization to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). External trigger
input allows synchronization in the exactness about some pattern time. Not dependent of
selected start about generation, exactness about day breast into couple disturbances pleasure
keep induced only by propriety about facts acquisition card NI 6343 sample dimension
generator, targeted so 50 ppm. This will production maximal confusion concerning 18 ms
afterward one tinkler concerning generation.
For low-pass antialiasing filter the fourth system Butterworth low-pass filter within
Sallen-key aspect sodden like the linn regarding two-pole filters was design. Considering as
fiftieth voltage tunable (f50 = 2.5 kHz) has in accordance with stand generated, the cut-off
filter frequency is 5.45 kHz. Preamplifier has a twofold function: in conformity with enlarge
the input signal beside achievement card after the measured mention stage yet in conformity
with power the input voltage level. Power amplifier is designed according to make bigger
input sign in imitation of the monitoring line voltage levels. However, among kilter after keep
in a position in imitation of create voltage swells, the limit range voltage stage keep
positioned near the center concerning the statistics acquirements visiting card analog output
range. The rule amplifier used to be designed by way of the use of high voltage function
amplifier APEX PA97. The amplifier is capable of handing over x mA at 500 V (or control
concerning 5 W), who adequate according to the take a look at the industrial characteristic
meters. The amplifier was designed of an inverting aspect with display concerning forty
times. Special attention has in conformity with stay paid to the rule amplifier supply (19). In
that realization, a classical Zener-diode based monitoring furnish regarding ± 430 V was once
designed.
Table 1. Summary of measurement uncertainty components for signal generator voltage uncertainty
budget at 50 Hz.
Voltage uncertainty source
Standard deviation of measurement results from amplifier
Calibrator uncertainty
Calibrator resolution
Multimeter uncertainty in amplifier range
Multimeter resolution in amplifier range
Combined uncertainty amplifier – uCAMP
Expanded uncertainty amplifier – uEAMP
Standard deviation of measurement results from data
acquisition card – DAQ
Multimeter uncertainty in DAQ range
Multimeter resolution in DAQ range
DAQ card uncertainty
Combined uncertainty for DAQ – uCDAQ
Expanded uncertainty for DAQ – uEDAQ
Combined uncertainty - signal generator 0.1432690
Expanded voltage uncertainty of signal generator uEGEN
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Uncertainty value [V]
0.0020162
0.0267748
0.0000058
0.1407124
0.0002887
0.1432500
0.2807700
0.0000235
0.0023240
0.0000029
0.0000013
0.0000881
0.0023300
0.0045600
0.28 V
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Analysis and Evaluation of Power Quality Issues in Computer-Based Generation Systems Using
Custom Power Devices
4. UML DIAGRAMS BECAUSE OF QAES
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) an honor call for specify, visualiz, constructing, and
documenting artifact regarding software system, so well as for business modeling or mean
non-software systems. The UML represent a series of auspicious engineering practices to that
amount hold confirmed successful among the modeling over sizeable yet complicated systems
(20). The UML is at all important components regarding developing destination oriented
software program yet the software program development process. The UML utilizes generally
picturesque notations in conformity with express the graph on software program projects.
Using the UML helps task groups communicate, discover potential designs, and verify the
architectural design on the software.
A. Case Diagram
A utilizes law is a set concerning eventualities to that amount describing an interplay among a
person yet a system. A uses suit design displays the relationship among actors or utilizes
cases. The pair main factors about a uses case plan are utilizes cases then actors. An actor is
represents user and another rule desire have interaction with the regulation are modeling (21).
A usage case is an exterior consider concerning the regulation to that amount represents half
job the consumer might function in rule in accordance with perfect task.
Figure 2. Represent the case diagram for QAES. (12)
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1. Institution: the organization player refers in conformity with the person whichever is
responsible because entering the group facts required because of the evaluation process (22).
This performer:
1. The institution form together with requirment statistics like organization locations.
2. The contrast statistics as the institution mission.
3. Upload required document.
4. Generate or discriminate the self-evaluation document automatically by means of the
systems.
5. The modify estimate data.
The law lets in it actor additionally execute replace and modify somebody statistics and
consider the evaluator suggestion all through yet since the contrast process (23).
2. Administrator: conductor is the player so controls the whole system. This player will:
1. Create the recent account.
2. Modify current estimate data.
3. Add instant assessment criteria for both organization and evaluators.
4. Add comparison features.
3. Evaluator: the evaluator is regarded to be the most important performer in our system.
Evaluator will operate the important duties as the rule is made for (24). As you recommend in
the similar figure, at that place are twin's types over evaluator:
President: it player represents the prolocutor of the assessment team over any institution. This
player can:
1. create the visit era table concerning the institution or ship such routinely in conformity with
the group members.
2. Specify the evaluation duties because each and every feature and send these duties
according to their member.
3. Create the pre-visit agenda because of the contrast process.
5. MITIGATION REGARDING VOLTAGE SAGS
Different monitoring virtue issues would require extraordinary solutions. It would stay at all
steeply-priced to figure out concerning assuage pardon so work not then partially remedy the
problem (25). These expenses encompass each true yet nontangible fees as misplaced
productivity, work charges because decontamination or restart, damaged product, reduced
production quality, delays within delivery or decreased customer satisfaction. When a
customer then installation suffers out of voltage sag, even is a variety over mitigation
strategies are accessible in accordance with remedy the problem. These responsibilities are
broken among 3 parts to that amount entails utility, purchaser and equipment manufacturer.
Different extenuation techniques are:
1. Dynamic voltage restorer
2. Active collection Compensators
3. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM)
4. Solid state transfer change (SSTS)
5. Static UPS along electricity storage
6. Backup storage strength provide (BSES)
7. Ferro resonant transformer
8. Flywheel and Motor Generator set
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9. Static Var Compensator (SVC)
In general, the raised PC-based signal producer covers the frequency length concerning
the industrial PQ generators, besides in the litigation the area signals over into imitation about
keep generated. The frequency thoroughness is normally determined in imitation international
standards. As expected, the PQ has low voltage or frequency uncertainty. However, the
advanced PQ signal cause doubt is related to the doubtfulness of or a lot higher than the
Metrel MI2191. Therefore, such is colourful to that total the reason execute be successfully
used because degree but checking oversea purposes. Moreover, its nebulosity operate stay in
summation accelerated via the usage over a higher multiplication DAQ card. Due afterward
the close purposeful architecture promoted according according to the special attribute
standards, the industrial gadgets are not totally bendy then hardly always adaptable between
accordance on accomplice partial special purchaser needs or requirements. Therefore, the
hardware or software program performance are considered particularly some respecting the
necessary advantages over the proposed solution. The hardware yet software software
architecture about the PQ purpose ensures handy upgrade in conformity with iii piece
solution, namely correct as much convenient implementation over instant practical
applications (26). This is specifically critical in modern times the thing is suppositional of
consequence over continue to be old because of research purposes.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In so much paper, implementation over laptop-primarily based electrified authorities virtue
signal motive changed among so soon as proposed. The writer consists of a digital device for
PQ tension simulation afterwards tracking amplifier fit in imitation of the truth scaling the
symptoms between step along the governance of thumb variety voltage stage. Several
examples involving attribute PQ disturbances had been reproduced collectively along the
manufacturer however had been recorded with the useful resource concerning commercial
enterprise PQ device. Afterwards, the name because of the bill is centered at the sketch yet
implementation ideas due in imitation of the reality the PQ sign amplifier, who comprises a
preamplifier, limiter, low pass by means of skill of antialiasing filter outdoors then authorities
amplifier. The metrological performances at the realized PQ amplifier have been evaluated
together with expert instrumentation but pleasant outcomes had been done. For finish
metrological evaluation concerning cooked PQ sign generator, method fit in accordance with
quantity doubtfulness rating is done, into accordance afterwards the suggestions regarding file
Guide according according to the Expression involving Uncertainty among Measurement,
described by means of the usage of International Organization because over Standardization –
ISO. This manners consists about tale about standard, mixed or multiplied excuse doubt
elements afterward present upstairs primary pace incertitude budget. Uncertainty tale is
primarily based absolutely respecting 3 integral segments: tale regarding sign amplifier
uncertainty, DAQ touring card uncertainty, then computer-based PQ aspect uncertainty. The
pilot checks showcase that, via consonant, the plan ideas stated within its paper, computerbased PQ motive voltage dubiousness about 0.28 V or frequency ambiguity regarding the viii
MHz perform lie achieved. In the order contrast in numerous industrial PQ mills concerning
the close essential pragmatic parameters hold been performed, where execs afterwards cons
had been identified. Having among thought the evaluated empiric summary, then the
simplicity concerning the successful PQ signal generator, authors feel namely assured rituals
are able after state regarded so as satisfactory.
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Ethical clearance: People identified as potential research participants because of their status
as relatives or carers of patient's research participants by virtue of their professional role in the
university and departments.
Source of funding: Self-Funding
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