"
h
#
0
f
RH z2 (
i
0
1
1
)
n f 2
ni 2
RH 2 1
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h
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I RH z (
1
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M+(g) + ePaschen
EI
#
(
#
f
#
X
EA
h
h
p mev
"
n=2
n=1
(g)
#
Na + Cl
M+ e
1) M
2) M + e
3) M + + XM + +X-
M
E=E I 0
X-
n
kq1q 2
r
E=
Na+Cl-
#
#
n
#
"
!
!
2n
n+l
!#
#
n
!
!
X — Y
# "d
%
!
#
2s 3s 4s 5s 6s
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p
3d 4d 5d 6d
4f 5f 6f
5g 6g
#
(esu cm)
2 *
d(cm) 4.8 10-10esu
#
#
!
O2
Z=21
· 100
!
(
."
lone pair
#
Sc
21
1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
Ti
22
3d24s2
V
23
3d34s2
Cr
24
3d54s1
Mn
25
3d54s2
Fe
26
3d64s2
Co
27
7
CO3-2
28
3d84s2
29
3d104s1
Zn
30
3d104s2
(3d)
#
#
!
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#
3d "
! #
#
!
#
" sp
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" sp3
#
" #
" #
" #
&
/
)
Cr "
2. C4H10 + O2
4 CO2 + 5H2O
4 CO2 + 5H2O
4s2 !
Z
!
13
C4H10 +
2
&
4. 2C4H10 + 13O2
8CO2 + 10H2O
#
h
"E
h
c
h
(m)
1 1
( m)
#
&
4s " 3d
c
(sec 1 )
c
3d
!
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#
E0 Ek
" E0
%
#
" Cu
3d " 4s "
4s "
#
#
h2
a0
4 kme2
I
II
!
4 CO2 + H2O
3. O2
4s
, # 4s
3d
#
#
3d
!
#
4s
Cu "
CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
1. C4H10 + O2
3d 4s
Ni
!
2CaO
2
Cu
#
2Ca + O2
!
C4H10 (g) + O2 (g)
4s
!#
"
#
Z
#
!
30
#
ZnS
#
!
#
%
!
#
"
#
Zn + S
#
!
!#
4.8 10-10(esu) · d(cm)
!#
weight
number _ of _ atoms
A .W ( or _ M .W )
NA
#
#
#
1Å
#
(e-, e+)
4.8D=4.8·10-18esu· cm=1.610-29c· m
!
1s
!
#
$
#
n
#
#
N
#
#
(
n+l
#
#
#
&
n
!
+++
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Pi * i
i 1
!
!
!
#
N
A .W
#
2
Debay
Pi
#
&
0-4
#
kcal/mole
1.44·1020
1.44·1013
23.06
1
2.86·10-3
!
i "
!
F
eV
6.24·1018
6.24·1011
1
4.34·10-2
1.24·10-4
1 cal = 4.184 J
!
4"
#
erg
107
1
1.6·10-12
6.95·10-14
1.99·10-16
k
1 nm = 10-9 m
$
!
mole
(M.W)
n, l, ml (
+1/2, -1/2
"
k
" ms
"
[M+][X-]
F—F
%
J
1
10-7
1.6·10-19
6.95·10-21
1.99·10-23
erg
mole
!
ms * +1/2, -1/2
!
62.33
k
7
lit mmHg
1 L · atm = 24.2 cal = 101.3 J
ml = -l, ...,0, ...+l
2l+1 (
F2
%
joul
mole
8.31 * 10
k
1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm
" ml
(
!
8.313
k
mole
s p d f
l
(
evA number of positive number of negative
14.4
*
kq1q2
charges on M+
charges on Xe
r
+
M+
X-
mole
cm3 atm
82.1
k
"l
#
kq q
E=E I +E A + 1 2
r
[M + ][X - ]
px , py , pz
h
Rh
NA
K
#
X
E=E A 0
[M + ][ X- ]
"n
#
n=1,2,3,...
!
!
l= 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,.......(n-1)
s=(l=0),p=(l=1),d=(l=2),f=(l=3)
!
#
(
mole
1J=
1 erg =
1 eV =
1 kcal/mole =
1 cm-1 =
(
#
#
[Na]+[ Cl ]-
liter atm
cal
1.98
h 2n 2
#
"
#
C
e
me
mn/mp
0.05292 nm 0.5
0.082
8 m L2
EA
)
h2
4 kme2
R
h2
n 2 f n 2i
8 mL2
# '
i
M.K.S
3·108 m/sec
1.6·10-19 c
9.1·10-31 Kg
1.67·10-27 Kg
6.63·10-27 erg·sec 6.63·10-34 J·sec
2.18·10-11 erg
2.18·10-18J
6.02·1023 1/mole
8.98 109
Nm2/c2
a0
En
"
X(g) + e-
!
Lyman
EI
"
1
nf =
n=3
Balmer
!#
)
nf 2
1
1
) RH z 2
2
ni 2
ni 2
!
M(g)
1
C.G.S
3·1010 cm/sec
4.8·10-10 e.s.u
9.1·10-28 g
1.67·10-24 g
III
0.05292 nm 0.5
IV
rn
n2
a0 ,n 1,2 ,3.....
z
En
Z2
RH
n2
n"
n"
RH
-18
RH = 2.18 10
Jaule = 2.18 10
-11
-1
15
-1
erg = 109678 cm = 3.29 10 sec = 13.6 ev
$"
#
,#
&
!
,#
#
"
!
#
# ,#
!
$
,#
!
" sp3
#
" #
#
Hv
C
RT
ln( P )
#
#
#
(
,#
Htot = Hf
- Hf
H 0
H 0
,#
"
"
! "
! "
#
aA + bB
X
#
!
!
SL
( PC )c ( PD )d
Kp
( PA )a ( PB )b
(
#
#
# ,#
!!
n"
#
,#
,#
!
#
#
" tp
K
L-G
S-L
S-G
,#
!
#
#
!
"
# "
# a, b, c
#
!#
M+(aq) + X-(aq)
$.
8*
Ksp = [M+][X-]
MX #
[M+][X-] >
#
#
#
#
[M+][X-] < Ksp
Ksp
.
1.98
#
HA + BOH
#
$ &
8 * 1/8 + 1 = 2 !
/"
pH = -log[H+]
H2O
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10-14
!
" BCC "
!
" FCC #
#
" "
"
,#
,#
#
i
RT
ni
V
i
Pi
Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... =
*
"
#
!
M+-X-
H2, H2O, CO2
!
"a
KNO3, NaCl
,
SiO2
#
!
#
(
!
#
#%
,#
V1
V2
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(
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W
%
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1
3
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2
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1
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2
2
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1
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2
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#
P V
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"
!
!
1
(P , T const)
2
#
#
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H
E
H
( PV )
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!
Kg
,#
" KB
"
$
#
Cp
#
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T
#
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!
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$
#
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#
#
$
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3 K BT
m
(
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R
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#
mole
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!
V V2 V1
#
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" nb
#
#
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#
n2
a V nb nRT
V2
P
E Q W
"
#
!
#
#
# ,#
#
#
Na, Cu, Fe
Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA]
Kb = [B+] [OH-] / [BOH]
Ka · Kb = Kw = 10-14
#
#
pH = 7 "
#
pKa + pKb = pKw = 14
"$
T = 0#C , P = 1 atm , n = 1 mole S.T.P
&& )
!
$ # S.T.P
+
#
#
#
"W
W
V
#
Ka
#
k
k
#
PM $ RT
#
"
erg
mole
"
M+-e-
#%
mole
W
RT
M
!
)
7
lit mmHg
62.33
k
#
%
#
Kb
joul
mole
8.31 * 10
k
"M
H+ + OH"
pKw = -log Kw = 14
pH > 7
mole
!
Pi
ni
Xi
Ptot ntot
pH + pOH = pKw = 14
# pH < 7
8.313
k
PV
8 * 1/8 + 6 * 1/2 = 4
#
%
B+ + OH-
pH "
pOH = -log[OH-]
mole
cm3 atm
82.1
k
cal
#
#
#%
H+ + A-
#
A+ + B- + H2O
mole
#
#
BOH
liter atm
1/8 = 1
#
OH-
0.082
.
!
#
!
#
(
#
HA
,#
" SC !
.
% !
H+
R
"
#
sp 2 "
(1 atm = 760 mm Hg) ,# " P
(1 liter = 1000 cm3) # " V
(0#C = 273#k)
"T
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!
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!#
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H
104o
#
"
K
H
PV nRT
!
#
#
MX(s)
!
#
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#
H
sp1 "
!
%
!
H
107o
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#
!
#
H
H
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"
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#
K
H
O
T( C)
/"
,#
!
!
N
109o
(
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,#
!
#
!
!
sp3
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#
!
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(
H
!
(
!
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4
!
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tb
!
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!
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!
!
#
c
tp
!
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H
H
(
!
SG
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4
#
LG
K C = K p (RT)- n , K p = K C (RT) n
#
"
#
!
# ,#
H
" Hm
" Hs
"
,#
1
H
O
H
(
P(Atm)
[ A ]a [ B ]b 1
Kc `
[ C ]c [ D ]d Kc
X
N
!
"[X]
!
H
H
!
!
H
#
#
" !
! "
molar, M=mol/liter
C
H
# " Hv
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"C
1
T1
!
#
[ C ]c [ D ]d
[ A ]a [ B ]b
Kc
,#
Hv 1
R T2
P
ln( 1 )
P2
(
3
!
#
%
"
R=8.314 J/mole #K = 1.98 cal/ mole #K " !
!
# ( C
#
#
)
H
H# , G# , S# # "
cC + dD
$
#
#
#
:
"
"
!
!
#
"
#
2SO2 + O2
SO3
)."
! (
2SO3
p(800K)=850.4 atm-1
Kp(1000K)=2.3 atm-1
5
$ 6 SO2
#
#
/&
$' ' #
$'''K "
#
5
(
#
#
5
&
,#
300K " 200K "
#
Cp=5/2 R
Joule
n = 1 mol , T = 100 K , P = 2 atm , Cp = (5/2) R ,
!
H
#
!
#
E W Q
#
#
H, E,W,Q = ?
#
H = Cp T = (5/2) R T = (5/2) * 8.314 * 100 = 2078.5 J/mol
##
a
a
r
#
SC " $
FCC " &
BCC " /
!
!
%
W = -P V
PV = nTR ' (PV) = (nRT) ' P( V) = nR( T)
2 atm V = 1 mol * 0.082 lit atm/mol K * 100 K ' V = 4.1 lit
!#
*
#
–
#
#
!
#
!
&
#
! !
a
2
W = -P V = -2 atm * 4.1 lit = -8.2 lit atm = -828.2 J < 0
1 lit atm = 101 J
r
H = E + P V ' E = H – P V = 2078.5-828.2 = 1250.3 J
E = Q + W ' Q = E – W = H – P V - (-P V) = H
Q = H = 2078.5 J/mol
a
CaC2 ( $
CaO (s) + 3C (s) CaC2 (s) + CO (g)
Hf (kcal/mol)
"$7$ 8
CaO (s)
CaC2 (s)
-$7 '
CO (g)
-26.4
4 3 4
V
r
3
3
a 3
2
1
1
8
#
8
a3 *
#
#
#
##
* a3
#2 *
a& 3
5#
Hm = 6010 J/mol 0.917 gr/ cm3
Ksp = 3.7*10 15
OH- "
5 Al ( OH )3
!
!
[ AL3 ] 0.5 M , K sp ( Al ( OH )3 ) 3.75*10 15 [ Al 3 ][ OH ]3
Al ( OH )3 #
#
[ OH ]
AgCl "
!
AgX
"
%
0.1M !
#
#
!
K sp
[ Al 3 ]
" !
1/ 3
a
1.95*10 5 M
2 C2H2 + 5O2 (g)
4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
b C (s) + O2 (g)
CO2 (g)
c 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2H2O (g)
d H2O (l) H2O (g)
AgCl "
#
Ksp (AgCl) = 2.8*10 10
Cl- " X#
Ag+ %
5
2C(s) + H2(g)
-a/2
2b
c/2
-d
C2H2(g)
a 2
a3
2
2
a 2
H=?
H# (kJ/mol)
-2600
-393
-484
44
a3 2
4
3
H=?
,# /''K
H2(g)
!
&-''K "
2H(g)
H(g)
8
#
a 3 r 2r r 4r ' r
3
a
4
a 3
4
3
r 3 a3 2
3
4
3
3
4
3
a3
##
a& 3
100
31.98%
1
6
8
1
2
4
# !#
!
#
9
9
9
H2 !
#
4
4
3
#
# ,#
#
&
Fec
V #
8 /6 " ,#
a2
3
4
#
4 3
r
3
a& 3
2CO2(g) + H2O(l)
C2H2(g) + 2SO2(g) 2600/2
2C(s) + 2O2(g)
2CO2(g)
-393*2
H2(g) + ½O2(g)
H2O(g)
-484/2
H2O(g)
H2O(l)
-44
228 kJ/mol
$
a
a
#
C2H2 (g)
!
a
a& 3 2
#
1.2*10 5 M
AgX #
OH
!
2C (s) + H2 (g)
100 47.6%
#
E = Hm – P V
!
#
$
V #
$L = 0.9998 g/cm3 ' VL = W/$L = 18/0.9998 = 18.0036 cm3
$S = 0.917 g/cm3 ' VS = W/$S = 18/0.917 = 19.6292 cm3
V = VL – VS = -1.62563 cm3/mol = -1.62563*10-3 lit/mol
E = Hm – P V = 6010 J/mol + 1 atm *1.62563*10-3 lit/mol *101 J/atm lit
= 6010.164 J/mol
Al ( OH )3 ( Al 3 ( aq ) 3 OH ( aq )
#
# #
a3 3
a 1
6
6
gr/cm3
#
0#C
0.5M Al3
#
6
bcc %
1
1 2
8
8
Al ( OH )3 ( Al 3 ( aq ) 3 OH ( aq )
*
#
n = W/Mw = 1000/(40+2*12) = 15.625 mol
Hf (1 kg) = 110.5 * 15.625 = 1726.6 kcal
Hm = E + P V '
#
#
a& 3 1
Hf = [ Hf(CaC2) + Hf(CO)] - [ Hf(CaO) + Hf(C)]
=(-15 -26.4)-(-151.9 +0) = 110.5 kcal/mol
0.9998 !
a3
6
r3
)
#
a3
#
r
2
a
4
a3 4
#2*
!
#
#
# #
!#
a 2 4r
4 3
r
3
3
a
#
4
a& 3 4
3
100
a& 2
4
3
100 25.95%
a& 3
#
5% !
a1
4r
2
a2
N 4
bcc
4& r&
r2
a1
2a2
a2
a1
2r2
3
4
r
3
N 2
fcc
3
4& r&
1.63 '
1
2
$ 6/
3
2r2
0.612
#
5Ka
3.5 "
( 100 " NaA #
0.1M HA
0.02
#
#
pH"
pH
pH"
1.6M HClO4 ( 300 " %
NaOH
5
#
5 9.5
"
#
Na2SO4 10-3M
1.8·10-8
#
5 (Ka = 1.8·10-5) 0.25M
10-5 Kb
BOH
#
#
pH "
pH "
M
#
PbSO4
"
Pb(NO3)2 0.10M
' '7M HCl ( 100
!
PbSO4
( 100
NaOH 0.2M
pH "
#
0.7M
#
%
0.15M !
H2SO4
#
0.5M KOH
0.05M Ba(OH)2
(
( 30
( 300
HNO3:
.. ..
O
..
.. xx
.x
H x .O
.. Nxx..
..O..
NH4+:
[
H
X.
X
.
H X N:
. XH
X
H
]
#
+
MgCl2:
N2
CO
N2O
HCl
MgCl2
HNO3
PBr3
Cl2O
ONCl
NaCl
NH4+
H2SO4
CO32-
CH2O
CO2
..
..
..O.. .. ...xH
..
.O
xx x
S
..xx x .O...
..O.. .. xH
CO2:
#
#
xx
xx
xx
xx
..
: Cl . xH
..
HCl:
#
!
..
..O
..
-
O xx :C: xxO
.. XX
.
: Cl
.. XO X
Cl2O:
#
#
N2O4
#
XX
O xx
..
O:
..
CH2O:
xx
..
N x. N
..
xx
..
Oxxxx
O
..
xx
..
[ N
O
N
O
O
]
[ N
O
O
N
O
O
]
[ N
O
O
OCN-
N
XX
H
O
O
]
[ N
O
O
C
.. N
.. ]
[ :O
. XC X
.
H
O
N
ONCl:
]
XXX ..
OX :N
XX
O
..
. .Cl :
..
!
.x
:N: xx N
N2O
..
[ :O
..
.Cl :
..
xx
xx
O
-
+
.
[:Cl
.. x ] [ Na ]
NaCl:
H2SO4:
..
++ . : ]
[ : Cl
.. .x] [Mg ] [x Cl
..
C
.. N:
.. ]
..
[ :O..
C
N: ]
-
..
CsBr:
x
x
..
O:
..
-
+
.x
[:Br
.. ] [ Cs ]
PBr3:
..
..
:Br:
. :Br:
.
X
X
P X.
XX
:Br:
..
CO:
x x
xC x
::O:
CO3-2:
[
..
O:
..
]
XX
.. . XC X . ..
O
:O
.. :
..
[
.
N2:
[
-2
..
:O:
.
X
XX
..
:O
..
.
:N:
.
C X . ..
O
.. :
.
:N:
..
:O:
.
X
.. . XC XX.. ..
O
:O
..
..
]
-2
]
-2