International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 232–238, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_025
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL
AND BAKELITE MODIFIED BITUMINIOUS MIX
Akshay Gupta
M.E Student, Chandigarh University Gharuan, India
Avani Chopra
Assistant Professor, Chandigarh University Gharuan, India
ABSTRACT
The main aim of research is to study the impact of Bakelite on various properties
of bitumen binder. It has a three dimensional structure and is polymer amorphous in
nature. It provide strength, hardness and rigidity. This paper gives overview on the
use Bakelite in roads. Previous studies show that Bakelite can improve some
properties of modified bitumen mix. Bakelite mixed in bitumen in different percentages
from 1%to5% with an increment of .25%.From environment and economic point of
view, use of Bakelite as an additive to bitumen mix give good result. The mixing of
Bakelite with bitumen mix also increases the life of pavement. The use of Bakelite
material in roads construction can increase the age of pavements for longer time.
Key words: Bakelite, Formaldehyde, Rigidity.
Cite this Article: Akshay Gupta, Avani Chopra, Comparative Study of Conventional
and Bakelite Modified Bituminious Mix, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 232–238.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
Electronic waste consists of different forms of electrical and electronic equipments. The
estimated generation of e-waste was approximately 400,000 tons of waste yearly and is
expected to grow at a rate of 15% - 20% per year. It comprises of waste from equipment such
as mobile phones, laptops, stereo, washing machines, typewriters and other households things.
Electronic waste comes under the category of hazardous and non-hazardous material. Mostly,
consists of non-ferrous and ferrous metals. It also consists of many toxic materials which may
cause serious problems for the human life and environment if not treated properly. The
different form of e-wastes needs proper disposal, otherwise it may cause major health related
problems to human beings. Recycling of e-waste can recover re useable component in the
form of Bakelite. It can also used in bitumen mix to improve its performance. This is
generally used to improve the engineering properties and life of the bituminous roads. In this
way we can achieve economical benefits and also decreases the environment impact of ewaste.
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Comparative Study of Conventional and Bakelite Modified Bituminious Mix
1.1. Bakelite
Bakelite is a trademark of phenol-formaldehyde. It is the first plastic which is made from
synthetic components. Bakelite is a type of thermosetting plastic formed by condensation
reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. Belgian-American chemist Leo Barkeland developed
Bakelite in 1907.In 1993, American Chemical Society recognized its importance as the world
first synthetic plastic. It has high performance engineering properties and is cheap. Bakelite in
powdered form is shown in Fig.1.
.
Figure 1. Bakelite
2. MATERIAL
2.1. Bitumen
In this study the vg 40 grade is used to prepare the samples for experiment as per (IRC: 1112009)
2.2. Fine Aggregate
In this investigation fine aggregate as per IS:383 Specification. Fine aggregates should be
clean, hard, durable, dry and free from dust and deleterious matter.
2.3. Waste Bakelite
In this investigation waste Bakelite was used in powder form.
2.4. Filler
The filler were used as per MORTH specifications.
2.5. Coarse Aggregate
The Coarse aggregate were used as per MORTH specifications.
3. METHODOLOGY
In this study we performed different test on aggregate, bitumen and modified bitumen mix. In
this process Bakelite was used in powdered form. it is thoroughly mixed with asphalt mixture
of Bakelite modified bitumen is prepared. Then modified bitumen is mixed with aggregates
and samples are prepared. The samples are later tested in labs and optimum results are
obtained. These samples were prepared by adding bitumen and aggregate with different
percentage of Bakelite in it and were kept in water bath for sometime. After that, Marshal
Stability test is performed on Bakelite modified mix samples to study different properties. The
result of different test performed on bitumen, aggregate and modified bitumen mix are given
in sections below.
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Akshay Gupta, Avani Chopra
4. RESULTS
4.1. Marshal Stability Test
This test is done to determine the stability of bituminous mix as per MORTH specifications
and optimum binder content in bitumen pavement. Test is empirical in nature. Hence standard
procedure cannot be affected by a reheating of mix, by performing field compacted value test
etc. In this test we use standard test specimen. Test was conducted on both mixture contain
waste Bakelite and mixture without adding waste Bakelite and each result is obtained from an
average of three specimen.
Figure 2 Specimen in Marshall Apparatus
4.1.1.. Marshall Stability Test Result and discussion
Marshall Stability Test was performed on bitumen pavements according Ministry Of Road
Transport and Highways (MORTH) specifications.
Table 1.Marshall stability, Flow, VA, VMA and VFB values for Bakelite modified BC mix at
Optimum Bitumen Content content 5%
Mould No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Range as per
MORTH
specifications
Optimum
Percentage of
Stability
Bitumen Bitumen replaced
(Kn)
content
by Bakelite
( %)
(%)
5
1
12.8
5
1.25
14.2
5
1.5
18.1
5
1.75
24.2
5
2
22.5
>900
Flow
(mm)
VA
(%)
VMA
(%)
VFB
(%)
2.21
2.26
2.32
2.45
2.56
2-4
8.59
6.76
6.28
5.3
6.78
3-6
19.8
18.13
17.73
16.81
18.12
Minimum 11
56.61
62.68
64.56
68.47
62.58
65-75
Table 2. Comparison of Marshall Result of unmodified Bitumen at Optimum bitumen content and
Bakelite modified bitumen at Optimum.
Mould
No.
1.
2.
Optimum
Bitumen
Content
(%)
5
5
Percentage of
Stability
Bitumen replaced
(Kn)
by Bakelite
0
1.75
20
24.2
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234
Flow
(mm)
VA(%)
VMA(%)
VFB(%)
3
2.45
4.03
5.3
15.57
16.81
74.08
68.48
editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Study of Conventional and Bakelite Modified Bituminious Mix
Flow(mm)
2.6
2.4
2.2
Flow in
mm
2
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 3 Effect of Bakelite on Stability
Stability
30
20
10
Stabilit
y in kg
0
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 4. Effect of Bakelite on Flow
Air Voids (%)
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Air Voids(%)
Bakelite Content
VMA(%)
Figure 5 Effect of Bakelite on VA
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
VMA(%)
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 6 Effect of Bakelite on VMA
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Akshay Gupta, Avani Chopra
VFB(%)
80
60
40
20
VFB(%)
0
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 7 Effect of Bakelite on VFB
4.2. Softening Point Test
In modified bitumen mix the softening point increases gently and then decreases as shown in
Fig.8 and Table 3 and values are determined as per IS code: 1205-1978.
Table 3 Observations for tests on bitumen mix.
Percentage of
Bitumen
5
5
5
5
5
5
Percentage of Bitumen
Softening
Replaced by Bakelite Point(degree celsius)
0
52
1
54
1.25
56
1.5
59
1.75
61
2
58
Softening Point
65
60
55
Series 3
50
45
0
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 8 Effect of Bakelite on Softening.
4.3. Penetration Test
This test is done to measure the hardness or softness of bitumen used in pavements. The
penetration value first decrease gently and then increases gently as shown in Fig.9 and Table
4 and values are determined as per IS code: 1205-1978.Minimum value of penetration is
found at 1.75% of Bakelite content.
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Comparative Study of Conventional and Bakelite Modified Bituminious Mix
Table 4 Observations for tests on bitumen mix.
Penetration Value in
mm
Percentage Of Bitumen Percentage Of Bitumen
Replaced by Bakelite
5
0
5
1
5
1.25
5
1.5
5
1.75
5
2
Penetration value in
mm
49
45
43.5
42.25
39
40.5
60
50
40
30
20
Penetratio
n Value in
mm
10
0
0
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Bakelite Content
Figure 9 Effect of Bakelite on Penetration
6. COMPARSION

The life of Bakilte-bitumen road is more as compared to Conventional bitumen road.

Water will seep less into Bakelite-bitumen road because of presence of plastic in tar.

The maintenance cost of Bakelite-bitumen road is low as compared to ordinary road.

The durability of the road laid out with powdered Bakelite waste is more as compared with
conventional bitumen road.
7. CONCLUSIONS

Utilization of waste Bakelite help in minimizing the disposal problem.

The Life and strength of flexible pavements is more as compared to ordinary pavement and
also increases the properties of bitumen mix.

The penetration value is lowest at 1.75% which indicate greater enhancement in shear
resistance at high temperatures ans the softening point value which is highest at 1.75% of
Bakelite indicate better improvement in resistance to deformation.Hence,modified bitumen
can be used in places where climate remain hot.

The percentage of Bakelite to be added in the bitumen in 1.75%.
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