International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 221-231, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_024
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=04
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
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ON-STREET PARKING PROBLEMS IN CBD AREA &
REMEDIEL MEASURES-A CASE STUDY OF GODHRA CITY
Naitik Gandhi and Jayesh Juremalani
Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Parul University, Vadodara,Gujarat,India.
ABSTRACT
The unprecedented growth of vehicles has increased parking space demand into
cities. It has a considerable effect on transportation development in the city. The
availability of less space in urban areas has rising demand for parking space
principally in central business district. Ill-effects of insufficient parking space in cities
are many. Godhra is a well-known city of Panchmahal district in Gujarat which has a
population of 1.62 lakh (2011). As the traffic on the existing road system in the Godhra
city increases, congestion becomes serious problem. Thus, parking surveys have been
carried out for collecting data about parking avaibility and requirement and its effect
on present scenario. Fixed period sampling survey method is used for parking demand
and Parking space inventory survey is carried out for parking supply at the study area.
Analysis shows that peak demand and parking index are almost 1.5 times more of
demand than supply and it is alarming stage for parking problem. Requirement of
parking has been fulfilled by designing off-street parking facility for on street parking
user so that they can park their vehicle safely and it is more helpful to transportation
system by increasing utilization of carriage way width. Design of Multi level parking
space has been done according to demand and supply available by using ParkCAD(5.0)
and as per the SP-12(2015)Guidelines for parking facilities in urban area. Results help
in reducing the congestion of on-street parking and diverge the demand to off-street
parking.
Keyword: On-street parking, Off-street parking, ParkCAD, Parking Demand, Parking
supply
Cite this Article: Naitik Gandhi and Jayesh Juremalani, On-Street Parking Problems
in Cbd Area & Remediel Measures-A Case Study of Godhra City, International Journal
of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(04), 2019,pp. 221-231
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=04
1. INTRODUCTION
Every Mega cities and towns in India face many parking problems. Due to heavy increase of
vehicles in India, parking has become the new trouble along with pollution and poor quality
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Naitik Gandhi and Jayesh Juremalani
roads. There are two type of parking system, one is off-street parking and the other is on street
parking. Off-street parking is frequent in big shopping malls and theatres and huge offices
which are utilized by employers & customers and relative stakeholders, on the other side onstreet parking is traffic problem generator as the parking is directly implemented by market
stake holders, with single parking and hence has elevated demand of it and is known as public
property, too. The solution to this problem is accurate survey and systematically management
of traffic and pedestrian. Before taking any measures for improving facilities, data regarding
availability of parking space, extent of it usage and parking surveys are required. There are
some parking definitions which are described below,
Parking accumulation:-The total number of vehicles park in an area at a particular moment.
Parking volume:-The number of Vehicle Park in a particular area in a set phase of time. It
is typically measured in vehicles per day.
Parking load:- The area covered by the parking accumulation curve during a set phase of
time.
Parking duration:- The period of time spent by a vehicle in a parking space.
Parking index: Number of parking bays is actually occupied by park vehicle with respect
to the theoretical number of bays available.
Number of bays occupied
Parking index= Theoretical number of bays available × 100
Parking turn-over:- Number of the handling of the deployable parking places. If there are
10 parking spaces used 100 vehicles in a period of, say 12 hours, then the parking turn over
would be:
100
= 10 = 10 vehicles per bay in a time of 12 hours
ParkCAD™ is the industry-leading CAD software for designing and editing many types of
parking layouts in minutes, not hours. Create a maximum number of parking stalls within a
boundary or generate rows and aisles from CAD lines. Aisles and stalls are placed efficiently,
resulting in a decrease of underused areas. Paint aisles, curbs and islands are shown
realistically. Experiment with different stall sizes and angles. Make edits to your design and
get instant feedback during the process. ParkCAD’s powerful layout and editing tools allow
users to increase productivity, save time, and money. Optimization tools, real-time parking stall
counts, customization and versatility are what takes the parking lot design process to the next
level. ParkCAD(5.0) uses IRC SP-12(2015) standard guidelines for layout designing.
2. STUDY AREA PROFILE
Godhra is a city in Panchmahal district in Indian state of Gujarat. It is the directorial center of
operations of the Panchmahal district. It describes that it has also key transport center existing
in district with a main bus stand and Railway station situated in district which shows key
requirement of roads for transportation. Bus stand road is a main study Area at the heart of the
city. Its width of Right of way is 15m divided and it has flexible type pavement. Bus stand
road has 3 hotels to and 12 major restaurants with 12 commercial hub, 1 Bank, 1 Hospital, 1
Temple, 1 church on the side of street itself. This street is a connecting link to Godhra from all
the nearer cities and it tends extra density of traffic and higher requirement of parking for guests
and clients.
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On-Street Parking Problems in Cbd Area & Remediel Measures-A Case Study of Godhra City
(Source: Google earth)
Figure 1 Location of study area
(Source: Town planning office, Godhra)
Figure 2 Land use plan of study area
Figure -2 shows land use plan of shows study area. The study area has 1.1 km lane and a
trip of study area consist of 2.2 km. It is necessary to divide study area in segments so surveyor
can work accurately in given time period. Study area is divided into 4 segments which is shown
in Figure 3,
1. Bus stand to Atithi Hotel
2. B.N. Chambers to Bus stand
3. Church to B.N. Chambers
4. B.V.Gandhi Petrol pump to Church
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Naitik Gandhi and Jayesh Juremalani
(Source: Google Maps)
Figure 3 Segment division of study area
3. PARKING SURVEY DATA
Proper knowledge of available parking spaces in an area is necessary for designing a parking
space for CBD, as planning have to be tailor-made accordingly.
3.1. Parking Supply Survey
The data of on-street parking supply was collected by parking space inventory survey. To
calculate on-street parking supply, the length and width of the Street were measured. The ECS
for on-street parking is 20 sq m, based on which the on-street parking supply was Calculated
as shown in Table 1. Location of On-street parking facilities are showed in Figure 4. It was
noted during the field survey that the complete stretch of roads could not be utilized due to
improper parking. Due to entry and exit gates of buildings and off-street parking, only at a
certain kerb space are used.
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On-Street Parking Problems in Cbd Area & Remediel Measures-A Case Study of Godhra City
(Source: Google earth)
Figure 4 Segment-wise parking supply in study area
Table 1 On-street parking facilities and ECS calculations
(ECS=2 sq.m. Source:SP-12:2015)
No.
Name of Place
Approx
Length in m
App.Width
in m
Total area
(SQ.M)
Total ECS
(SQ.M)
1
2
3
4
Bombay cold drinks
On road Parking Block 01
On road Parking Block 02
Mahalaxmi complex
Mangal murti complex
On road Parking Block 03
Trimurti Complex
On road Parking Block 04
On road Parking Block 05
Sagar Complex
On road Parking Block 06
Satguru Complex
On road Parking Block 07
On road Parking Block 08
Shriram Complex
On road Parking Block 09
Chatkazz
Centre Point
Krishna sweet mart
Sahyog Complex
Rixa stand no.17
On road Parking Block 10
On road Parking Block 11
On road Parking Block 12
ShankarComplex
Police colony area
B,n,chambers
Mahaveer complex
On road Parking Block 13
On road Parking Block 14
17
25
11.50
5
17.5
4
15
14.5
10.60
15.75
9.75
25
30
9
18.25
16.5
5
14.5
6.50
20.5
20
6
18.5
75
45
125
21
11
22.75
51
1.6
1.25
5
2
2.25
2.5
2.4
2.75
2.75
4.5
4.5
4
3.5
3
3
4.5
5
3
3
5
4
4
4
4.5
3
2.5
4
4
4
4.5
27.2
31.25
57.5
10
39.375
10
36
39.875
29.15
70.875
43.875
100
105
27
54.75
74.25
25
43.5
19.5
102.5
80
24
74
337.5
135
312.5
84
44
91
229.5
1.36
1.5625
2.875
0.5
1.96875
0.5
1.8
1.99375
1.4575
3.54375
2.19375
5
5.25
1.35
2.7375
3.7125
1.25
2.175
0.975
5.125
4
1.2
3.7
16.875
6.75
15.625
4.2
2.2
4.55
11.475
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
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31
32
On road Parking Block 15
On road Parking Block 16
Total
25.5
190
5
2.5
127.5
475
2960.6
6.375
23.75
148.03
Length is available for on-street parking. Based on this information, The on-street parking
supply in Central Business district at Bus stand road, Godhra was calculated to be 148.03 ECS.
3.2. Parking Demand Survey
Parking survey was carried out on 3 working days of a week (from 11.30 a.m. to 6 p.m). i.e, 9
days in 3 weeks. The purpose of the survey was to get data on the pattern of parking demand
at various locations within the study area. The fixed period sampling method survey was
conducted to collect the parking data. In this, a surveyor notes down numbers of all parked
vehicles after every 30 minutes time interval within his segment. Data collected are,
1. Number of vehicle parked
2. during peak hours
3. Total Parking Load
4. Parking accumulation
5. Parking volume
Parking demand of different types of vehicle has been converted to ECS as per SP-12(2015).
Two wheeler and Three wheeler ECS has been converted to0.25 and 0.50 respectively.
According to the survey results, the overall parking accumulation for the study area was
calculated. Parking accumulation is equal to the total cars (or ECS) parked at any given point
of time, thus, it is an accurate expression of the parking demand at different times during the
day. From the survey it seems that parking demand increase with time till 1-1.30 p.m. then
decreases till 3-3.30 p.m. and again takes rise for remaining period of time. Peak ECS observed
at 8th day 1.00 p.m. as 239.5 ECS. All day Parking accumulation has been merged and analyzed
which shows peak ECS demand at peak hour which shows below Figure 5,
ECS during survey period
300
250
239.25
ECS
200
150
100
50
0
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
4thday
5th day
6th day
7th day
8th day
9th day
Space Available
TIME
(Source: Author)
Figure 5 Parking accumulation curve
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4. ANALYSIS OF PARKING DEMAND
Analysis has been done in three parts parking volume, parking index and parking turn-over
which are discussed below.
4.1 Parking volume
The total number of Vehicle Parked in a particular area in a set phase of time. It is typically
measured in vehicles per day.
Table 2 Parking volume (in ECS/6.5 hrs)
(Source: Author)
DAY
PARKING VOLUME
(ECS PER 6.5 HOURS )
1ST-DAY
2322
ND
2298.5
RD
2328.75
th
4 -DAY
2329.75
5th-DAY
2407.75
2 -DAY
3 -DAY
th
2312.5
th
2293.5
th
2353.75
th
2340.75
6 -DAY
7 -DAY
8 -DAY
9 -DAY
4.2. Parking Index
Number of parking bays, actually occupied by parked vehicle with respect to the theoretical
number of bays available. It is denoted in unit of “%”.
Number of bays occupied
Parking index= Theoretical number of bays available × 100
Table 3 Average parking index (in %) in each interval for 9 days
1ST
DAY
2ND
DAY
3RD
DAY
4TH
DAY
5TH
DAY
6TH
DAY
7TH
DAY
8TH
DAY
9TH
DAY
(Source: Author)
11.30 127.68 130.55 129.87 131.05 140.85 122.27 116.02 126.83 131.05
12.00 137.47 136.12 142.88 140.68 147.77 140.34 135.95 138.82 140.85
12.30 146.25 148.28 154.87 150.48 157.23 148.45 145.07 143.55 152.50
1.00 155.88 149.80 147.94 151.66 155.37 156.39 152.17 161.62 153.18
1.30 134.09 132.24 124.47 129.53 142.54 116.02 133.42 142.54 138.49
2.00 118.89 120.08 116.36 121.77 127.00 117.04 114.33 122.10 122.10
2.30 102.85 97.11 105.55 86.81 102.68 102.34 104.71 105.55 100.82
3.00 98.63 98.80 102.18 101.84 111.63 99.81 102.68 100.99 96.26
3.30 96.26 99.47 99.64 97.62 106.74 97.78 91.87 99.98 93.73
4.00 114.00 109.94 114.84 113.32 107.24 108.42 113.15 111.46 115.85
4.30 107.58 111.80 107.58 117.04 106.57 118.73 112.48 111.97 113.32
5.00 117.21 111.13 114.84 116.36 112.31 118.73 115.69 113.15 112.14
5. 30 111.80 107.41 112.14 115.69 108.59 115.85 111.80 111.46 110.96
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4.2. Parking Turn-over
Number of handling of the usable parking places. If there are 10 parking spaces used for 100
vehicles in a period of time, say 12 hours time, then the parking turn over would be:
100
= 10 = 10 vehicles per bay in a time of 12 hours.
Table 4 Average parking Turn-over (in ECS/bay in 6.5 hrs) for 9 days
DAY
1ST-DAY
2ND-DAY
3RD-DAY
4th-DAY
5th-DAY
6th-DAY
7th-DAY
8th-DAY
9th-DAY
(Source: Author)
TURN OVER (ECS PER
BAY IN 6.5 HOURS )
15.69
15.53
15.73
15.74
16.27
15.62
15.49
15.90
15.81
Peak Parking demand is 239.25 ECS and supply is only 148.03 ECS which is more than
satisfactory at any point of time so requirement is 91.22≈ 92 ECS. Peak Parking Index is
161.62%. If it is more than 100% it shows the alarming condition of parking because parking
is done on right of way according to collected data and which shows the decreasing utility of
right of way.
5. DESIGN OF PARKING SPACE
Due to the less space avaibility in study area we have to design a space for Multi-storey car
parking, Basic requirement of multi-storey car parking and description of multi-storey parking
are discussed below.
Surface parks consume too much of the precious land in the city and are not, therefore,
always feasible. One of the alternatives when land is costly is to provide multi-storey parking.
Such facilities have become common and popular in many cities. The car parking floors, the
ramps, the entrance and the exits should be equipped with well lighting. Parking space for
designing purpose are found at study area as shown in Figure 6,
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(Source: Google earth)
Figure 6 Proposed design area and its dimension
Design standard for ramps
1. Gradient of the ramp:1 in 10
2. Clear height between floors: 2.1m
3. Width of traffic lane on ramps and enterance : 3.75m
4. Loading standard 400kg/m2
Design requirements of building
Parking space required: 92 ECS
1. Gradient of the ramp:1 in 10
2. Clear height between floors: 2.1m
3. Length of ramp: 21m
4. Loading standard 400kg/m2. Proposed Design using ParkCAD(Version 5.0). It has 3
layout design methods,
1. Boundary Line Design
2. Straight Line Design
3. from point design
The Boundary line method is used for parking layout. For only one storey, it cannot satisfy
parking demand. For designing required amount of parking demand, Design of ramp and 3
storey building for parking space needed.
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(Source: Google earth)
Figure 7 Proposed off-street parking design
Design Description
ECS Design: 99 ECS
Building Dimensions: 21 m*43 m
Single Parking ECS dimension: 2.5 m*5 m
Cost of Construction: 3.96 cr Rs.(Source:SP-12(2015)
6. CONCLUSION & RECOMMANDATION
Fixed period sampling survey and parking space inventory survey has been done on study area
for demand and supply estimation which shows that total parking space available is 148 ECS
on Bus-stand Road, Godhra. Total parking demand is 240 ECS at study area. Demand is 1.6
times than supply so study area has requirement of 92 ECS. Results show that parking index is
161% at Bus-stand Road, Godhra. Average Parking Turn-over is 15 ECS/bay in 6.5 Hrs of time
at study area. Average Parking Volume is 2332 ECS/6.5 Hrs at Bus-stand Road, Godhra.
Required ECS has been designed as per SP-12(2015) in ParkCAD(5.0). Estimated Cost of
Proposed Multistory Parking facility is 3.96 Cr Rs.(SP-12(2015)).
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