The Language Of
Medicine
Chapters 8 and 9
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Introduction
Sexual Reproduction
This is the union of the nuclei of ovum and
sperm cell.
Ovum and sperm cells are called gametes.
Each gamete contains half the number of
chromosomes of a normal body cell.
Fertilization - Chromosomes
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2
Introduction
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male
gonads are the testes.
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3
Introduction
Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells.
are present and unite with the ovum.
Conception
Fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and
later an embryo and then a fetus).
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4
Organs of the
Female Reproductive System
Organs of the female reproductive system,
lateral view.
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5
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Fertilized egg implants, then
divides to form a ball of cells,
called a…
A. embryo
B. fetus
C. follicle
D. zygote
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6
Pg. 41
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
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7
Organs of the
Female
Reproductive
System
● The Breast
sagittal view
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8
Menstruation and Pregnancy
MENSTRUAL CYCLE - Ovulation
Day 1-5 (Menstrual period) Blood cells, endometrial cells,
and glandular secretions discharge from the body.
Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14 (Ovulatory period) Egg leaves the ovary and
passes through the fallopian tube.
Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
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9
Menstruation and Pregnancy
MENSTRUAL CYCLE -
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10
Menstruation and Pregnancy
PREGNANCY
- If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometrium.
- Placenta forms within the uterine wall.
- Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.
- Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between
fetus and mother.
- Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG).
What is IVF?
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11
Menstruation and Pregnancy
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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12
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Corpus luteum secretes this
monthly to build up the lining of
the uterus.
A.
B.
C.
D.
adrenaline
estrogen
progesterone
hCG
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13
QUICK QUIZ:
3. During Pregnancy what does
the placenta secrete?
A. adrenaline
B. hCG
C. progesterone
D. estrogen
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14
Homework: Pg. 42, 37-38 (will be
stamped on Monday)
Quiz tomorrow: Female Combining
Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
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15
Menstruation and Pregnancy
PREGNANCY
- Progesterone maintains placenta
development.
- Uterus expands as fetus grows.
- Normal delivery fetal position is
cephalic presentation (head first).
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16
Menstruation and Pregnancy
PREGNANCY
Three Phases of Labor
1. Dilation of the cervix
2. Birth of the infant
3. Delivery of the placenta
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17
Menstruation and Pregnancy
A, Cephalic presentation and delivery of placenta
vaginal birth, amniotic sac, C-Section Birth, water birth
elephant birth, giraffe birth
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18
Hormonal Interactions
Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives
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19
Hormonal Interactions
Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Falling estrogen levels
Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful
consideration of risks required)
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20
Introduction - Pg. 26
⬤
⬤
⬤
The male sex cell is called a spermatozoon, or
sperm cell.
The sperm cell carries its nuclear hereditary
material, or chromosomes, in its head region.
The tail consists of a flagellum, which makes the
sperm cell mobile.
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21
Introduction
⬤
Only one spermatozoon out of 300 million sperm
cells released during ejaculation can fertilize a single
female ovum.
⬤
If more than one egg is present in the fallopian tubes
during ejaculation, multiple fertilizations are possible.
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22
Introduction
Fraternal twins. Notice the 6-weekold embryos in two separate
amniotic sacs.
⬤ Twins resulting from
the fertilization of
separate ova by
separate sperm cells
are called fraternal
twins.
⬤ Twins resulting from
the fertilization of a
single egg by a single
sperm are called
identical twins.
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23
Introduction
⬤
The organs of the male reproductive system are
designed to produce and release billions of
sperm cells throughout the man’s lifetime.
⬤
The hormone called testosterone is responsible
for the bodily characteristics of the male (such as
beard, pubic hair, and deeper voice).
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24
Male Reproductive Parts - 48
Scrotum: External Sac that holds the testes
Testes: Male Gonad; produces testosterone and sperm
Seminiferous Tubules: produce sperm
Epididymis: Carries and houses the sperm from the seminiferous
tubules to the vas deferens.
Vas Deferens: Carrie the sperm towards the urethra during ejaculation.
Penis: Male external organ of reproduction
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25
Seminal Vesicles: Secrete fluid into the vas deferens; this is the bulk of
the semen.
Ejaculatory Duct: Tube where semen enters the urethra
Prostate Gland: secretes more fluid for semen.
Cowper’s Gland: Provides lubrication during sexual intercourse
Urethra: transport system for urine and semen
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26
Anatomy (cont’d)
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27
⬤
Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis
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28
Anatomy
⬤
The passage of sperm
from the seminiferous
tubules to the outside
of the body
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29
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term refers to the skin
covering the tip of the penis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
stroma
vas deferens
prepuce
seminal vesicle
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30
Terminology
Combining Form
Meaning
andr/o
balan/o
cry/o
crypt/o
epididym/o
gon/o
hydr/o
orch/o, orchi/o,
orchid/o
male
penis
cold
hidden
epididymis
seed
water, fluid
testis, testicle
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31
Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning
pen/o
prostat/o
semin/i
sperm/o
terat/o
test/o
varic/o
vas/o
zo/o
penis
prostate gland
semen, seed
spermatozoa, semen
monster
testis, testicle
varicose veins
vessel duct
animal life
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32
Terminology (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
⬤
-genesis
formation
⬤
-one
hormone
⬤
-pexy
fixation, put in place
⬤
-stomy
new opening
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33
Pathology: Uterus
Carcinoma of the cervix
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterus
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
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34
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35
Pathology: Uterus
Fibroids
Benign tumors of the
uterus
Figure shows location of
uterine fibroids.
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36
Pathology: Gynecological
and Breast
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian Tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis,
endometritis
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37
Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows)
mammogram of invasive carcinoma of
the breast.
Image B is a cut section of invasive
ductal carcinoma of the breast.
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38
Pathology: Pregnancy
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia
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39
Pregnancy Issues
Multiple Births:
Fraternal Twins – two eggs, two sperm – different DNA
Identical Twins – one egg, one sperm: Fertilized egg splits
into two separate zygotes, same DNA
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40
Pathology: Neonatal
Down syndrome –
extra chromosome on #21
Erythroblastosis fetalis –
Rh factor – blood incompatibility
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus –
fluid on the brain
Meconium aspiration syndrome –
baby swallows first bowel movement
Pyloric stenosis –
narrowing of pyloric valve -vomiting
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41
Pathology: Neonatal
APGAR SCORING CHART
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
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42
Pathologic Conditions
Testicular Torsion
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43
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
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44
Pathologic Conditions
Hypospadias
⬤ Surgical repair involves
excising a portion of the
prepuce, wrapping it
around a catheter,
suturing it to the distal
part of the urethra,
bringing it to the end of
the penis.
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45
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STDs
➢ Gonorrhea
- Inflammation of the genital tract
Mucosa – berry shaped bacteria
➢ Burning
while urinating, pus discharge
➢ Treated with Antibiotics
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46
human papilloma virus (HPV)
Infection of skin – warts, cause cancer
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47
syphilis
• Spiral shaped
bacterium
• Chancre but goes
away
• Damage to brain,
spinal cord and
heart if left
untreated.
• Penicillin
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48
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the skin and mucous membranes – HSV Type 2
No cure, very dangerous to babies during delivery.
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49
Chlamydial Infection
• Bacteria
• Symptoms appear within 3 weeks – burning sensation in
urethra, yellow discharge
• Women are asymptomatic
• Antibiotics cure the infection but can cause PID in women
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50
Laboratory Tests and Clinical
Procedures
⬤
Laboratory Tests
➢ PSA
test
➢ semen analysis
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51
QUICK QUIZ:
2. What does the PSA test for?
A.
B.
C.
D.
levels of infection
sperm mobility
sperm motility
levels of an antigen
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52
Laboratory Tests and Clinical
Procedures
Clinical Procedures
➢ transurethral
resection of the prostate--TURP
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53
Laboratory Tests and Clinical
Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical Procedures
➢ Vasectomy
➢ Vasectomy
procedure
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54
Laboratory Tests and Clinical
Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical Procedures
➢ Circumcision
– removal of the foreskin of
the penis
➢ Procedure
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55
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means “no sperm
or semen are produced”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
aspermia
oligospermia
anorchism
spermolytic
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56
Clinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical tests
Pap test (Pap smear) explanation
Pregnancy test
Mammogram
Procedures
X-rays
Ultrasound ultrasound
Gynecological procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
Tubal Ligation
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57
Clinical Procedures
Gynecological procedures
Conization
➢Removal of a coneshaped section of
the cervix.
➢Figure shows
LEEP for cone
biopsy
➢Cervical cancer
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58
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
GYNECOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
➢A, Ovary placed in
plastic bag.
➢B, Extracted through
the laparoscope
⬤ In vitro fertilization (IVF)
➢ A, Ovary placed in
plastic bag.
➢ B, Extracted through
the laparoscope
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59
Clinical Tests and Procedures
Procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
Amniocentesis - procedure
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.
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60