International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 367–378, Article ID: IJMET_10_04_037
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
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A LITERATURE REVIEW ON PROCESSING
AND TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF HYBRID COMPOSITES USING
GRAPHENE/EPOXY WITH ALUMINA
Divakara Shetty S
Dean (Academics), Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE),
Badaga Mijar, Near Moodabidre- 574 225, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Nagaraja Shetty*
Assistant Professor-Senior Scale, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE),
Manipal- 576 104, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
Epoxy has been often used with reinforcements due to its brittle nature. Various
reinforcing agents have provided a multitude of composites with their own unique
characteristics. Graphene is perhaps one of the most inspiring discoveries in the field
of science and technology since its potential applications are limitless due to its
admirable properties. It is basically an allotrope of carbon, a single layer of atoms
bonded in a honeycomb lattice. Among the various other nano fillers, graphene has
been used as reinforce epoxy which is then further strengthened with alumina.
Composites have been designed and redesigned throughout the years, developing
more and more advanced materials for engineering applications. But there’s always a
need for a material with higher performance at lower cost in every aspect of
technology. The aim of this review is to put forth information regarding the materials
used for developing a hybrid composite using alumina, graphene and epoxy. This is
done in order to boost the performance of the existing epoxy resin, which will be then
tested for its mechanical characteristics. The result of the experiment will be
compared with a standard specimen consisting of graphene and epoxy. The materials
and their properties, along with tests conducted on them are covered in this paper.
Key words: Alumina, Epoxy, Graphene, Mechanical properties, Nanocomposite,
Synthesis.
Cite this Article: Divakara Shetty S and Nagaraja Shetty, A Literature Review on
Processing and Testing of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composites Using
Graphene/Epoxy with Alumina, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 367–378.
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A Literature Review on Processing and Testing of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composites
Using Graphene/Epoxy with Alumina
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Composites
Composites consist of fibers which serve as the backbone, and matrix, which holds the fibers
together. The advantages of composites are their high strength and stiffness, along with low
density which results in reduced weight of the component (Madhujit, 2005). Every
combination doesn’t work out and each combination of materials has its own pros and cons.
That’s why research on composites will never come to a halt. The main composition of a
composite consists of a matrix and reinforcement. Reinforcement can be of different types.
Based on their shapes, they can be fibers, particulate, flakes, skeletal or laminar. Considering
the direction and placement of fibers, reinforcement can also be classified as continuous fiber
composite, woven fiber composite, chopped fiber composite and hybrid composite (Agarwal,
2018; Vijay et al., 2017).
There are 5 forms of composites, namely, Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), Metal
Matrix Composites (MMCs), Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), Carbon-Carbon (CC) and
Hybrid Composites (HCs) which is a combination of the earlier mentioned composite types.
According to studies, the most prominently used fibers in 2001 were glass fibers. E-glass
fibers were the most commonly used glass fibers and accounted for 90% of the total glass
fibers used. S-glass fibers constituted the rest 10% and are typically 50-70% stronger than Eglass fibers, which made them the ideal reinforcement in military applications. Recent years
have seen a lot of changes in composites. Aramid fibers and carbon are two other types of
fibers which are growing in popularity and usage due to their excellent properties and
feasibility. Matrix is the binding material which holds the fiber together in the composite,
providing it support and protection (Madhujit, 2005). It also helps to evenly distribute the load
that falls on the composite onto the fibers. Some of the most commonly used matrix materials
are epoxy, polyester, nylon, PVC and polyethylene. A comparison between their properties is
shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of common matrix materials
Material
PVC
Polyester
Epoxy
NARMCO 2387
(Epoxy)
Nylon
Polyethylene
Density
(kg/m3)
Et
(GPa)
Ec
(GPa)
σt
(MPa)
σc
(MPa)
v
α (10-6/°C)
1400
2.8
---
58
---
---
50
1200-1400
2.5-4.0
---
45-90
100-250
0.37-0.40
100-200
1100-1350
3.0-5.5
---
40-100
100-200
0.38-0.40
45-65
1210
3.38
3.86
29
158
---
---
1140
2.8
---
70
---
---
100
960
1.2
---
32
---
---
120
Where, Et and Ec are the moduli of elasticity for tensile and compression respectively, σt
and σc are the ultimate strengths, v is the Poisson’s ratio and α is the coefficient of thermal
expansion.
1.2. Synthesis
Fabrication of composites involves wetting, mixing or saturating the reinforcement with the
matrix. This causes the matrix to stick together and become rigid. There are multiple
techniques to fabricating a composite. The type of materials used for the composite also is a
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factor in determining the process of fabrication. Some of the prominent techniques used for
fabricating the composite are:
The Lamination technique is usually used for materials like glass fiber, wood, foil and
plastic which are coated with thermoset or thermoplastic resin. There are 4 types of
lamination techniques – the overlay method, vacuum bagging, pressure molds and hybrid
method. Picking a technique for fabricating a composite depends on the number of identical
products you need, how much time can be allotted for the fabrication, and the cost of
production (Sanjay 2001).
Pultrusion is a closed mold, continuous process that is very cost effective for high
volumes of production. This technique mainly deals with parts which have a constant cross
section. As shown in Figure 1, the this process is generally contains pulling of continuous
fibers through a bath of resin, blended with a catalyst and then into pre-forming fixtures
where the section is partially pre-shaped & excess resin is removed. It is then passed through
a heated die, which determines the sectional geometry and finish of the final product (Joshi,
2012)
Figure 1 Pultrusion process flow diagram
Filament winding is another popular fabrication technique where reinforcements are
continuous in the form of rovings or monofilaments, and are would over cylindrical a rotating
mandrel (Cohen, 1997). This is a fairly simple technique used to manufacture structures like
pipes, pressure vessels, etc. a number of rovings are pulled from multiple creels and are
spread our using combs. Then they are sent through a resin bath after which they are grouped
back up into a band. This band passes through a fiber feed which moves back and forth along
the length of the mandrel. Multiple layers of fiber can be stacked to provide the necessary
thickness for the part to be manufactured (Giacoletto, 2002).
1.3. Current applications
Due to their high strength to weight ratio and cost effectiveness, along with a set of other
beneficial properties, composites have found their applications in almost every sector of the
technological field. Their applications range from fuselages and propellers for aerospace to
everyday items like fishing rods and baseball bats. For example, companies like Tata Auto
Comp Systems Limited – Composites Division use reinforced plastics in truck bodies and
trailers, which are very light and have low heat transfer coefficient. This makes the
manufacturing substantially economical. Carbon fibers have found their applications in luxury
and sports cars due to their lightweight and high strength to weigh ratio (Compos, 2013).
Kevlar is used for military applications due to its very high strength and lightweight, used to
reinforce vehicles and body suits (Tham et al., 2008). It is also used in pipes and fittings for
various purposes like transportation of water for sewage or irrigation. There are numerous
types of composites being produced and the possibilities are endless.
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2. GRAPHENE
Carbon has many allotropes, some that were discovered long ago (diamond and graphite) and
some discovered 10-20 years ago (fullerenes and nanotubes). Interestingly, the twodimensional form (graphene) was only obtained very recently, bringing about a great deal of
change in our current science (Mikhail, 2007). Graphene has a number of remarkable
mechanical and electrical properties. It is significantly stronger than steel, and it is very
flexible. The thermal and electrical conductivity is very high. Graphene’s excellent thermal,
mechanical, and electronic properties make it one of the most favored materials for filling
agents in composite materials and its applications. Graphene nanocomposites show
substantial enhancements in their multifunctional aspects at low loading, in comparison with
conventional composites and materials (Vivek Dhand et al., 2013). This makes the material
lighter with simple processing, as well as increasing mechanical strength for various
applications. Figure 2, shows an interpretation of graphene's uniform structure at the
molecular scale
Figure 2 A rendering of graphene's uniform structure, at the molecular scale.
2.1. Tests Conducted on Graphene
The physical and chemical properties of the host matrix are upgraded upon embedding due to
the exceptional properties of graphene. This leads to enhancement of strength and bonding
between layers of graphene and host matrix, which in turn develops the cumulative properties
of graphene in its nanocomposites (Kuilla et al., 2010). Jang and Zhamu (2008) reviewed the
paper about processing of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) to create composite materials. It
describes the earlier processes used to produce multilayer nanoscale graphene platelets and
their composites, followed by recent developments in preparation of single layered nanoscale
graphene platelets and their composites (Jang & Zhamu, 2008). Mack et al. (2005) developed
nanocomposites of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers reinforced by GNP, which they
exhibited to increased mechanical properties (Mack & Viculis, 2005).
Yu et al. (2007) spotted that graphene nanocomposites containing epoxy resin shows
interesting characteristics for the electronic industries. This means thermal interface based
materials is favored for fabrication (Yu et al., 2007). Research by Hansma et al. (2007)
demonstrated successfully to create graphene-based nanocomposites. They maximized the
amount and combination of adhesives and high-strength nanostructures (i.e. graphene) needed
to yield a strong, lightweight, low-density, and to resist damage of composite material
(Hansma et al., 2007). Dikin et al. (2007) prepared a graphene oxide paper which was
fabricated by flow directed assembly of single layers of graphene oxide sheets and
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characterization was performed. The graphene oxide sheets clearly outclassed almost every
other paper-like material when it came to stiffness and strength (Dikin et al., 2007).
Chen et al. (2008) fabricated graphene paper with a layered structure using vacuum
filtration of well-dispersed graphene dispersion. This was then treated to thermal annealing
that resulted in greater electrical conductivity and mechanical properties (Chen et al., 2008).
Tests conducted by Changgu Lee. et al. (2008) reveal some interesting values when
monolayer graphene was tested for its elastic properties and intrinsic strength. The breaking
strength was found to be 42 Nm-1, Young’s modulus of 1 terapascal, inherent strength of 130
GPa and 3rd order elastic stiffness of -2 terapascals. The fact that graphene is one of the
strongest, if not the strongest material, to have been measured, was set in stone (Changgu Lee.
et al., 2008). A study conducted by M. A. Rafiee et al. (2009) consisted of measurement of
mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. The results showed that
the Young’s modulus of the nanocomposite was around 31% more than pristine epoxy, 40%
increase in tensile strength and 53% increase in fracture toughness. This stands to prove
graphene’s claim as one of the most exciting material discovered yet (Rafiee et al., 2009).
Diana Berman et al. added small amounts of ethanol solution which contained graphene onto
sliding steel surfaces. This resulted in reduction of friction coefficient and wear by a huge
amount, thus concluding graphene incorporation to reduce wear is very efficient (Diana
Berman et al., 2013). Lee et al. (2013) adopted cryomilling to fabricate tiny particulate
graphene and chitosan. A composite material was formed when a mixture of these two were
formed by sonication and reinforcement. The graphene particles exhibited a progressive
nature which resulted in development of the mechanical properties of the composite. A
decrease in lumping of graphene while mixing was also seen (Lee et al., 2013).
2.2. Fabrication of Graphene
There are plenty of methods to fabricate graphene, but two main techniques have been
debated here, namely, mechanical exfoliation of graphene from bulk graphite and
graphitization of epitaxially grown SiC crystals. Graphene obtained from these two
techniques are similar to each other but their physical properties tend to differ, although not
by a huge margin. But since exact specifications are needed for work regarding the material, it
is necessary to indicate the type of graphene being used (Xinran wang & Yi Shi, 2014).
2.2.1. Exfoliation Technique
Exfoliation is one of the most commonly used methods to obtain graphene from graphite, and
it includes extracting a single layer of carbon atoms through various means. Some of these
developments are discussed below.
2.2.1.1. Adhesive Tape
Adhesive tapes were used to separate layers of graphite into graphene. Multiple exfoliations
were needed to obtain single layers. Each exfoliation produced a slice with fewer layers, until
only one remains. Crystallites large enough to be seen by the naked eye are obtained (Geim &
Macdonald, 2007). The schematic representation of exfoliation process is shown in Fig. 3.
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Figure 3 Schematic representation of exfoliation process
2.2.1.2. Dispersion of graphite
Graphene can be prepared in liquid phase. The most effective technique would be the
scattering of graphite in an organic solvent with surface energy nearly as much as graphite.
This causes a detachment of a layer of graphene from the crystal due to the reduced energy
barrier. After a bit more refining, it produces graphene of very high quality (Lotya et al.,
2010).
2.2.2. Growth on surface
Another approach to fabricating graphene is by growing it directly on a surface. There are two
ways in which the growth can occur. The carbon is either added to the surface using Chemical
Vapor Deposition (CVD) or it should already exist in the substrate.
2.2.2.1. Epitaxial Growth
The development of epitaxial graphene on SiC is based on thermal decomposition of the SiC
substrate. A review of recent publications indicates that the domain size of epitaxial graphene
grown in UHV wouldn’t be greater than hundred nanometers (Hass et al., 2008).
2.2.2.2. Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition consists of a substrate which is subjected to different gaseous
compounds. Thin films are formed on the surface when the compounds decompose. The byproducts evaporate. This process can be applied to graphene by exposing a Ni film to a
mixture of H2, CH4 and Argon at 1000°C (Kim, 2009).
3. EPOXY
Epoxy resins are well known for their excellent electrical properties and chemical resistance,
high strength and low moisture absorption (Allaoui et al., 2002). They are particularly known
for their versatility, which includes high resistance to corrosion, good adhesion properties,
good strength to weight ratios and decent dimensional stability. Resins usually have relatively
high viscosity, thus they are molded at 50°-100° (Arita et al., 2012). Curing agents
(hardeners) are used to reduce viscosity so that lamination at room temperature is possible.
Epoxies are frequently used in aerospace and defense, chemical plants and high performance
automotive applications.
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3.1. Properties of Epoxy
According to Reis et al. (2012), increasing the temperature of epoxy leads to significant loss
in flexural strength. Thus it can be concluded that flexural strength varies inversely with
temperature (Reis et al., 2012). Nakamura et al. conducted an experiment to determine the
influence of particle size on mechanical and impact properties of epoxy resin filled with
spherical silica. It was concluded that flexural strength, tensile strength and impact absorbed
energy increases with decrease in particle size (Nakamura et al., 1992). Some of the
mechanical properties of epoxy resin are cited in Table 2. It is observed from the Table 2 that
the values, epoxy’s mechanical properties aren’t very exceptional and contribute to its
brittleness in solid state.
Table 2 Mechanical properties of epoxy (Fan et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2015; Ghaemy and Riahi,
1996).
Properties of Epoxy Resin
Properties
Epoxy
Modulus of Elasticity E (GPa)
5.0
Flexural Strength (MPa)
60
Tensile Strength (MPa)
73
Maximum Elongation (%)
4
Viscosity at 25°C (cP)
12000-13000
3
Density (g/cm )
1.16
4. ALUMINA
Alumina is also an abundantly available mineral in earth’s crust, apart from silicates.
Corundum is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminum oxide. It
appears in nature as rocks which are then ground into fine powder as shown in Figure 4. Due
to its hardness, it is used as an abrasive in the production of aluminum metal, and because of
its high melting point, it is also used as a refractory material.
Figure 4 Industry grade alumina
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4.1. Properties and applications of Alumina
Some of the properties of alumina include hardness and wear resistance, excellent dielectric
properties from DC to GHz frequencies, good thermal conductivity, and high strength and
stiffness. It also resists strong acid and alkali attack at high temperatures. Table 3 shows some
of alumina’s thermal properties.
Table 3 Thermal properties of alumina (Patnaik, 2002; Raymond C Rowe et al., 2009; Zumdahl &
Steven, 2009).
Properties of Alumina Powder
Properties
Value
Melting Point
2072°C
Boiling Point
2977°C
30Wm-1k-1
Thermal Conductivity
Density
248.463mg/m3
Specific Heat
0.739035J/kg.k
Alumina has numerous applications in day-to-day life. It is used as fillers in plastics and is
also a common ingredient in cosmetics (Draelos, 2012). It has chemical applications as a
catalyst for many reactions (Faure et al., 2011). It is used to purify gas streams by removing
water, and the crystals of aluminum oxide are also used as abrasives in sandpaper. Due to its
shiny appearance, it is also used in paints for a reflective decorative effect. Aluminum oxide is
an electrical insulator used as a substrate (silicon on sapphire) for integrated circuits but also
as a tunnel barrier for the fabrication of superconducting devices such as single electron
transistors and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (Hussain et al.,
2003; Ahmad et al., 2006).
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study shows the properties of graphene, epoxy and alumina in base form. The properties
are then checked for compatibility for fabrication of a hybrid nano composite using these
materials. Epoxy by itself when hardened, is very brittle and has properties which can be
largely improved upon by incorporating other materials into it. This allows for the formation
of an excellent composite with potential use for multitude of applications.
Considering graphene, Figure 5 shows that the highest application of graphene is in
electronics, namely, batteries, electrodes in touch screens, transistors for integrated circuits,
and memory chips. This is due to its excellent electrical properties, lightweight and flexibility.
Its applications in biomedical field include fast and efficient biometric sensory devices to
monitor glucose levels, cholesterol and hemoglobin levels. This review covers the possible
applications of the composite to be fabricated, in aerospace, military and automotive. While
research on graphene is still ongoing, its potential applications in every sector are limitless.
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Figure 5 Applications chart for graphene companies
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