Lab Manual
Second Year Semester-III
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Subject: Electronic Devices & Circuits-II
Even Semester
1
Institutional Vision, Mission and Quality Policy
Our Vision
To foster and permeate higher and quality education with value added engineering, technology
programs, providing all facilities in terms of technology and platforms for all round development with
societal awareness and nurture the youth with international competencies and exemplary level
of employability even under highly competitive environment so that they are innovative adaptable and
capable of handling problems faced by our country and world at large.
RAIT’s firm belief in new form of engineering education that lays equal stress on academics and
leadership building extracurricular skills has been a major contribution to the success of RAIT as one
of the most reputed institution of higher learning. The challenges faced by our country and world in
the 21 Century needs a whole new range of thought and action leaders, which a conventional
educational system in engineering disciplines are ill equipped to produce. Our reputations in
providing good engineering education with additional life skills ensure that high grade and highly
motivated students join us. Our laboratories and practical sessions reflect the latest that is being
followed in the Industry. The project works and summer projects make our students adept at handling
the real life problems and be Industry ready. Our students are well placed in the Industry and their
performance makes reputed companies visit us with renewed demands and vigour.
Our Mission
The Institution is committed to mobilize the resources and equip itself with men and materials of
excellence thereby ensuring that the Institution becomes pivotal center of service to Industry,
academia, and society with the latest technology. RAIT engages different platforms such as
technology enhancing Student Technical Societies, Cultural platforms, Sports excellence centers,
Entrepreneurial Development Center and Societal Interaction Cell. To develop the college to become
an autonomous Institution & deemed university at the earliest with facilities for advanced research
and development programs on par with international standards. To invite international and reputed
national Institutions and Universities to collaborate with our institution on the issues of common
interest of teaching and learning sophistication.
RAIT’s Mission is to produce engineering and technology professionals who are innovative and
inspiring thought leaders, adept at solving problems faced by our nation and world by providing
quality education.
The Institute is working closely with all stake holders like industry, academia to foster knowledge
generation, acquisition, dissemination using best available resources to address the great challenges
being faced by our country and World. RAIT is fully dedicated to provide its students skills that make
them leaders and solution providers and are Industry ready when they graduate from the Institution.
2
We at RAIT assure our main stakeholders of students 100% quality for the programmes we deliver.
This quality assurance stems from the teaching and learning processes we have at work at our campus
and the teachers who are handpicked from reputed institutions IIT/NIT/MU, etc. and they inspire the
students to be innovative in thinking and practical in approach. We have installed internal procedures
to better skills set of instructors by sending them to training courses, workshops, seminars and
conferences. We have also a full fledged course curriculum and deliveries planned in advance for a
structured semester long programme. We have well developed feedback system employers, alumni,
students and parents from to fine tune Learning and Teaching processes. These tools help us to ensure
same quality of teaching independent of any individual instructor. Each classroom is equipped with
Internet and other digital learning resources.
The effective learning process in the campus comprises a clean and stimulating classroom
environment and availability of lecture notes and digital resources prepared by instructor from the
comfort of home. In addition student is provided with good number of assignments that would trigger
his thinking process. The testing process involves an objective test paper that would gauge the
understanding of concepts by the students. The quality assurance process also ensures that the
learning process is effective. The summer internships and project work based training ensure learning
process to include practical and industry relevant aspects. Various technical events, seminars and
conferences make the student learning complete.
Our Quality Policy
Our Quality Policy
It is our earnest endeavour to produce high quality engineering professionals who are
innovative and inspiring, thought and action leaders, competent to solve problems
faced by society, nation and world at large by striving towards very high standards in
learning, teaching and training methodologies.
Our Motto: If it is not of quality, it is NOT RAIT!
Dr. Vijay D. Patil
President, RAES
3
Departmental Vision, Mission
Mission

To impart quality and value based education to be at par with the state of art
technology.

To provide strong foundation for analyzing and designing various communication
systems and develop an intuition to implement global information transportation and
computing communication system.

To create competent professionals who are trained in the design and development of
the system using software and hardware tools such as Matlab, Simulation Network
(NS2), Qualnet etc.

To build the team spirit, develop the area for higher and continuing education and
develop better outlook skills driven by social, economical and technological reasons.

To bridge the gap between the curriculum and industries, expertise guest lectures are
arranged by eminent persons from industries and various reputed organizations.

Students are promoted to participate in industrial training and NGO camps for welfare
of society during semester break.
Vision
To be a place of academic excellence by imparting quality education and carrying out
research and technology in frontier areas of Electronics And Telecommunication and to
produce competent leaders to face challenges of the global village , strive towards producing
world class engineers who will continuously innovate, upgrade telecommunication
technology and provide advanced, hazard-free solutions to the mankind inspire, educate and
empower students to ensure green and sustainable society.
4
Index
Sr. No.
Contents
1.
List of Experiments
2.
Experiment Plan and Course Outcomes
3.
Study and Evaluation Scheme
4.
Experiment No. 1
5.
Experiment No. 2
6.
Experiment No. 3
7.
Experiment No. 4
8.
Experiment No. 5
9.
Experiment No. 6
10.
Experiment No. 7
11.
Experiment No. 8
12.
Experiment No. 9
Page No.
6
5
List of Experiments
Sr. No.
Experiments Name
1
To study frequency response of two stage RC coupled CE-CE
amplifier.
2
To analyze CE-CB cascode amplifier.
3
To study RC phase shift oscillator.
4
To study Colpitt’s oscillator.
5
To study Class A Power amplifier.
6
To study Current Series negative Feedback amplifier.
7
To study frequency response and performance parameters of RC
coupled CS-CS amplifier using simulation.
8
To study biasing circuits for MOSFET using simulation.
9
Mini project.
6
Experiment Plan & Course Outcome
Course Outcomes:
Course
Outcomes
CO1
Description
Able to design and analyse biasing circuit of MOSFET.
CO3
Able to understand the multistage amplifier using BJT and FET for
determination of frequency response and concept of voltage gain.
Able to analyze power amplifier circuit.
CO4
Able to analyze feedback amplifier circuit.
CO5
Able to design and analyze oscillator circuit.
CO2
Module
No.
Week
No.
1
W1
2
W2
3
Experiments Name
To study frequency response of two stage RC
coupled CE-CE amplifier.
Course
Outcome
CO2
CO2
W3
To analyze CE-CB cascode amplifier.
To study RC phase shift oscillator.
4
W4
To study Colpitt’s oscillator.
CO5
5
W5
To study Class A Power amplifier.
CO3
6
W6
CO4
7
W7
8
W8
To study Current Series negative Feedback
amplifier.
To study frequency response and performance
parameters of RC coupled CS-CS amplifier
using simulation.
To study biasing circuits for MOSFET using
simulation.
9
W9
CO5
CO2
CO1
Mini project.
7
Study and Evaluation Scheme
Course
Code
ECL401
Course Name
Electronic
Devices &
Circuits-II
Laboratory
Course Code
ECL401
Teaching Scheme
Credits Assigned
Theory Practical Tutorial Theory
--
02
--
Course Name
Electronic
Devices &
Circuits-II
Laboratory
T/W/
Tutorial Total
Practical
--
01
--
01
Examination Scheme
Term Work
Practical & Oral
Total
25
25
50
Term Work:
At least 08 Experiments including 02 simulations covering entire syllabus must be given
during the “Laboratory session batch wise”. Computation/simulation based experiments
are also encouraged. The experiments should be students centric and attempt should be
made to make experiments more meaningful, interesting and innovative. Application
oriented one mini-project can be conducted for maximum batch of four students.
Term work assessment must be based on the overall performance of the student with
every experiments/tutorials and mini-projects are graded from time to time. The grades
will be converted to marks as per “Choice Based Credit and Grading System” manual and
should be added and averaged. Based on above scheme grading and term work
assessment should be done.
Practical & Oral:
1. The practical and oral examination will be based on entire syllabus.
8
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS – II
Experiment No. : 1
To study frequency response of two
stage RC coupled CE-CE amplifier.
9
Experiment No. 1
1. Aim: To study frequency response of two stage RC coupled CE-CE amplifier..
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment?
i) To plot the frequency response curve.
ii) To determine the values of lower and upper 3-dB frequencies and 3-dB
bandwidth.
iii) To explore applications of two stage CE-CE amplifier over single stage CE
amplifier.
3. Apparatus Required:
Sr.
No.
1.
BJT
2.
Resistors
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apparatus / Equipment
Specification
BC547
18 kΩ, 150 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ,
470 Ω
Capacitors
1 µf, 33 µf
Multimeter
---------Power Supply
0-15 V
Bread board, connecting wires, CRO, Function ---------Generator /Signal Generator
4. Theory:
The output from a single stage amplifier is usually insufficient to drive an o/p
device. To achieve more gain, the o/p of one stage is given as the input to the other
stage which forms multistage amplifier. If the two stages are coupled by R and C, then
the amplifier is called RC coupled amplifier. The performance of an amplifier
can be determined from the following terms.
1. Gain
2. Frequency Response
Frequency Response:-
10
 At low frequencies (<50HZ) the reactance of coupling capacitor cc is high and
hence very small part of signal will pass from one stage to next stage. This increases
the loading effect of next stage and reduces the voltage gain.
 At high frequencies, capacitance reduces. Due to this base emitter junction is low
which increases the base current. This reduces the amplification factor.
 At mid frequencies, the voltage gain of the amplifier is constant. In this
range, as frequency increases, reactance of CC reduces which tends to increase the
gain. At the same time, lower reactance means higher reactance of first stage and
hence lowers gain; these two factors cancel each other resulting in a uniform gain at
mid frequency.
5. Diagram:
Fig. 1.1 Two Stage RC coupled CE-CE amplifier
6. Procedure:
i. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Give 1 KHz signal, 10 mV (p-p) as Vs from signal generator.
iii. Observe the output on CRO for proper working of the amplifier.
iv. After ensuring the amplifier function, vary signal frequency from 50 Hz to 3
MHz in proper steps for 10 to 20 readings. Keeping Vs = 10mV (p-p) at every
frequency, note down the resulting output voltage and tabulate in a table.
11
v. Calculate gain db and plot on semi log graph paper for frequency vs gain db.
7. Observation Table:
Input voltage (Vi) = 10mV
Bandwidth = fH-fL
Frequency
(Hz)
Vo
Av=
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Av (dB) =20log(AV)
50Hz
100Hz
.
.
.
3MHz
8. Plots / Graphs:
Fig. 1.2 Frequency response of single stage and two stage amplifier
9. Result and Discussion:
Frequency response of Two stage RC coupled amplifier is plotted.
i. Bandwidth= fH--fL = _________Hz. at stage 1.
12
10. Conclusion:
11. Precautions:
i. Connections should be proper and tight.
ii. Switch on the supply after completing the circuit.
iii. DC supply should be increased slowly in steps.
12. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i.
How do coupling capacitors C1 and C2 affect the frequency response? Why?
ii.
Out of single stage and multistage, which will have the higher bandwidth?
iii.
What is lower 3dB and upper 3 dB cut off frequency?
iv.
What are the applications of CE-CE amplifier?
13. References:
i.
Robert L. Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas ,Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory,McGraw-Hill ,4th edition (January 18,2011).
ii.
Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill,
2nd Edition.
iii.
S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students,
Sixth Edition.
iv.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
13
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS – II
Experiment No. : 2
To Analyze BJT Cascode Amplifier
14
Experiment No. 2
1. Aim: To Analyze BJT CE- CB (Cascode) amplifier.
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment ?
i.
To explore the applications of CE- CB amplifier.
ii.
To study voltage gains of CE & CB configuration.
3. Apparatus Required:
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apparatus / Equipment
Transistor (Q1,Q2)
Capacitors(C1,C2,C3)
Resistors(R1.R2,R3,RL,RE)
D.C. Power Supply
C.R.O
Function Generator
Specification
BC547
100µF ,1µF
47kΩ,39kΩ,27kΩ,1.8kΩ,1kΩ
Ratings
Specifications
Specifications
4. Theory:
The cascode amplifier configuration consists of a common emitter stage followed by a
common base stage. The two major advantages of a cascode amplifier are a low load
resistance (which results in an improved frequency response) and a high output
resistance. Refer fig.2.1
Fig.2.1 Cascode Amplifier
While CB amplifier is known for wider bandwidth than CE amplifier, Low input
impedance of CB is a limitation for many applications. The solution is to precede CB
15
stage by a low gain CE stage which has moderately high input impedance. The key to
understanding the wide bandwidth of cascode configuration is the Miller Effect.
It is the multiplication of bandwidth robbing collector base capacitance by voltage
gain Av. CB capacitance is smaller than EB capacitance. Thus one would think that
the CB capacitance would have little effect. However in CE configuration output is
out of phase with respect to input. Refer fig.2.2.
Collector signal is capacitively coupled back opposes base signal .Moreover,
collector feedback is (1-Av) times larger than base signal. (Av is negative).Thus CB
capacitance is (Av+1) times larger than actual value.
This CASCODE configuration has a self biasing for Q point stabilization. Both
Transistors are in forward active mode. Q1 is connected in CE configuration under
signal condition and Q2 is in CB configuration under signal condition.
C1 provides ground to Q2 under signal condition.
C2 is the coupling capacitor and C3 provides the bypass capacitor of emitter
resistance. Cascode is wideband voltage amplifier. CE stage operates at gain=-1,
minimising miller loading of input while CB gives all the voltage gain, acting as
transimpedance of value ZL. The cascode has a much higher output impedance (other
than ZL) than the CE amplifier.
5. Circuit Diagram:
Fig.2.2 Circuit diagram of BJT cascode amplifier.
6. Procedure:
i. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Adjust DC regulated supply to 12V.
16
iii. Measure operating conditions such as VB1, VB2,VCE1,VCE2, VBE1 & VBE2.
iv. Apply input voltage of 20mV (p-p) and 1 KHz Frequency.
v. Measure Vin1, Vo1 & Vo2.
vi. From above Measure AV1 , AV2 & Total AV.
7. Observation Table:
𝐕𝐄𝟏
VB1 =
VBE1 =
VCE1 =
VE1 =
VC1 =
IC1= 𝐑𝐄
VB2 =
VBE2 =
VCE2 =
VE2 =
VC2=
IC2=
𝐕𝐂𝐂−VC2
𝐑𝐂
8. Plots & Graphs
Fig.2.3 Analysis graph of BJT cascode Amplifier
9. Result and Discussion:
i.
AV1 = VO1/VIN1 = 0.947
ii.
AV2 = VO2/VO1 = 111
iii.
Overall gain AV = AV1 * AV2 = 105.1
17
iv.
Overall Gain in dB = 20log10AV = 80dB
10. Conclusion
11. Precautions
i.
Wires should be checked for good continuity
ii.
Take the readings carefully
12. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i. Why we need multistage amplifiers?
ii. What is Gain Bandwidh Product?
iii. Explain Cascode amplifier.
iv. What are the merits of BJT Cascode amplifier?
v. Give the applications of Cascode amplifier.
13. References:
i.
Robert L. Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas ,Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory,McGraw-Hill ,4th edition (January 18,2011).
ii.
Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circu it Analysis and Design”, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2nd Edition.
iii.
S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students,
Sixth Edition.
iv.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
18
Electronic Devices and Circuits -II
Experiment No. : 3
19
To study RC phase shift oscillator.
Experiment No. 3
1.
2.
Aim: To study RC phase shift oscillator.
.
3.
What you will learn by performing this experiment?
i. Learn that total phase shift around the circuit is 3600 or 00.
ii. Total loop gain of the circuit is unity.
4.
Apparatus Required:
Sr. No.
Apparatus / Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Regulated Power Supply
CRO
Breadboard, Connecting wires
Specification
BC547
150k,18k,4.7k,470Ω,1k,8.2k(2)
1.2nf(3),33µf,1µf(2)
0-15v
Dual trace
20
5.
Theory:A transistor can be operated as an oscillator for producing continuous Undamped
oscillations of any desired frequency and feedback circuits are property connected to
it. Oscillators are circuits that produce an output waveform without an external signal
source Any of various electronic devices that produce alternating electronic signal,
commonly
employing tuned circuits and amplifying components is known as
oscillators. Two most common R-C oscillators are the Wien bridge and RC phaseshift oscillator. Every oscillator has at least one active device. This active device acts
as an amplifier. There are many types of oscillator devices, but they all operate
according to the same basic principle: an oscillator always employs a sensitive
amplifier whose output is fed back to the input in phase. Thus, the signal regenerates
and sustains itself. This is known as positive feedback. The basics of oscillator circuit
must obey Barkhusen’s criteria to provide sustained oscillation, it states that
i. Total loop gain of the circuit must be equal to unity. ie; Aß = 1. (Where A is the gain
of the amplifier and ß is the loop gain or feedback factor.)
ii. Net phase shift (or total phase shift) around the circuit must be 0˚or 360˚.
The RC Oscillator which is also called a Phase Shift Oscillator,
produces a sine wave output signal using regenerative feedback from the resistorcapacitor combination. This regenerative feedback from the RC network is due to
the ability of the capacitor to store an electric charge, (similar to the LC tank circuit).
This resistor-capacitor feedback network can be connected as shown to produce a
leading phase shift (phase advance network) or interchanged to produce a lagging
phase shift (phase retard network) the outcome is still the same as the sine wave
oscillations only occur at the frequency at which the overall phase-shift is 360o. By
varying one or more of the resistors or capacitors in the phase-shift network, the
frequency can be varied and generally this is done using a 3-ganged variable
capacitor. RC-Phase shift Oscillator has a CE amplifier followed by three sections of
RC phase shift feedback Networks. The output of the last stage is return to the input
of the amplifier. The values of R and C are chosen such that the phase shift of each
RC section is 60º. Thus the RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180º
between its input and output voltage for the given frequencies. Refer Fig 3.2 ,3.3 ,3.4
,3.4 .Since CE Amplifier produces 180 º phases shift the total phase shift from the
base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360º or
21
0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen condition for sustaining oscillations and total loop
gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1, this condition used to generate the
sinusoidal oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is given by:
fo = 1/2π(√6)RC.
RC Oscillators are stable and provide a well-shaped sine wave output with the
frequency being proportional to 1/RC and therefore, a wider frequency range is
possible when using a variable capacitor. However, RC Oscillators are restricted to
frequency applications because of their bandwidth limitations to produce the desired
phase shift at high frequencies. Refer Fig 3.1.
6.
Circuit Diagram :-
22
10V
Vcc
Rc
R1
4.7k
150k
1uF
1uF
Cc2
BC547
Cc1
R2
18k
RE
33uF
470Ω
CE
C
C
C
R'
R
R
R'=1kΩ, R=8.2kΩ, C=1.2nF
Fig.3.1 RC Phase shift Oscillator.
7.
Procedure:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram as shown above
2. Measure DC operating conditions VCEQ , VBEQ & VEQ .
3. Observe the output signal and note down the output amplitude and time period.
4. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically.
5. Also observe waveforms at each RC network.
8. Observation Table:
Calculate theoretical frequency by formula
23
Parameter
Practically
Theoretically
Time period
Frequency
9.
Plots / Graphs
OUT PUT WAVEFORM
Fig.3.2 Output waveform of RC phase shift Oscillator.
OUT PUT WAVEFORM: θ = 600
Fig.3.3 Output waveform of RC phase shift Oscillator at θ = 60ᵒ
OUT PUT WAVEFORM: θ = 1200.
24
Fig. 3.4 Output waveform of RC phase shift Oscillator at θ = 120ᵒ
OUT PUT WAVEFORM: θ = 1800
Fig. 3.5 Output waveform of RC phase shift Oscillator at θ = 180ᵒ
10. Result and Discussion:
11. Conclusion:
12. Precautions :i. The supply voltage should not exceed the rating of the transistor
ii. Meters should be connected properly according to their polarities
13.
QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i. What is meant by positive and negative feedback?
ii.
What are the conditions for sustained oscillator or what is Bark hausen
criterion?
iii. What is Oscillator circuit?
iv. What are the classifications of Oscillators?
v. What are the types of feedback oscillators?
25
vi. State the frequency for RC phase shift oscillator?
vii. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?
viii. Name two low frequency oscillators?
ix. Why RC oscillator cannot generate high frequency applications?
14. References:
i. Robert L. Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas ,Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory,Mc-Graw-Hill
,4th edition (January 18,2011)
ii. Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd
Edition 2.
iii. del S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits Theory
and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students, Sixth Edition
iv. Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic Devices and
Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition
v. Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
Learning, 2nd Edition
26
Electronic Devices and Circuits -II
Experiment No. : 4
To study Colpitt’s oscillator.
27
Experiment No. 4
1.
Aim: To study Colpitt’s oscillator.
2.
What you will learn by performing this experiment?
3.
i.
Learn that total phase shift around the circuit is 3600 or 00.
ii.
Total loop gain of the circuit is unity.
Apparatus Required:
Sr. No.
Apparatus / Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductor
Regulated Power Supply
CRO
Breadboard, Connecting wires
Specification
BC547
18kΩ,150kΩ,4.7kΩ,470Ω
0.01µf,0.001µf,33µf,1µf(2)
4.7uH
0-15v
Dual trace
4. Theory:Oscillators are circuits that produce an output waveform without an external signal
source Any of various electronic devices that produce alternating electronic signal,
commonly employing tuned circuits and amplifying components is known as
oscillators. There are many types of oscillator devices, but they all operate
according to the same basic principle: an oscillator always employs a sensitive
amplifier whose output is fed back to the input in phase. Thus, the signal regenerates
and sustains itself. This is known as positive feedback. The basics of oscillator
circuit must obey Barkhausen’s criteria to provide sustained oscillation, it states that
i.
Total loop gain of the circuit must be equal to unity. ie; Aß = 1. (Where A is the
gain of the amplifier and ß is the loop gain or feedback factor.)
ii.
Net phase shift (or total phase shift) around the circuit must be 0˚or 360˚.
Oscillators which utilizes the inductor L and capacitor C in their circuit are
called as LC oscillator which is a type of linear oscillator.
28
Colpitt’s Oscillator Theory:It consists of a tank circuit which is an LC resonance sub circuit made of two series
capacitors connected in parallel to an inductor and frequency of oscillations can be
determined by using the values of these capacitors and inductor of the tank circuit.
This oscillator is almost similar to Hartley oscillator in all aspects; hence, it is
termed as electrical dual of Hartley oscillator and is designed for the generation of
high frequency sinusoidal oscillations with the radio frequencies typically ranging
from 10 KHz to 300MHz. The major difference between these two oscillators is that
it uses tapped capacitance, whereas the Hartley oscillator uses tapped inductance.
A Colpitts oscillator is a discrete LC oscillator that uses a pair of tapped capacitors
and an inductor to produce regenerative feedback. Combination of inductor and
capacitors determine frequency of oscillator. It is type of feedback LC oscillator
where feedback is supplied capacitively. It is named after its inventor
Sinusoidal wave output of frequency of large range can be achieved through Colpitt
oscillator. The ideal frequency of oscillation is:
Where the series combination of C1 and C2 is the effective capacitance of the LC
tank and L is inductance of tank circuit. Refer Fig 4.1
Colpitt oscillator has following advantages:
 Good wave purity
 Fine performer at high frequency
 Good frequency stability
 Wide operation range 1 to 60 MHz
5.
Circuit Diagram:-
29
10V
Vcc
Rc
R1
4.7k
1uF
150k
Cc2
1uF
BC547
0.01uF
C1
Cc1
L
R2
18k
33uF 0.001uF
RE
470Ω
C2
4.7uH
CE
Fig .4.1 LC (Colpitt’) Oscillator
6. Procedure:i. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
ii. Connect CRO output terminals and observe the waveform.
iii. Calculate practically the frequency of oscillations by using the expression
 f = 1 / T ( T= Time period of the waveform)
 Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of L, and note down the practically
values of oscillations of the colpitt’s oscillator.
iv. Compare the values of oscillations both theoretically and practically. Refer Fig 5.2
7. Observation Table:-
Theoretically calculate the frequency by formula
Parameters
Practically
Theoretically
30
Time period
Frequency
8. Plots/Graphs:-
Fig 5.2 Output Waveform of Colpitt’s Oscillator
9. Result/Discussion:10. Conclusion:
11. Precautions:i.
The supply voltage should not exceed the rating of the transistor
ii.
Meters should be connected properly according to their polarities
12. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i.
What is LC oscillator?
ii.
Explain the Criteria for oscillation in Colpitts oscillator.
iii.
Why an LC tank circuit once excited does not produce sustained
oscillations?
iv.
What type of oscillator has got more frequency stability?
v.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of Colpitt's Oscillator?
vi.
Draw the circuit of Colpitts Oscillator?
vii.
What are damped and undamped oscillations?
viii.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of oscillators?
31
13.
References:-
i.
Robert L. Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas ,Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory,Mc-GrawHill ,4th edition (January 18,2011)
ii.
Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd
Edition 2.
iii.
del S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students, Sixth
Edition
iv.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic Devices and
Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition
v.
Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
Learning, 2nd Edition
32
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS – II
Experiment No. : 5
To study Class A Power amplifier.
Experiment No. 5
33
1. Aim: To study Class A Power amplifier.
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment ? (Should be in enumerated
form)
i. Q point of series fed Class A amplifier.
ii. D.C. power of amplifier.
iii. A.C. power of amplifier.
iv. Efficiency of amplifier.
3. Apparatus Required:
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apparatus / Equipment
Specification
Power transistor
SL100
Resistors
Capacitors
Dc power supply
Oscilloscope (CRO)
Function generator
Bread board, Probe, Connecting wires
8.2 Ω, 330 Ω,
33pF
(0-30)V
------------------------
4. Theory:
Power amplifier is also known as a large signal amplifier is to deliver power, which is
the product of voltage and current to the load. Basically a power amplifier is also a
voltage amplifier. The difference being that the load resistance connected to the output is
relatively low, for example a loudspeaker of 4 or 8Ωs resulting in high currents flowing
through the collector of the transistor.
The most commonly used type of power amplifier configuration is the Class A
Amplifier. The Class A amplifier is the most common and simplest form of power
amplifier that uses the switching transistor in the standard common emitter circuit
configuration. The transistor is always biased “ON” so that it conducts during one
complete cycle of the input signal waveform producing minimum distortion and
maximum amplitude to the output. If the collector current flows at all times during the
full cycle of signal, the power amplifier is known as class A amplifier.
The Class A Amplifier operation is where the entire input signal waveform is faithfully
reproduced at the amplifiers output as the transistor is perfectly biased within its active
region, thereby never reaching either of its Cut-off or Saturation regions. This then
results in the AC input signal being perfectly “centred” between the amplifiers upper and
lower signal limits.
34
The power into an amplifier is provided by the supply. With no input signal, the dc
current drawn is the collector bias current, ICQ. The power then drawn from the supply is
Pi(dc) = VCC ICQ
Even with an ac signal applied, the average current drawn from the supply remains the
same, so that Eq. above represents the input power supplied to the class A series fed
amplifier. The output voltage and current varying around the bias point provide ac power
to the load. This ac power is delivered to the load, RC.
The ac power delivered to the load (RC) can be expressed in a number of ways.
Po(ac) =VCE IC
Po(ac) = (IC * IC )* R
C
When the input signal is applied, output will vary from dc bias operating voltage and
current. A small input signal causes the output voltage to swing from 0 V to Vcc while
current can swing from 0 mA to Vcc/Rc.
Maximum Efficiency:
For the class A series-fed amplifier, the maximum efficiency can be determined using the
maximum voltage and current swing.
For voltage swing, it is max VCE(p-p) = VCC
For the current swing, it is max IC(p-p) = VCC/RC
max Po(ac) = [VCC(VCC/RC)]/8
The maximum power input max Pi(dc) = VCC (max IC) = VCC (VCC/RC)/2
max efficiency = Po(ac)/Pi(dc)
= { [VCC(VCC/RC)]/8}/ [VCC (VCC/R )/2]
= 25%
The maximum efficiency of a class A series-fed amplifier is thus seen to be 25%.
Since this maximum efficiency will occur only for ideal conditions of both voltage
swing and current swing, most series-fed circuits will provide efficiencies of much
less than 25%.
Advantages of Class A power amplifier.
 Class A design is the simplest.
 High fidelity because input signal will be exactly reproduced at the output.
 Since the active device is on full time, no time is required for the turn on and this
improves high frequency response.
 Since the active device conducts for the entire cycle of the input signal, there will be
no cross over distortion.
 Single ended configuration can be practically realized in Class A amplifier. Single
ended means only one active device (transistor) in the output stage.
C
Disadvantages of Class A power amplifier.
 Main disadvantage is poor efficiency.
 Steps for improving efficiency like transformer coupling etc affects the frequency
response.
 Powerful Class A power amplifiers are costly and bulky due to the large power supply
and heatsink.
5. Circuit Diagram:
35
Fig. 5.1 Class A amplifier
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.2 Circuit diagram of Class A amplifier (a) for D.C. (b) A.C. analysis
6. Procedure:
D. C. Analysis:
i. Mount the circuit on breadboard as per the circuit diagram.
ii. Measure Ib and Ic using milliammeter.
iii. Measure Vce using voltmeter.
iv. Draw d.c.load line on graph paper.
A.C. Analysis:
i.
ii.
iii.
Mount the circuit on breadboard as per the circuit diagram.
Apply a.c. input of 1V (p-p), 1KHz using function generator.
Observe the output of power amplifier.
36
iv.
v.
Calculate d.c. power and a.c. power for the circuit.
Calculate the efficiency of circuit.
7. Observation:
Parameters
Practically
Theoretically
IB(mA)
IC(mA)
VCE (V)
Pdc (W)
Pac (W)
Efficiency,
η (%) =(Pac/Pdc )*100
8. Plots / Graphs:
Fig. 5.3. Efficiency curve of Class A amplifier
9. Result and discussion:
Q point, Ic =__________ , VCE = __________
D.C.power = _________
A.C.Power = _________
Efficiency = _________
37
10. Conclusion:
We have successfully calculated the Q point, D.C. power, A.C. power and hence the efficiency
of a class A amplifier.
11. Precautions:
i. Connections should be proper and tight.
ii.
Switch on the supply after completing the circuit.
iii.
Dc supply should be increased slowly in steps.
iv.
Handle the CRO and Function generator with proper care.
12. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Derive the equation for power output and conversion efficiency of a class A series
fed amplifier.
Explain the classification of power amplifiers based on class of operation and
compare them?
What are design aspects that have to be taken care while designing power amplifier
to have thermal stability.
Sketch ac load line in case of class A power amplifier.
Differentiate between voltage and power amplifier.
13. References:
i.
Microelectronics-Circuit Analysis and Design, D. A. Neamen, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-07-252362-1.
ii.
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic
Circuits Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International
Students, Sixth Edition.
iii.
Ramakant Gayakwad :”Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Prentice-Hall of
India, 3rd Edition.
iv.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
v.
Robert L.Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas, ” Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory”,McGraw Hill,4th edition , Jan18,2011.
38
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS – II
Experiment No. : 6
To Study Current Series Negative Feedback
Amplifier
Experiment No. 6
39
1. Aim: To Study Current Series Negative Feedback Amplifier
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment ? (Should be in enumerated
form)
i. To familiarize the student with the basic feedback topology and technical
terms.
ii. To explore the influence of the negative feedback on the gain, the bandwidth
and the terminal resistances of an amplifier.
3. Apparatus Required:
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apparatus / Equipment
Specification
BJT
BC547
Resistors
Capacitors
Multimeter
Power Supply
Bread board, connecting wires, CRO, Function
Generator /Signal Generator
18 kΩ, 150 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 470 Ω
1 µf, 33 µf
---------0-15 V
----------
4. Theory:
Feedback can be classified into two categories, a negative feedback and a positive
feedback. The first category is the most widely used in all stable systems. Other systems
that operate under unstable operating condition mainly use positive feedback. For
example, Oscillator uses a positive feedback under certain conditions. The feedback
process starts at the output terminals of the circuit or the system to be controlled. A small
portion of the output (current or voltage) is taken, then inverted (changing its sign) and
added to the input signal. Figure 1 shows the general block diagram of the negative
feedback system.
Io
Ii
Signal
Source
Summing
or mixing
circuit
Vi
Amplifier
circuit with
gain A
Sampling
Circuit
Vo
Load
If
Vf
Feedback
circuit with
gain B
Fig. 6.1 Basic structure of amplifier with feedback network
40
Applying the concept of the general feedback to the amplifier circuit, the sample of the
output signal will be current or voltage with phase shift of 180 degree compared to the
input signal. The negative feedback is found to improve the amplifier stability, improve
the circuit’s noise immunity, extend the bandwidth of the amplifier and control the input
and output resistance of the amplifier by selecting the appropriate feedback topology.
The feedback topology often refers to the interface between the input-feedback-output
circuits. For example, Series- Shunt topology means that the interface between the inputfeedback circuits is done in a series connection and the interface between the outputfeedback circuits is done in a shunt connection. Also the feedback topology may refer to
how the signals are mixed (summed) at the input or sampled at the output circuits.
Usually voltage is mixed at the input circuit through a series connection with the input
circuit. Similarly, the current is mixed at the input circuit through a shunt connection
with the input circuit. At the output side, the voltages and currents are sampled through a
shunt and series connections with the output circuits, respectively. In practice, the
possible feedback topologies are:
-
Voltage sampled - series mixed (voltage) at the input  Series-Shunt feedback topology.
-
Current sampled - series mixed (voltage) at the input  Series-Series feedback topology.
-
Current sampled - shunt mixed (current) at the input  Shunt-Series feedback topology.
-
Voltage sampled - shunt mixed (current) at the input  Shunt-Shunt feedback topology.
5. Circuit Diagram:
Fig.6.2 Amplifier circuit
6. Procedure:
i. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
41
ii.
Keep the input voltage constant at 50mV peak-peak and 1kHz
frequency.For different values of load resistance, note down the output
voltage and calculate the gain by using the expression
Av = 20log(V0 / Vi ) dB
iii.
Remove the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat STEP 2.And observe
the effect of feedback on the gain of the amplifier.
7. Observation:
Sr. No.
OutputVoltage
(Vo) with
Feedback
OutputVoltage
(Vo) without
feedback
Gain(dB)
with
feedback
Gain(dB)
without
feedback
8. Plots / Graphs:
Fig.6.3 Input, output waveform and frequency response of the amplifier circuit.
42
9. Result and discussion:
10. Conclusion:
11. Precautions:
i. While taking the observations for the frequency response , the input
voltage must be maintained constant at 20mV.
ii. The frequency should be slowly increased in steps.
iii. The three terminals of the transistor should be carefully identified.
iv. All the connections should be correct.
12. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
i. What is feedback amplifier?
ii. What are the different types of feedback topologies?
iii. What are advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback?
iv. What is the effect of negative feedback on voltage gain, BW, Noise, nonlinear
distortion, Ri, Ro of a voltage amplifier?
v.
What is a nyquist criterion to differentiate the feedback in amplifiers?
13. References:
i.
Microelectronics-Circuit Analysis and Design, D. A. Neamen, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-07-252362-1.
ii.
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic
Circuits Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International
Students, Sixth Edition.
iii.
Ramakant Gayakwad :”Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Prentice-Hall
of India, 3rd Edition.
iv.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
v.
Robert L.Boylstad, Dhurbes Biswas, ” Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory”,Mc-Graw Hill,4th edition , Jan18,2011.
43
Electronic Devices and Circuits -II
Experiment No. : 7
To study frequency response and
performance parameters of RC coupled
CS-CS amplifier using simulation.
44
Experiment No. 7
1.
2.
3.
Aim: To study frequency response and performance parameters of RC coupled CSCS amplifier using simulation.
What you will learn by performing this experiment?
i. To find Voltage gain using Transient profile setup
ii. To Plot frequency response using AC Sweep Profile setup
4.
Apparatus Required:
Software: Pspice /Electronics workbench / any online software tool
5.
Theory:Multistage amplifiers are made up of single transistor amplifiers connected in
cascade. The first stage usually provides a high input impedance to minimize
loading the source (transducer). The middle stages usually account for most of the
desired voltage gain. The final stage provides a low output impedance to prevent
loss of signal (gain) and to be able to handle the amount of current required by the
load. In analyzing multistage amplifiers, the loading effect of the next stage must
be considered since the input impedance of the next stage acts as the load for the
current stage. Therefore the AC analysis of a multistage amplifier is usually done
starting with the final stage. The individual stages are usually coupled by either
capacitor or direct coupling. Capacitor coupling is most often used when the
signals being amplified are AC signals. In capacitor coupling the stages are
separated by a capacitor which blocks the DC voltages between each stage. This
DC blocking prevents the bias point of each stage from being upset. The cascade
45
amplifier examined in this lab consists of a JFET common source –common
source stage. The effect of the order of the two stages on input and output
impedances, overall voltage, current, and power gains, and frequency response
will be specifically examined in this project.
The CS has the characteristic of high input impedance, high current gain, and a
relatively low voltage gain. Refer Fig 7.1.
In a cascade configuration as shown in Fig 7.2, the overall voltage and current
gains are given by:
 AV overall = AV first stage * AV second stage
 AI overall = AI first stage * AI second stage
Fig.7.1 JFET CS-CS Amplifier
6.
Circuit Diagram:-
46
Fig 7.2 JFET CS-CS Amplifier Circuit Diagram
7.
Procedure:i.
Design the JFET CS-CS Amplifier as shown in the circuit diagram using
Pspice simulation software.
8.
ii.
Set to Transient analysis in setup profile to get Voltage gain.
iii.
Set to AC Sweep in set up profile to get frequency response Refer Fig 7.3
iv.
Simulate the circuit using simulate option.
v.
Apply voltage probes at input side and output side to get simulation result.
Plots / Graphs:
47
Fig 7.3 Ideal frequency response of JFET CS-CS amplifier
9.
Result :
10.
Conclusion:
11.
Quiz/Viva Questions :
i.
Why the common-source (CS) amplifier may be viewed as a trans
conductance amplifier or as a voltage amplifier?
ii.
What are the characteristics of JFET source amplifier?
iii.
What is the impedance of FET?
iv.
What is the significance of gain bandwidth product?
v.
Draw a single stage amplifier circuit using JFET
vi.
What is the purpose of input capacitor, Cin in single stage common source
JFET amplifier?
vii.
What is the purpose of Coupling Capacitor (Cc) in single stage common
source JFET amplifier?
12.
References:i. Microelectronics-Circuit Analysis and Design, D. A. Neamen, McGraw-Hill, 4th
Edition, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-07-252362-1
48
ii. Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students,
Sixth Edition
iii. Robert L. Boylestad , Dhurbes Biswas, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
McGraw Hill; 4th edition (January 18, 2011)
iv. Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
Learning, 2nd Edition
v. Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
49
Electronic Devices and Circuits -II
Experiment No. : 8
MOSFET Biasing
Experiment No. 8
1. Aim: To study biasing circuits for MOSFET using simulation.
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment?
i.
To find Q point parameters using Bias point detail set up.
ii.
To get values of dc currents and voltages at different Points.
3. Apparatus Required:
50
Software: Pspice /Electronics workbench / any online software tool
4. Theory:E-MOSFET has become very important in digital electronics and computers. In the
absence of E-MOSFETs personal computers would have not existed. The difference
in construction is that in E-MOSFETs substrate extends all the way to the silicon
dioxide (SiO2) and no channels are doped between source and drain. Channel is
electrically induced in MOSFETs. The conductivity of the channel is enhanced by +ve
bias on the gate this device is called enhancement MOSFET. MOSFET differs from
JFET since its gate is insulated from the channel. Gate current is even smaller than it
is in a JFET. The MOSFET is also sometimes called an insulated gate FET (IGFET).
Two types of MOSFTs – depletion mode and enhancement mode type. The
enhancement mode MOSFET is used in both discrete and integrated circuits.
Depletion mode MOSFETs still finds use in high frequency front end communication
circuits as RF amplifiers.
Depletion mode MOSFET has n-material with insulated gate on left and p – region on
right. A thin layer of SiO2 (glass) is deposited on left hand side of the channel. DMOSFETs do not find widespread use, but it played a role in evolution towards EMOSFET
JFETs & D-MOSFETs are classified as depletion mode devices since the action
depends on depletion layers but E-MOSFETs are enhancement mode device since the
conductivity depends upon the action of inversion.
Note that for E-MOSFETs, VGS has to be greater than VGS(th) for drain current to
flow.
NMOS E - MOSFET in Voltage divider biasing mode.
Voltage divider bias is used to produce DC gate bias voltage greater than
VGS(Th).The value of resistors used in the divider circuit is quite high as E-MOSFET
gate draws very little current due to SiO2 layer. In PSpice Simulation software The
MOSFET model that we will use is the MbreakN3. In the “3” version, the body is
already connected to the source and so there are only three connections (D, S, and G).
If the Mbreak N and Mbreak P models are used without any modification, PSPICE
51
will use the default values of basic parameters: the threshold voltage will be 0 V and
K will be equal to 0.1 mA/V2. W is the gate width and L is the gate length.
Fig.8.1 E-MOSFET in Voltage divider Bias Mode
5. Circuit Diagram: NMOS E- MOSFET Biasing in Ohmic Mode.
Fig 8.2 NMOS E-MOSFET in Ohmic mode bias
 NMOS E- MOSFET Biasing in Saturation Mode.
52
Fig 8.3 NMOS E-MOSFET in Saturation mode bias
6. Procedure:i. Design the NMOS E-MOSFET circuit as shown in the circuit diagram using
Pspice simulation software.
ii. Set to Bias point detail in setup profile
iii. Simulate the circuit using simulate option.
iv. Click on voltage (V) and current (I) to get Q point Values.
v. Observe the output.
7. Result & Discussion:8. Conclusion:-
9. Quiz/Viva Questions :
i.
Draw the transfer characteristic for n-channel depletion type MOSFET?
ii.
Which MOSFET is called as Normally ON MOSFET and NORMALLY OFF
MOSFET? Why?
iii.
Compare BJT and MOSFET.
iv.
Explain the depletion mode of operation in MOSFET?
v.
Why MOSFET is called IGFET?
vi.
What is the Body Effect in MOSFET?
vii.
Define Accumulation region, Depletion region, Inversion region.
53
10. References:i.
Microelectronics-Circuit Analysis and Design, D. A. Neamen, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition,
2007, ISBN: 978-0-07-252362-1
ii.
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students, Sixth
Edition
iii.
Robert L. Boylestad , Dhurbes Biswas, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory McGraw
Hill; 4th edition (January 18, 2011)
iv.
Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
Learning, 2nd Edition
v.
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic Devices
and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition.
54
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS – I
Experiment No. : 9
MINI PROJECT
55
Experiment No. 9
1. Aim: To design Mini project with the given parameters.
2. What you will learn by performing this experiment ? (Should be in
enumerated form)
i. Students will be able to do the analysis of the given project using own skills.
ii. students will learn to compare theoretical and practical aspects thoroughly.
3. Apparatus Required:
Depending on the selection of topic by student.
4. List of Mini Projects:i. Simple Emergency light.
ii. DC servo amplifier using MOSFET.
iii. Audio tone control circuit.
iv. Public address system.
v. Automatic Door Bell
vi. Clapp Switch
vii. Topic related to syllabus
5. Procedure:i.
Select the components for circuit design
ii.
To prototype a circuit use a general purpose PCB.
iii.
place components on the board, solder them and finally make connection of
that component with other components. Connection of one component with
others can be make using two different technique.
- Connection using solder points.
- Connection using wires.
iv.
Complete testing on general purpose board (zero board).
v.
Observe the readings on CRO / Multimeter respectively.
vi.
Conclude the project with graphs.
6. Result and Conclusion:
56
As per Project We have verified the output with theoretical and
practically
implemented values. We also made conclusion with the support of faithful graphs.
7. Precautions (if any).
i. Connections Should be proper and tight.
ii. Switch on the supply after completing the circuit.
iii. DC supply should be increased slowly in steps.
8. References:-.
i. Robert L. Boylestad, Dhurbes Biswas ,Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory,McGraw-Hill ,4th edition (January 18,2011)
ii. Donald A. Neamen, “Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill,
2nd Edition 2.
iii. del S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, and Arun N Chandorkar, “Microelectronic Circuits
Theory and Applications”, International Version, OXFORD International Students,
Sixth Edition
iv. Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata G., “Millman’s Electronic
Devices and Circuits”, Mc-Graw Hill, 3rd Edition
v. Muhammad H. Rashid, “Microelectronics Circuits Analysis and Design”, Cengage
Learning, 2nd Edition
57