Topic:Reproduction
• Reproduction is the process by which offspring
are produced to continue the species.
Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
A. Asexual Reproduction
• - Is the production of identical offspring from
a single parent by simple division without
fertilization
• - There are no variations.
Asexual
Reproduction
Natural
Artificial
Binary
Fission
Cutting
Budding
Cloning
Sporulation
Tissue
culture
Vegetative
Propagation
Regeneration
A - Natural asexual reproduction
• 1) Binary Fission: a parent cell is divided into
two identical, equal cells
• Seen in bacteria, blue green algae and most
protista
• 2) Budding: The cell or cells divides mitotically
forming a bud on the certain parts of an
organism
• seen in Yeasts, sponges, coelenterates and
some non-flowering plants
• 3) Sporulation:
• - Spores are haploid reproductive cells are
produced by some organisms
• - In favourable conditions they grows into new
organism
• - Spore formation is seen in some fungi, algae
and protozoa
• - Some bacteria produce an endospores that
covered a thick protective layer when
environmental conditions become
unfavourable
• 4) Vegetative Propagation
• - Root, stem and leaves are called vegetative
organs in plants.
• - In vegetative propagation they give rise to
new plants
• 4a) Stem Tuber: Tuber is a stem extension that
can store starch in underground. ex: potato
• if you plant a tuber, each bud on the tuber will
develops into new plant
• 4b) Stolons and Runners: are horizontal stems
that extend over surface of the soil. Ex:
strawberry
• 4c) Rhizomes: Are thick horizontal root-like
underground stems. Ex: bananas, ferns, irises
• 5) Regeneration: is the producing a new
organism from broken or damaged part of a
parent organism
• Ex: Planaria, earthworms, sea stars
B - Artificial Asexual Reproduction
• - used in agriculture and biotechnology
• 1. Cutting: A root or shoot (has no secondary
growth) of a plant are use to form a new plant
by cutting
• Firstly the roots must develop before it
planted to soil
Formation of roots in water
2. Bud and Stem Grafting
• Artificial joining of the stem or bud of one
plant to another stem of plant
Stem grafting
Bud grafting
• Advantages of Vegetative and Artificial
Propagation
• - Genetic continuity of some genetic traits as
its parents
• - Plants can be produced rapidly according to
seed formation
Tissue culture
• Tissue culture is the producing of a new
organism from a small amount of the parent
tissue.
• - Placing a part of tissue in a special medium
that contain many growth hormones,
nutrients and O2, can produce new shoots,
roots and leaves
• - By culturing some animal and human tissues
can be produced, and these tissues can be
replaced with unhealthy tissues in the body
CLONING
• We will learn when we learn Animal
Reproduction