International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2019, pp.105–111, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_011
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTE
MARBLE AGGREGATE CONCRETE
REINFORCED WITH LOCAL STEEL PINS AS
STEEL FIBERS
T. M. Mezher
Structures and Water Resources Department,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, (Najaf), Iraq
Q. A. Jabal
Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, (Najaf), Iraq
A.T. Zwain
Civil Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, (Najaf), Iraq
ABSTRACT
The research aims to use waste materials in concrete to decrease cost of concrete
since that waste materials in Iraq is highly available. Waste marble is very good
example to use it in concrete as coarse aggregate and excellent material to produce
very good quality concrete. This research study the using of waste marble as coarse
aggregate and using steel pins as a low cost local steel fibers as percentages of total
volume in concrete and study the effect on mechanical properties of concrete. Using
marble aggregates in concrete increase the compressive, tensile and flexural strength
of concrete comparing with ordinary aggregate concrete. Ordinary reference mix
concrete with 1:1.1:2.2 gives about 50.89 MPa, while using marble aggregate with
same mix proportions gives 57.07 MPa, thus, that gives low cost for production of
concrete because 60%to 70% of the volume of concrete is aggregates . The effect of
steel pins as it used in marble aggregate concrete is also very good , using 0 %, 0.1%
,0.2% , 0.3%, to 1% of steel pins in mixes. The compressive increase by adding steel
pins from 57 to 72.14 MPa. Flexural strength had very significant increment when
adding fibers and it rise from 3.9 to 8.6 MPa.
Keyword: Marble aggregate, Concrete, Tensile and Flexural Strength.
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editor@iaeme.com
Some Mechanical Properties of Waste Marble Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Local Steel Pins
as Steel Fibers
Cite this Article: T. M. Mezher, Q. A. Jabal and A.T. Zwain, Some Mechanical
Properties of Waste Marble Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Local Steel Pins as
Steel Fibers, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 10
(1), 2019, pp. 105–111.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
It is very healthy thing to use waste materials to product concrete or new types of concretes,
and that reflect to most clean environment. Very low cost of concrete and high efficiency new
concrete materials. Waste materials such as waste plastic can product lightweight concrete
,waste glass can used as fine aggregate and produce high silica content in concrete that gives
higher values of compressive strength and very good quality concrete [ 1 ]. Waste glass can
be used as coarse aggregate in concrete and gives higher values of mechanical properties [2].
Waste or recycled concrete also can be used as aggregate in concrete , chopped rubber tires
also can be used as coarse and fine aggregates and producing lightweight concrete [ 3] , using
marble aggregates is also can be useful to environment protection and gives also good quality
concrete [4] ,all those waste materials can be benefit to nature and produce economic
structures.
Steel fibers is widely used in concrete , the brittle behavior of concrete under loading
make the concrete with low ductile behavior , steel fiber increase the ductility of concrete and
can decrease the propagations of cracks under loading [5] and gives higher tensile and
flexural strength and higher toughness and also high values of modulus of elasticity.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1. Materials
The materials includes ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregates with type of zone 3
according to I.S 383 (1993) [6] as shown in table 1. Coarse aggregates of ordinary black
gravel for only reference mixes for comparison with waste marble aggregates. Waste marble
aggregates shown as raw materials in figure 1 and local steel pins used as steel fiber. Table 2
shows the sieve analysis of waste marble after crushing the raw materials of marble. Steel
pins properties shown in table 3. Steel pins is stainless steel coated with nickel. Table 4 shows
the general properties of waste marble used in this study.
2.2. Specimens and work
Specimens includes steel cubes with 10*10*10 cm for compressive strength test , cylinders of
10cm diameter and 20 cm high were used for indirect tension test (splitting test) , and steel
beams moulds of 10*10*40 cm were used for flexural strength test. Figures 2,3 show
specimens after failure under third point loading for both reinforced and unreinforced
concrete and showing the brittle failure for specimen not contain steel fiber , and gives sudden
collapse ,and ductile failure for reinforced specimens as in figure 3.
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T. M. Mezher, Q. A. Jabal and A.T. Zwain
Figure 1 steel pins as steel fiber and waste marble as aggregates used in research.
Figure 2 waste marble concrete without steel fibers shows sudden collapse
Figure 3 waste marble concrete reinforced with steel fibers after flexural test loading.
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Some Mechanical Properties of Waste Marble Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Local Steel Pins
as Steel Fibers
Table 1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate,(zone 3)
Sieve size , mm ,
mic.
10
5
2.36
1.18
600
300
150
% passing by
weight
100
95.1
94.3
92.7
78.0
39.5
9.3
Zone 3 , limits
according to IS-383
100
90-100
85- 100
75- 100
60 -79
12- 40
0 – 10
Table 2 Sieve analysis of waste marble aggregates
Sieve Size
( mm )
20
16
12.5
10
5
% Passing By
Weight
100 %
100 %
86.2 %
2.7 %
0%
% pass. According to I.S 383
limitations
100 %
100 %
85-100 %
0 – 45%
0 - 10%
Table 3 Steel pins properties that used in study
Color
Silver
(coated with
nickel)
Density
tensile strength
7850
kg/m3
400 MPa
shape
T cross section with
sharp end and wide
circular second end
Length
diameter
26 mm
0.6 mm
Table 4 waste marble properties that used in study
Color
White- light brown
density
2815 kg/m3
Compressive strength
270.19 MPa
absorption
0.1%
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 5 shows all mixes used in study , using normal aggregates gives 50.89 MPa , but using
marble aggregates instead of normal coarse aggregates improved the value of compressive
strength to 57.07 MPa , the increment here is about 12.1% , that increment may be attributed
to the high strength of Iraqi marble that indicated in table 4 and its about 270 MPa . By adding
steel fibers, the compressive strength increasing from 57 MPa in reference mixes gradually
until 1% by volume of concrete and improved to 72.14 MPa. This high increment can be
attributed to the nature of steel pins that have wide circular end and this can give high bond
with concrete and improving the resistance of the pins to slip inside concrete, this property
cannot be found in normal steel fibers.
The tensile strength also increased by adding steel pins from 3.8 to 5.7 MPa , for the same
reason , also flexural strength increasing from 3.9 to 8.6 MPa , the increment here is very high
( more than twice) , because steel fibers can reduce propagations of cracks under loading by
giving additional tensile strength capacity for concrete [ 7,8 ]. Figures 4, 5, and 6 showthe
relations between steel fibers percentages and compressive, flexural and tensile strength of
waste marble concrete.
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T. M. Mezher, Q. A. Jabal and A.T. Zwain
Table 5 values of mechanical properties of mixes used in study.
Mix type
1:1.1:2.2 normal aggregates
1:1.1:2.2 , marble aggregates
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.1% by volume
1:1.1:2.2 , steel pins 0.2%
by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.3% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.4% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.5% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.6% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.7% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.8% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 0.9% by volume
1:1.1:2.2
Steel pins = 1% by volume
Compressive
strength
50.89
57.07
Tensile strength
Flexural strength
3.10
3.84
3.58
3.96
59.29
3.94
4.20
60.77
4.28
4.96
61.34
4.71
5.39
62.24
4.89
5.72
64.76
5.02
5.90
65.59
5.45
6.34
66.20
5.69
6.71
68.13
5.76
7.17
70.55
5.80
7.80
72.14
5.98
8.67
Figure 4 The relationship between volume of steel pins as steel fiber and compressive strength of
waste marble concrete.
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Some Mechanical Properties of Waste Marble Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Local Steel Pins
as Steel Fibers
Figure 5 Relationship between volume steel fiber and flexural strength
Figure 6 Relationship between volume steel fiber and tensile strength
4. CONCLUSIONS

The use of waste marble aggregates in this research leads to improve mechanical properties of concrete
and also less costs for concrete production

Using local steel pins as steel fibers also increase mechanical properties of waste marble concrete and
have significant effect to flexural strength; it improved to more than the double value compared with
waste marble concrete without steel fibers.

Use of marble aggregate as waste material is very difference than other materials such as waste concrete
aggregates or waste plastic materials or waste glass or rocks, because of its very high strength (more
than 270 MPa) and very small absorption value, therefore gives very significant values of improvement
in mechanical properties of concrete. Waste marble available in very high quantity in Iraq, thus, it can
be use in structures and that leads to low costs in concrete production.
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