International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1363-1370, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_138
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR
PRIORITIZATION OF SUB-WATERSHED ON
THE SERAYU BOGOWONTO RIVER BASIN
S.B. Lesmana
Doctoral Programme, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia.
E. Suhartanto, A. Suharyanto and V. Dermawan
Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Determining watershed priorities is one of the critical aspects of developing natural
resources around us. Morphometry is one of the natural parameters that form the
characteristics of a river catchment area and could be used for determining it.
Morphometry has three parameters such as linear aspect, relief aspect, and areal aspect.
The linear aspects consist of stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb),
mean stream length (Lsm), stream length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm). Relief
aspect consists of basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn). Areal
aspects comprise drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form
factor (Rf), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg),
constant channel maintenance (C The purpose of this research is to analyze morphometry
parameters of Serayu Bogowonto river basin of the sub-watershed priority determining.
This study aims to calculate and analyze characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority. The data utilized in this study is the river network data published by
Bakosurtanal, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 30x30 ASTER GDEM then data
analysis is using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique with ARC GIS 10.1 The
prioritization based on morphometry analysis that is seven sub-watershed with high
priority, four sub-watershed with medium priority, six sub-watershed with low priority.
Key words: morphometry, geographic information systems (GIS), watershed, and river
basin
Cite this Article: S.B. Lesmana, E. Suhartanto, A. Suharyanto and V. Dermawan,
Morphometric Analysis for Prioritization of Sub-Watershed on the Serayu Bogowonto
River Basin, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01),
2019, pp.1363–1370
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S.B. Lesmana, E. Suhartanto, A. Suharyanto and V. Dermawan
1. INTRODUCTION
Watershed must be managed in the integrated of the management of natural resources and
humans. Management is taking into account the social, political, economic and institutional
identification of the physical characteristics of the river basin is one of the first steps in
understanding the management of the river basin in an integrated manner. Watershed is a system
consisting of inputs, processes and outputs. Input in the form of rain that undergoes a
transformation process into various outputs. Watershed management is a process formulation in
action involves modification of the natural system to achieve the objectives determined to achieve
optimal results (Biswas, 1999) [2]. Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative
description of the drainage system, which is an essential aspect of the characterisation of the
watershed (Strahler A. N., 1964) [20]. Morphometry was measured and mathematical analysis of
the configuration of the earth's surface, shape, and dimension of its landform (Rai et al., 2014)
[14]. The morphometric analysis is carried by the measurement of linear, areal and relief aspect
of the watershed (Praveen, 2014) [13]. Several studies about geomorphology and morphometry
in the recent past have been done ( Horton, R. 1945, Miller, V. C. 1953, Strahler, A. N. 1957,
Thornbury, W. D. 1969) [6, 10, 19, 21]. Watershed prioritization is considered as one of the most
important aspects of planning and development for natural resources for water conservation
measures (Javed, A. 2011) [8]. The morphometric analysis could be used for prioritization of subwatershed even without the availability of reliable soil maps by computing linear and shape
parameters (Biswas et al. 1999) [2]. Characteristics of the watershed and variables can be
obtained through the direct measurement, secondary data, maps, and from remote sensing data
that is dynamic and cutting-edge. Remote Sensing and GIS Technique has emerged as a powerful
tool and effectively as tools in determining a description of the watershed morphometry and
support various existing programming plans (Biswas, 1999) [2]. Several studies in the recent past
have been done on the morphometry and GIS (Aravinda, P. T.et al. 2013, Chandrasekar, H.et al.
2015, Dahiphale, P.et al. 2014, Farhan, Y.et al. 2015, Kumar, N. 2013, Praveen, K. R.et l. 2014,
Rai, P.et al. 2014, Vaidya, N et al. 2013, Waikar, M.et al. 2014,) [1, 4, 3, 5, 9, 13, 14, 22, 23] In
the present study, is to calculate and analyse characteristics of the sub-watershed of Serayu
Bogowonto river basin based on morphometry parameters using GIS and analysis for the
watershed priority.
2. STUDY LOCATION
The research area of Serayu Bogowonto river basin is in the southern part of Central Java (figure
1) which has an area of 3,718 km2 and geographically located at coordinates 7°10'40.385"S up to
7°54'13.89"S and 108°57'0.926"E up to 110°8'43.829"E. The boundaries of the area are the north
bordering the large mountains, Rogojembangan Mountain, Slamet volcano, the east of the
concatenation Sumbing volcano and Sindoro mount fire, the south by Serayu Mountains and west
by hills that ran along the edge of Banyumas and Cilacap.
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Morphometric Analysis for Prioritization of Sub-Watershed on the Serayu Bogowonto River Basin
Figure 1 Study Location
3. RESEARCH METHOD
The method used in this research is the analysis of the watershed morphometry which in this case
represents catchment area at the point AWLR contained in the river basin as a sub-watershed,
using GIS. This research conducted in some stages, (1) DEM analysis of Serayu Bogowonto
river basin, (2) put the AWLR station on DEM , (3) make each catchment area boundary at
AWLR station, (4) clip between catchment area with a network of rivers, (5) parameters
morphometry calculate (6) parameter calculation for weighting (7) determination of subwatershed priority.
The parameters divided into three aspects, linear, relief and areal. Parameters used, including
stream order (U), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb), mean stream length (Lsm), stream
length ratio (Rl), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm), basin relief (Bh), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness
number (Rn), drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), form factor (Rf),
circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), length of overland flow (Lg), constant channel
maintenance (C).
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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. River Order (Nu)
River order varies in each watershed, and the highest value is the 7th order. The total length of the
river base on the river order is 12083.15 km and consists of 28474 streams. The longest river
order is the 1st order, which has an entire length of 6710.55 km. Order River the least amount is
the 7th order and found in sub-watershed Banjarnegara and sub-watershed Serayu. The smallest
river length of 0.52 km is located on the river in the 2nd order, while the longest river is 1.6 km,
which found on the river of the 6th order. The average length of the river base on stream order is
0.504 km, the longest is 1.126 km in the sub-watershed Kober, and the shortest is 0.285 km in
the sub-watershed BD.Dagan.
4.2. Bifurcation ratio (Rb)
Bifurcation ratio (Rb) is the ratio of the number of river order of a certain level (Nu) with the order
of the river above it (Nu+1). The ratio calculation is based on system bifurcation according to
Strahler way. Based on Strahler (1964), the geological structure does not affect the drainage
pattern in the watershed, if the Rb value is between 3 to 5. Rb value relationship with the flow of
the river is:
• Rb < 3: river water level rises rapidly while the decline is slow.
• Rb 3-5: increase and decrease in the flow of the river running normally (medium).
• Rb > 5: increase and decrease in the flow of a fast running river
Base on Rb value, nine sub-watersheds have characteristics rise in water levels rapidly while
the decline is slow because it has a bifurcation ratio of less than 3. Three sub-watersheds have
the character of increase and decrease in the flow of the river to run generally because it has a
bifurcation ratio between 3-5, and five sub-watersheds with character increase and decrease the
river flow runs fast because it has a bifurcation value ratio of more than 5. The highest bifurcation
ratio is 14.4 in the sub-watershed Slinga S Klawing, and the lowest is 1.37 in the sub-watershed
BD. Dagan.
4.3. Watershed relief (Bh)
Watershed relief (Bh) is different in elevation of the highest point of the watershed and the lowest
point. From table 3 above, can be seen that the highest Bh value is 968.91 m at the sub-watershed
Kober, and the lowest value is 276.79 m at the sub-watershed Telomoyo.
Schumm (1956) defined relief ratio (Rh) as the total watershed relief to the maximum length of
the watershed. The highest Rh is 0.056 at the sub-watershed Merden, and the lowest is 0.017 in
the sub-watershed Badegolan and average Rh value is 0.033.
4.4. Ruggedness Number (Rn)
Ruggedness number (Rn) is the maximum basin relief (Bh) times to drainage density (Dd). The Rn
value will be higher if two variables such as Bh and Dd are more significant. From table 3, can be
seen that the highest of Rn is 3.07 at the sub-watershed Kobar, the lowest is 0.7 at the subwatershed Kaligending, and the average is 1.68.
4.5. Drainage Density (Dd)
Drainage density (Dd) is the area of rivers per square kilometre area. The higher the value, the
better drainage system in this area. In areas with large Dd values, meaning that the more
significant the total amount of water flowing, the smaller the infiltration and the lower the
groundwater stored in the area. The boundary of the drainage index density network is as follows:
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Morphometric Analysis for Prioritization of Sub-Watershed on the Serayu Bogowonto River Basin
• Less than 0.25 km/km2, it is called low
• 0.25 - 10 km/km2, is called a medium
• 10-25 km/km2, called high
• More than 25 km/km2 called with a very high
Based on the above figures, it can estimate the relationship between drainage density and
river flow. If the value Dd is low, the river flow past the rocks with heavy resistance, then
transported sediment transport streams is smaller than the flow of the river passing through rocks
with resistance softer, if the other conditions that affect the same. If the value Dd is very high, the
river flows past the rock watertight. This situation would indicate that the water flow will be
higher than an area with a low Dd past the significant rock permeability.
From table 4, can be seen Dd is highest in the sub-watershed Telomoyo with a value of 3.8
km/km2 and lowest at the sub-watershed Pesucen with a value 1.92. Average drainage density in
the study area is 2.8 km/km2, so the study areas included in the medium category.
4.6. Stream Frequency (Fs)
Stream frequency (Fs) is the total number of stream order per unit area (Horton, 1945). Low
values of Fs indicate the presence of a permeable subsurface material and low relief, but relatively
high Fs is related to impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation, high relief conditions
and low infiltration capacity (Reddy et al., 2004). From table 4, can be seen that the highest Fs
is 2.32 at the sub-watershed BD Dagan, the lowest is 0.53 at the sub-watershed Kali Gending,
and average Fs for all sub-watershed is 1.18
4.7. Texture Ratio (T)
Texture ratio (T) is an essential factor in the analysis of drainage depends on the underlying
lithology, a capacity of infiltration and aspects of the terrain relief. Texture ratio indicates a high
potential for erosion and runoff that high anyway. The highest value of T is 21.87 at the subwatershed Madurejo, the lowest is 1.63 at the sub-watershed Merden, and an average of T is 8.71.
4.8. Form Factor (Rf)
Form factor (Rf) is defined as the dimensionless ratio of watershed area to the square of the length
of the watershed (Horton, 1945) [6]. The value of form factor would always be greater than 0.78
for the perfectly circular basin, smaller the value of form factor, more elongated will the basin
(Praveen et al., 2014) [13]. Sub-watershed Slinga S Klawing has Rf value 1.59, that the highest
value. Sub-watershed Kober has Rf value 0.15, that the lowest value. Average Rf value for all
sub-watershed is 0.54.
4.9. Circularity Ratio (Rc)
Circularity ratio (Rc) is the ratio between the area of the watershed to the area of a circle having
the same circumference (Miller, 1953). The highest Rc value is 0.6 at the sub-watershed BD
Dagan, the lowest is 0.27 at the sub-watershed Winong, and the average Rc for all sub-watershed
is 0.42.
4.10. Elongation Ratio (Re)
Elongation ratio (Re) is the ratio between the diameter of the circle having the same area as the
watershed and the maximum length of the basin (Schumm, 1956) [16]. The elongation ratio
ranges from 0.4 to 1, lesser the value, more elongation of the watershed (Aravinda et al., 2013)
[1]. The highest Re value is 1.42 at the sub-watershed Slinga S Klawing, the lowest is 0.43 at the
sub-watershed Kober, and the average Rc for all sub-watershed is 0.79
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4.11. Length of Overland Flow (Lg)
Length of overland flow (Lg) is the length of water over the ground surface before it gets
concentrated into certain stream channel (Horton, 1945) [6]. The average value of Lg in the study
area is 1.4, that value is relatively small, will cause the rainwater that falls on the surface soil, and
will quickly entering a river or low infiltration rate.
The constant maintenance channel (C) showed for km2 of the watershed area necessary for the
conservation and sustainability of the river along the 1 km. The average value of the C is 12.38;
this indicates that the rain that falls on the surface of the ground will transform into runoff.
5. WATERSHED PRIORITIZATION
The linear parameters such as drainage density, stream frequency, mean bifurcation ratio,
drainage texture, length of overland flow have a direct relationship with erodibility, whereas
shape parameters such as elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, basin shape and
compactness coefficient have the inverse relationship with erodibility (Nooka Ratnam et al.2005)
[11]. The highest priority of the sub-watershed results from the highest value of the linear
parameters and the lowest values of the shape parameters. The highest value of any of the linear
parameter sub-watersheds, the highest value was given the rating of 1, next higher value was
given a rating of 2 and so on. The lowest value was rated last in the serial numbers. In the shape
parameters, the lowest value was given the rating of 1, and next lower value was given a rating
of 2 and so on. After the rating has been done based on every single parameter, the rating values
for every sub-watersheds were averaged to arrive at a compound value. Based on the average
value of these parameters, the sub-watershed having the least rating value was assigned highest
priority number of 1, next higher value was assigned priority number 2 and so on. The subwatershed, which got the highest value was assigned the last priority number.
Table 1 Watershed Prioritization
No
Sub-watershed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Badegolan
Banjarnegara
BD Dagan
Clangap Mrawu
Kali Gending
Kedung Gupit
Kober
Krasak Begaluh
Madurejo
Merden
Pesucen
Pungangan
Slinga S Klawing
Telomoyo
Tipar Kidul
Winong
Serayu
A
P
L
2
Km Km Km
8
6
8
2
3
2
16 16
16
7 10
6
6
7
11
13 13
13
14 14
15
9 11
7
5
4
5
17 17
17
12 12
12
4
5
4
3
2
3
15 15
14
10
8
9
11
9
10
1
1
1
Nu
10
2
15
5
11
14
16
8
4
17
13
6
3
12
7
9
1
Dd
2
Km/Km
12
7
15
6
17
11
8
9
2
14
16
3
13
1
10
4
5
T
12
1
13
4
11
14
16
8
5
17
15
7
3
9
6
10
2
Bh
m
6
13
4
8
9
7
17
12
10
5
3
11
15
1
16
2
14
Rn
6
14
3
9
1
7
17
12
10
5
2
15
11
4
13
8
16
Rf
3
13
9
8
16
2
1
10
7
4
6
11
17
15
14
5
12
Re
3
13
9
8
16
2
1
10
7
4
6
11
17
15
14
5
12
Lg
C
Rb
Rh
6
11
3
12
1
7
10
9
16
4
2
15
5
17
8
14
13
12
7
15
6
17
11
8
9
2
14
16
3
13
1
10
4
5
16
9
1
4
13
15
6
10
5
2
3
11
17
14
12
7
8
1
6
16
5
10
9
15
11
2
17
7
8
13
12
14
4
3
FS
2
8
17
15
1
7
3
5
11
10
4
6
13
16
12
14
9
Rc
Value
2
16
17
15
10
7
3
12
5
11
13
8
4
14
6
1
9
6.65
7.47
10.88
7.53
9.24
8.94
9.65
8.94
5.88
10.29
8.35
7.53
8.94
10.29
9.94
6.88
6.59
Priority Categorized
3
5
17
6
12
9
13
10
1
15
8
7
11
16
14
4
2
high
high
low
high
low
medium
low
medium
high
low
medium
high
medium
low
low
high
high
From table 1 above, we can see the result of watershed prioritization based on morphometric
parameters. The main priority is on the watershed that has the least value. Watershed priorities
categorized into three priorities: high (5.88 – 7.55), medium (7.55 – 9.21), and low (9.21 – 10.88).
There are seven sub-watershed with high priority: sub watershed Badegolan, sub-watershed
Banjarnegara, sub-watershed Clangap Mrawu, sub-watershed Madurejo, sub-watershed
Pungangan, sub-watershed Winong and sub-watershed Serayu. There are four sub-watershed
with medium priority: sub-watershed Kedung Gupit, sub-watershed Krasak Begaluh, subwatershed Pesucen, and sub-watershed Slinga S Klawing. There are six sub-watershed with low
priority: sub-watershed BD Dagan, sub-watershed Kali Gending, sub-watershed Kober, subwatershed Merden, sub-watershed Telomoyo and sub-watershed Tipar Kidul
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6. CONCLUSION
GIS technique is helpful in creating boundaries of the sub-watershed in Serayu Bogowonto river
basin for morphometry analysis based on linear aspect, relief aspects and areal aspect The
morphometric conditions resulting from the spatial distribution of the watershed provide a clear
idea to identify watersheds at risk of erosion so that they can be planned to anticipate this. From
the watershed prioritization analysis base on morphometry obtained there are seven subwatershed with high priority: sub watershed Badegolan, sub-watershed Banjarnegara, subwatershed Clangap Mrawu, sub-watershed Madurejo, sub-watershed Pungangan, sub-watershed
Winong and sub-watershed Serayu. There are four sub-watershed with medium priority: subwatershed Kedung Gupit, sub-watershed Krasak Begaluh, sub-watershed Pesucen, and subwatershed Slinga S Klawing. There are six sub-watershed with low priority: sub-watershed BD
Dagan, sub-watershed Kali Gending, sub-watershed Kober, sub-watershed Merden, subwatershed Telomoyo and sub-watershed Tipar Kidul.
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