International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1283-1290, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_130
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON
STABILITY AND COMBUSTION OF METAL
NANO-PARTICLES AND THEIR ADDITIVES
IMPACT WITH DIESEL AND BIO-DIESEL
BLENDS IN DI DIESEL ENGINE
K.Anandavelu
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, MRK Institute of Technology, Kattumannarkoil,
Cuddalore Dist., Tamilnadu, India.
K.Thiruvasagamoorthy
Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, MRK Institute of Technology, Kattumannarkoil,
Cuddalore Dist., Tamilnadu, India,
K.Gayathri
Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, MR Engineering College, Thathanur, Ariyalur
Dist, Tamilnadu, India.
C.Ezhilarasan
Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering, As-Salam College of Engineering and
Technology, Thirumangalakudi, Thanjavur Dist., Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
This project aims at a comparative study on Performance, Emission and
Combustion characteristics of Biodiesel when blended with Barium Oxide
nanoparticles in single cylinder DI Diesel Engine. Because of modernizations and
increase in number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel has
massively increased. As petroleum is non-renewable major source of energy and its
reserves are scare now a days, there is a need for research in finding alternative fuels
for automobiles. And also Bio diesels are renewable, nontoxic and eco-friendly fuels
that can play an important role in automobile industries. And this paper deals with the
transesterification of biological seed oil by means of methanol in presence potassium
hydroxide catalyst. The viscosity of biodiesel produced from biological seed oil is
nearer to that of the commercially available diesel. The biological seed oil is analyzed
by Gas chromatography and the important properties of biodiesel such as density,
flash point, cloud point, carbon residue are found out and compared with that of
ASTM – biodiesel standards and commercially available diesel. The study encourages
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Experimental Investigation on Stability and Combustion of Metal Nano-Particles and their
Additives Impact with Diesel and Bio-Diesel Blends in Di Diesel Engine
the production of biodiesel from easily available biological seed. By increasing
performance of engine, control the emissions and also to suppress the formation of
soot particles..
Keywords: Biodiesel, Biological Seed Oil, Custard Apple Seed, Barium Oxide
Nanoparticles, Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst, Transesterification.
Cite this Article: K.Anandavelu, K.Thiruvasagamoorthy, K.Gayathri and
C.Ezhilarasan, Experimental Investigation on Stability and Combustion of Metal
Nano-Particles and their Additives Impact with Diesel and Bio-Diesel Blends In Di
Diesel Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
10(01), 2019, pp. 1283-1290.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy consumption is constantly increasing all over the in spite of the rationalization
measures that have been undertaken. Liquid fossil fuels are the man and most frequently used
for mobile machinery. Considering the fact that the entire development of mobile machinery
is based on the use of liquid fossil fuel. It is difficult to expect a shift from this trend to a mass
development and use of new engine constructions that would be suitable for some other type
of fuel.
The studies have been on discovering the fuel that would be adaptable to the existing
engine constrictions and that would meet the criteria regarding renewability, ecology and
reliability of use. Fulfillment of the mentioned criteria is the basic for a successful fossil fuel
replacement by some other types of fuel. During last decade of biodiesel has become the most
common renewable liquid fuel due to its possibility to meet set requirements of the previously
mentioned criteria. Many researchers have produced the biodiesel from nonedible oil, Which
include Jatropha (jatropha curas) oil, Karanga or Honge (pongamia pinnata/glabra) seed oil,
polanga (Calophyllum Inophyllum), tobacco (Nicotianatabacum) seed oil. In the production
process of biodiesel, the effects of process parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ration,
catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature have been studied and
optimized. The fuel properties of produced biodiesel have been investigated and compared
with the standard specifications for assessing their feasibility to substitute the petroleum fuels.
However there are many other non-edible oil for which process parameters are not being
optimized. One among them is sugar apple (Annona aquasoma) seed oil.
2. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Fossil fuel emissions from vehicles damage the environment and contribute to air pollution.
Several major environment problems are caused by the fossil fuels. Natural gas is made up
primarily of methane (CH4) but frequently contains amounts of ethane, propane, nitrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water vapor. Natural gas is produced from gas
wells or tired in with crude oil production. Currently natural gas is distributed across the
Indian through a large pipeline and transported via truck, barge, or train, Natural gas can be
stored and used as compressed natural gas (CNG) of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The diesel engines are considered as to be fuel efficient and studier than gasoline engines.
However; they produce hazardous emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NO), Particulates of
matter, smoke, and CO (carbon monoxide) in high magnitudes. To increase the performance
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K.Anandavelu, K.Thiruvasagamoorthy, K.Gayathri and C.Ezhilarasan,
and to reduce the emissions from the diesel engines, various techniques such as fuel
modification, engine design alteration, exhaust gas treatment, etc have been tired. Several
researchers have contributed their efforts on fuel modification techniques in which some
chemical reagents are incorporated along with the conventional diesel fuel. The process form
of vegetable oil (Bio diesel) has emerged as a potential substitute for diesel fuel on account of
its renewable source and lesser emissions, without any modifications in its existing
construction.
Finding the solution for the above problem custard apple seed bio-fuel blended with diesel
used as the substitute for diesel fuel. By using this concept the blends will make the positive
change in performance, combustion and emission characteristics for the various proportions
that will be discussed in next phase.
4. CUSTARD APPLE SEED AS BIO FUEL
Custard apple seed with a bionomical name annonasquasoma with other name sugar apple,
the most widely grown species of annona and a native of tropical Americans and West indies.
This is native from countries Asia, Burmese, Philippines.
The fruit is round to conical, (5-10 cm) 2.0.3.9 inch in diameter and N (6-10cm) 2.4-3.9
inch long, and weighting 100-240g (3.5-8.5), with a thick rind composed of knobby segments.
The color is typically pale - green to blue - green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties,
and typically has a bloom. It is unique among annona fruits in being segmented tend to
separate. When ripe, exposing the interior. The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white to
light yellow, resembles and testes like custard. It is soft, slightly grainy, ad slippery. The hard
shiny seeds may number 20-40 or more fruit and have brown to black coat.
4.1. CUSTARD METHYL ESTER
Esterification of custard apple oil comprised heating oil, addition of sodium or potassium
hydroxide and alcohol, stirring of mixture, separation of glycerol, and biodiesel. This
esterified custard apple oil is called biodiesel. After esterification of the custard apple oil its
properties like density, cetane number, viscosity, calorific value are improved. These
parameters induce better combustions characteristics and performance of diesel engine. The
biodiesel contain more oxygen and lower calorific value compare than diesel. As a results in
lower generation of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide in the exhaust than diesel fuel.
5. METHODOLOGY FOR BIO DIESEL PREPRATION
The seeds were collected from the different households as one as discards the seeds after
consuming the fruit. The collected seeds were dried and crushed in a expeller. For complete
extraction of oil the seeds were passed four times through the expeller. The neat oil is allowed
to settle for 48 hours and after that oil is stored in an airtight container to avoid oxidation.
The transesterification reaction was carried out in a laboratory scale batch reactor
equipped with thermometer and condenser the heating and stirring were done with a hot plate
magnetic stirrer system. In each set of experiments 50g of oil was heated to the predefined.
Temperature and after attainment of predefined temperature the mixture of catalyst and
methanol was transferred to reactor and all predefined sets as transeterfication reaction
conditions were measured from this point for each set of experiment. Stoichometrically 3:1
molar ratio of alcohol to oil is needed for completion of transesterication reaction, but many
researchers reported that biodiesel yield is maximum with excess molar ratio of alcohol to oil.
Hence in the present investigation, in each set of experiment, 6:1 molar ratio of alcohol to
oil and constant stirrer speed were maintained. After the completion of predefined set of
transesterification reaction conditions the reaction mixture was transferred into a separating
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Experimental Investigation on Stability and Combustion of Metal Nano-Particles and their
Additives Impact with Diesel and Bio-Diesel Blends in Di Diesel Engine
funnel left for 60 min. test separate into biodiesel and glycerol. The lower layer of glycerol
was removed and the upper layer of crude biodiesel is washed several times with hot water at
50°C to remove the impurities.
6. BARIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ADDDITIVES
Barium oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO. It contains barium and
oxide ions. Barium oxide, BaO, is a white hygroscopic non-flammable compound. It has a
cubic structure and is used in cathode ray tubes, crown glass, and catalysts. It is prepared by
heating barium carbonate with coke, carbon black or tar or by thermal decomposition of
Barium nitrate. It is also a source of pure oxygen through heat fluctuation.
Nano fluids are a new class of solid liquid composite materials consisting of nano-sized
solid particles dispersed in any base fluid. This study deals with an experimental work that
aims to examine the effects of nano additive added to diesel fuels. Nano diesel fuels were
prepared by adding barium oxide nano additive. These nano additives were blended with
diesel fuel in varying mass fractions by the means of a mechanical homogenizer and an
ultrasonicator. Physicochemical properties of nanodiesels were measured and compared with
neat diesel fuel.
The synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention
in physical, chemical, biological, medical, optical, mechanical and engineering sciences
where novel techniques are being developed to probe and manipulate single atoms and
molecules. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have high surface area and high fraction of
atoms which is responsible for their fascinating properties of nanoparticles which depend on
size, shape, composition, morphology and crystalline phase. The various metal oxide
nanoparticles have wide applications in air and water purification, due to their potential
oxidation strength, high photo stability and non-toxicity. But these methods are costly, toxic,
and involve high pressure, high energy requirement, difficult separation and potentially
hazardous.
6.1. PROPERTIES OF BARIUM OXIDE
Barium oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO. It contains barium and
oxide ions. Barium oxide, BaO, is a white hygroscopic non-flammable compound. It has a
cubic structure and is used in cathode ray tubes, crown glass, and catalysts. It is prepared by
heating barium carbonate with coke, carbon black or tar or by thermal decomposition of
Barium nitrate. It is also a source of pure oxygen through heat fluctuation. The properties of
BaO nanoparticles are
 Molar mass -153.326 g/mol
 Density -5.72 g/cm3
 Melting point-1,923˚C
 Crystal structure- Tetragonal
7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TESTING PROCDURES
The experimental setup consists of kirloskar TV1 engine. Engine exhaust is connected to
inlet. A computer system provided with combustion analysis software is connected to the
engine control panel. Eddy current dynamometer is used to provide necessary load, which is
manually controlled by the engine control panel. The setup enables study of engine
performance for brake power, BMEP, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and
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K.Anandavelu, K.Thiruvasagamoorthy, K.Gayathri and C.Ezhilarasan,
specific fuel consumption. Lab view based Engine Performance Analysis software package
“Engine soft LV” is provided for on line performance evaluation.
8. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
 Experimental investigations on the influence of the addition nanoparticle form on the
major physiochemical properties and the performance of biodiesel.
 The physiochemical properties of the base fuel and the modified fuel formed by
dispersing the catalyst nanoparticles by ultrasonic agitation are measured using ASTM
standard test methods.
 The effects of the additive nanoparticles on the individual fuel properties, the engine
performance, and emissions are studied, and the dosing level of the additive is
optimized.
 Comparisons of the performance of the fuel with and without the additive are also
presented. The flash point and the viscosity of biodiesel were found to increase with
the inclusion of the nanoparticles
 The emission levels of hydrocarbon and NOx are appreciably reduced with the
addition of nanoparticles.
9. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
9.1. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
BP vs ηmech
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
DIESEL
η mech (%)
SFC (Kg/KW-hr)
BP vs SFC
B5
B10
B15
B20
B30
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
DIESEL
B5
B10
B15
B20
B30
0
0
1
2
1
2
BP(KW)
BP(KW)
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Experimental Investigation on Stability and Combustion of Metal Nano-Particles and their
Additives Impact with Diesel and Bio-Diesel Blends in Di Diesel Engine
BP VS ηBT
BP VS CO2
25
DIESEL
20
B5
15
B10
10
B15
B20
5
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
CARBON DIOXIDE (%)
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY(%)
30
B30
DIESEL
B5
B10
B15
B20
0
0
0
1
2
BRAKE POWER (KW)
1
BRAKE POWER (KW)
BP VS HC
BP VS O2
60
45
40
50
35
DIESEL
40
OXYGEN (%vo )
HYDROCARBON (Ppm)
B30
2
B5
30
B10
20
B15
10
B20
30
DIESEL
25
B5
20
B10
15
B15
10
B20
5
B30
B30
0
0
0
1
0
2
BRAKE POWER (KW)
1
2
BRAKE POWER (KW)
CARBON MONOXIDE (%)
BP VS CO
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
DIESEL
B5
B10
B15
B20
B30
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
BRAKE POWER(KW)
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K.Anandavelu, K.Thiruvasagamoorthy, K.Gayathri and C.Ezhilarasan,
The performance and emission test of all parameters are decrease with increasing at
various brake power points.
 The specific consumption of biodiesel (0.3 kg/ kw-hr) is maximum decrease at 1.62
kw BP point.
 The mechanical efficiency of Biodiesel (80%) is maximum increase at 1.62 kw BP
point.
 The brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel (27%) is maximum increase at 1.62 kw
brake power point.
 The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of biodiesel (16.75%) is maximum decrease at
1.62 kw BP point.
 The hydrocarbon (HC) emission of biodiesel is maximum decrease (31.28 Ppm) at
1.62 kw BP point.
 The oxygen (O2) level of biodiesel (32% volume) is maximum decrease at 1.62 kw
brake power point.
 The carbon monoxide (CO) emission of biodiesel (0.02%) is maximum decrease at
1.62 kw brake power point.
When compared with diesel and other BP points.
11. CONCLUSION
The project performance and emission test on single cylinder DI- diesel engine fuelled with
custard apple seed (annonasquasoma) biodiesel is blended with barium oxide nanoparticle.
The biodiesel is blended with different ratio B5, B10. B15, B20, B30 is compared to diesel.
Barium oxide nanoparticle additives are suppressed the soot formation and enhancing the soot
oxidation. Performance and emission parameters like Brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel
consumption, mechanical efficiency, CO, HC, CO2, O2 emissions are measured, compared
and analyzed. Based on the experimental result. The performance and emission test of all
parameters are decrease with increasing at various brake power points.
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