International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp.1209-1220, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_123
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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EFFECT OF ETHANOL ADDITION ON
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION OF CNSL
BIODIESEL- HYDROGEN OPERATED DI DUAL
FUEL ENGINE
V. Thanigaivelan*,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai
M. Loganathan
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University,
Chidambaram.
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
In this investigation, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel, hydrogen and
ethanol (BHE) mixtures remained verified in a single cylinder direct-injection diesel
engine to examine the recital plus discharge features of the engine. The engine stayed
verified at supreme force and
rapidity of 1500 rpm. The ethanol remained
supplemented 5%, 10% and 15% correspondingly through enhanced CNSL as well as
hydrogen functioned twin fuel engine. The consequences designate that while
associated through well-ordered diesel and biodiesel-hydrogen process, the recital
and discharge features of ethanol mixtures obligates upgraded. The brake thermal
efficiency upsurges somewhat through 10% ethanol mixtures and nope noteworthy
enhancement by advanced ethanol mixtures. The exhaust gas temperature and NOx
release augmented by 10% ethanol accumulation. Through greater proportion of
ethanol in the biodiesel hydrogen (BH) mixtures the HC, CO releases might upsurge.
However the routine of 10% ethanol might diminish the HC and CO releases
equally. Overall the BHE mixtures ensure greater NOx discharges, associated by
biodiesel and diesel energy. Throughout the BHE mixtures offers lesser HC, CO, as
well as greater NOx release associated through the well-ordered diesel fuel.
Nevertheless the embellishments of added ethanol thru BH mixtures require no
substantial enhancement in the recital discharge and stages.
Keywords: Cashew nut shell liquid, Ethanol, Bio diesel, Emission and hydrogen.
Cite this Article: V. Thanigaivelan and M. Loganathan, Effect of Ethanol Addition on
Performance and Emission of Cnsl Biodiesel- Hydrogen Operated Di Dual Fuel
Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01),
2019, pp. 1209-1220.
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Effect of Ethanol Addition on Performance and Emission of CNSL Biodiesel- Hydrogen
Operated Di Dual Fuel Engine
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1. INTRODUCTION
The energy need about the universe is accumulative, precisely mandate with petroleum fuels.
Universal energy ingestion is predictable to upsurge to 180,000 GWh/year by 2020 (Fernando
et al .2006). Facing the accumulative ingestion of petroleum fuels and the progressively
rigorous discharge principles, biofuels, alike ethanol and biodiesel, necessarily discovered to
diminish fuel ingestion plus engine discharges. Biodiesel being substitute diesel fuel entailing
by alkyl Monoesters of fatty acids resultant since vegetable oil or animal fats. With
reproducibility, non-venomousness, and sulphur-free possessions, a substantial total in current
investigation obligates dedicated with usage of biodiesel along diesel engines. Additionally,
with related physical possessions to diesel fuel, not essential in transforming engine while the
engine energized thru its mixtures (Ramadhas et al.2004; Graboski and McCormick 1998). In
assessment through straight diesel fuels, the fuel-borne oxygen in biodiesel might
endorse extra whole incineration and hence diminish particulate matter (PM), carbon
monoxide (CO) and entire hydrocarbons (THC) in compression-ignition engine,
though upsurge nitrogen oxides (NOx) (Zheng et al 2008; Sukumar Puhan et al.2007).
Rendering assessment thru discharge statistics for heavy-duty engines reproduced by EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency of USA 2002), as of diesel to B20, CO, HC, and PM
diminished through 13%, 20% and 20% correspondingly, whereas NOx discharge augmented
via 4% scheduled typical. Similar inclinations remain attained with examination article
made available by (Lapuerta et al. 2008). Accordingly, the greater NOx discharge ascending
as of biodiesel usage should deliberated like a hindrance with biodiesel presentation. The
inoculation technique and instillation pressure besides upset the recital of biodiesel activated
engine. Progressing inoculation skill (27 afore TDC) since standard diesel rate plus
aggregating the injector initial pressure (225 bar) obligates to upsurge the brake’s thermal
efficacy besides diminish CO, HC, and smoke discharges suggestively (Balusamy and
Marappan 2010).
Ethanol, by a great oxygen amount of 35%, have cast-off in CI engine as per
ethanol-diesel mixtures. Lapuerta et al. 2008 deliberate discharges of diesel-bioethanol
mixtures thru diesel engine then decided like usage of ethanol-diesel mixtures delivered
noteworthy decrease with PM releases, thru no considerable upsurge of further gaseous
releases (NOx, HC, CO). Ahmed. I .2001 related a 10% ethanol-diesel mixture plus 15%
ethanol-diesel mixture thru standard diesel fuel while functional with CI engine. They set up
27% and 41% decrease in PM correspondingly aimed at 10% and 15% ethanol-diesel
mixtures, though upsurge of 4% and 5% in NO x correspondingly by 10% and 15% ethanoldiesel mixtures.
Furthermore, ethanol-diesel mixtures usage devours about hindrances for occurrence, an
preservative is obligatory for guaranteeing virtuous intercourse by dual fuels along with
mixed fuel takes deprived lubricity. Kwanchareon et al. 2007 considered dissolvability and
discharge features of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol mixtures. Additionally CO and HC abridged
suggestively with great engine capacity, while NOx augmented, once associated by those of
diesel fuel The NOx release might be abridged by accumulating, a trivial measure of
dissimilar essences specifically methanol, ethanol, distilled water, and diethyl ether by
mixture of palm biodiesel B20 (Vedaraman et al .2011). The investigators have prepared an
effort to course the diesel engine by diverse biodiesel and ethanol (Bhale et al.2008; Venkata
Subbaiah et al. 2011). The outcomes exhibited that the extreme brake thermal efficiency
stayed attained with 2.5% ethanol mixed through RBD and are 6.98% and 3.93% greater
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compared with diesel fuel (DF) and biodiesel, correspondingly, at complete engine
capacity. The deepest carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and unexploited oxygen releases
stood verified with 2.5% ethanol mixture. The smoke of the biodiesel remained abridged
through 20% once intermingled by 7.5% of ethanol. Thus, the purpose of present
learning is to examine the effect of ethanol addition on recital and releases of CNSL
biodiesel-hydrogen operated DI diesel engine besides to relate further outcomes thru which
attained as of straight diesel fuel.
2. MANUFACTURE OF THERMAL CRACKED CASHEW NUT SHELL
LIQUID (TC-CNSL)
2.1. Production Procedure
Figure 1 The Schematic view of Cracking Reactor
The purified procedural CNSL (DT-CNSL) is the primary phase of treated fresh CNSL as
revealed in Fig.1. The DT-CNSL contains of 2% polymeric material, 8% cardol and78%
cardanol besides the residual additional constituents in capacity basis. The thermal broken
CNSL (TC-CNSL) remained derivative since Cardonal at temperatures extending among
180ºC and 380ºC, beneath atmospheric pressure. The representative and precise outlooks of
the device aimed at manufacturing the TC-CNSL are revealed in Fig. 1 and Fig.2
correspondingly. It entails of container, pressure device, safety regulator, thermocouple,
temperature manager, condenser, heating coil, electrical panel and beaker appendix-C. The
steam temperature remained unrushed via standardized k-type thermocouples.
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Figure 2 Photographic view of Cracking Reactor
3. TEST ENGINE AND FUEL PROPERTIES
The investigation remained conceded out on a logically enunciated, water-cooled, single
cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. The provisions of the engine are revealed in Table 1.
The engine stood associated to an eddy-current dynamometer and the engine remained
functioning by continual rapidity of 1500 rpm. The fuels castoff through trial comprise diesel
fuel, hydrogen and CNSL and ethanol mixtures. The intermingled fuels encompass 5%, 10%
and 15% via capacity of ethanol. The possessions of TC-CNSL plus diesel fuel remained
verified in the laboratory (Sargam lab at Chennai) and specified in Table 2.
Table 1 Engine specification
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Table 2 Properties of diesel, DT-CNSL, TC-CNSL fuel
4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MEASUREMENTS
This investigational scheme as well as trial engine description remain revealed in Figure.3 and
Table.1 correspondingly. The NOx , CO and HC emission remained restrained over nondispersive infra-red analyzers (NDIR) (Make: AVL Gas Analyser). The smoke
concentration restrained with AVL smoke meter. The cylinder force stood restrained by a
Kistler piezoelectric sensor (Type 6056A). The pressure signs stayed augmented thru a
Kistler charge amplifier (Type 5011B) then analysed by incineration analyser to attain
the heat discharge proportion. A crank angle encoder remained engaged for crank-angle
signal procurement. The gas analyzers remained regulated by typical gases and zero gas
formerly individual trial. Trials remained accompanied on the engine rapidity of
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1500 r/min and at 5 engine heaps. By individual engine functioning manner, trials were
conceded out in lieu of the diesel fuel and CNSL biodiesel-hydrogen-ethanol mixtures. In this
work, the diesel engine remained not reformed throughout entirely the trials. The hydrogen
stood instated in the inlet manifold of the engine by optimal assortment. The ethanol stood
supplemented through CNSL biodiesel-hydrogen mixtures in 5%, 10% and 15%. The
performance, emission results of the above blends were compared with neat diesel operation.
Figure 3 schematic diagram of Experimental set up
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Recital characteristics
5.1.1. Brake Specific fuel ingestion and Thermal Efficiency
The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) devise
deliberate since the engine force, engine rapidity then fuel ingesting degree as well as
revealed in Figure .4 and Figure. 5 correspondingly.
0.7
BSFC(kg/kw-hr)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
DIESEL
B20 + 8 LPM
B20 + 8 LPM + 5% ETHONAL
B20 + 8 LPM + 10% ETHONAL
B20 + 8 LPM + 15% ETHONAL
0
0.00
1.00
2.00
BP ( kW)
3.00
4.00
s
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Figure 4 Brake specific fuel consumption
Figure 5 Brake thermal efficiency
The BSFC diminutions by an upsurge in engine capacity. Aimed at CNSL biodieselhydrogen plus ethanol mixtures, the BSFC is lower compared of diesel fuel and CNSLhydrogen dual fuel. Per engine capacity, the BSFC declines by the percentage of ethanol in
the merged fuel. Abridged BSFC remains institute by all ethanol mixtures exist owing to the
quicker boiling degrees plus added heat discharge degree (Dung Nguyen and Damon Honnery
2008). The 10% ethanol addition reduced the BSFC, Compared to 5% and 15% ethanol
addition. This is due to enhancement of combustion by ethanol at particular percentage with
biodiesel and hydrogen blends.
The BTE upsurges through a rise in engine capacity. The BTE of 5% ethanol addition
with biodiesel hydrogen blends increases, compared to other percentage of ethanol addition
namely10% and 15%. Therefore, the variance in BTE among the diesel fuels and other blends
are precise noteworthy by extreme capacity. The upsurge of BTE is owing to the enhancement
of the incineration procedure in view of ethanol addition with fuels. The quicker incineration
procedure with merged fuels and diesel through entire approaches might be a provider of the
upsurge in BTE. Ethanol devours inferior stoichiometric air/fuel proportions compared to
biodiesel and diesel fuel, hence amalgamating further ethanol into biodiesel primes to thinner
incineration.
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5.1.2 Exhaust gas temperature
Figure 6 Exhaust gas temperatures
The discrepancy of exhaust gas temperature aimed at ethanol addition with CNSLhydrogen blends are shown in figure. 6.
Exhaust gas temperature increased for 10% ethanol addition with biodiesel hydrogen
blends, compared to other percentage namely 5% and 10%. This is due to enhancement of
combustion by ethanol addition at particular proportion with biodiesel blends. Adding more
quantity of ethanol with biodiesel hydrogen blends will decrease the flame speed and hence
reduce the combustion efficiency.
5.2. EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
The CO discharges are shown in Figure. 7. As seen in the figure, the discharges rise with
upsurge of engine capacity, owing to opulent fuel air assortment. Related thru the diesel fuel
and CNSL hydrogen blends, the CO emissions for ethanol blends remain inferior, as of the
lower evaporation temperature of the ethanol which might advance the incineration procedure
(Sukumar Puhan et al.2007). This is owing to quicker incineration procedure in all means,
which might subsidise to the decrease of CO release. For 8% ethanol addition, the CO
discharge is inferior to that of 5% and 10% ethanol addition. The greater the percentage of
ethanol in the merged fuel is, the advanced the CO releases.
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Figure 7 CO emission
Figure 8 displays the difference of HC discharges. Alike to the CO discharges, through an
upsurge in the engine capacity, the HC releases also increase. Related through diesel plus
CNSL hydrogen blends, the ethanol mixtures provide inferior HC releases. The HC
discharges of 10% ethanol addition gives the maximum reduction of HC compared to 5% and
8% ethanol addition. Shudo et al. 2007 attained alike outcomes of HC release by ethanol-palm
oil methyl ester mixtures. Intended for 10% ethanol addition, the minor quantity of ethanol
might upsurge the oxygen content and decrease the viscosity and density of the merged fuel,
prominent to enhanced spray and atomization, improved incineration and therefore inferior
CO and HC releases. Whereas for 15% ethanol addition, the chilling outcome of ethanol
might decrease the in-cylinder gas temperature, foremost to inferior oxidation response degree
and therefore upsurge in CO and HC releases at squat engine heaps.
Figure 8 HC emission
The NOx discharges are exposed in Figure 9. The NOx discharges upsurge thru upsurge
in the engine capacity. Related by the diesel and CNSL hydrogen, 10% ethanol addition
blends, gives more NOx emissions. Additionally, by upsurge of ethanol in the CNSL
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hydrogen mixtures, the NOx releases diminution at squat engine heaps, although at
intermediate engine heaps, nearby is no noteworthy variance amongst the ethanol mixtures.
Consequently the key features disturbing NOx creation are incineration temperature, confined
oxygen deliberation and residence period in the great temperature sector. Perceptibly, by
biodiesel and ethanol, the incineration temperature along with the oxygen substances might be
greater, foremost to the advanced NOx productions.
Figure 9 NOx emission
Though, ethanol might decrease the cetane quantity of the merged fuel, which means
extended blast-off deferral period and a greater quantity of fuel burned in the premixed
manner, and therefore advanced NOx release. The advanced oxygen substances of ethanol
might correspondingly augment NOx release.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this study the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on CNSL hydrogen
blends and ethanol blends are investigated and compared with neat diesel fuel. Based on the
experimental results, the conclusions can be summarized as follows
 The BSFC decreases with an increase in ethanol addition with CNSL hydrogen
blends.
 The brake thermal efficiency increases with an increase in ethanol percentage with
CNSL hydrogen blends.
 The HC and CO emissions are decrease with increasing the blend ratio of ethanol with
CNSL hydrogen blends.
 The exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions are increased with increasing the
ethanol blends ratio.
On the whole the ethanol blends give lower HC, CO and BSFC. But the NOx emissions
are higher for ethanol addition, compared with the neat diesel fuel. But the addition of more
ethanol with CNSL hydrogen blends has no significant improvement in the emission levels.
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